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PubMed1986

Spatiotemporal receptive field structure of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus of binocularly deprived cats.

Twelve cats were binocularly deprived of pattern vision from the time of eye opening by rearing in masks. Six cats were raised in masks for 5 to 7 months until an acute experiment (group D) and 6 others were additionally trained in visual pattern discrimination for 2 to 5 months following the initial deprivation period (group DV). In all cats the receptive fields (RFs) of neurons in lateral geniculate nucleus were analyzed with three-dimensional computer plots (response planes). The percentage of neurons encountered with homogeneous RFs (Y cells) was 7 perecent in D cats and 16 percent in DV cats. Both values are much lower than in normal cats. Y-type neurons had weakly developed surrounds of their RFs and more phasic responses than normal. Surrounds of heterogeneous (X cell) RFs were also weak or absent. X-type receptive field centers were enlarged in both D and DV animals when compared to a sample from normal cats. They were also larger in D than in DV cats, particularly within 8 degrees of eccentricity. The late components of the response patterns of X cells were weak or absent. Seven percent of neurons found in the middle of the A laminae in DV cats had an atypical (ON-OFF like) structure of their receptive field which might indicate that they were like immature X or Y neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Pattern and motion vision in cats with selective loss of cortical directional selectivity.

Neurons in the visual cortex of cats reared in 8 Hz stroboscopic illumination show a profound loss of directional selectivity, but no detectable deficits in orientation selectivity, contrast sensitivity, and temporal frequency response, and only a slight reduction in spatial resolution. In the present study, spatial vision, temporal resolution, and a variety of motion detection and discrimination thresholds were examined behaviorally in such cats. These psychophysical measurements revealed nearly normal spatial and temporal vision, but severe abnormalities in visual discriminations based on differences in stimulus direction. Specifically, strobe-reared cats showed normal orientation discrimination and temporal frequency resolution, nearly normal contrast sensitivity at low spatial frequencies, and a slight reduction of sensitivity to high spatial frequencies. At high contrasts, the cats were able to discriminate opposite directions of motion over a wide range of visible speeds, and their performance was indistinguishable from that of normal cats. However, a comparison of contrast thresholds for detecting moving gratings and for discriminating their direction of motion revealed severe abnormalities in strobe-reared animals. At low spatial frequencies (0.28 cycles/deg), normal cats could discriminate the direction of grating motion at contrasts that were just barely visible, whereas the strobe-reared cats could detect the grating at contrasts similar to those required by normal cats, but required contrasts about 10 X the threshold to identify the direction of motion. Normal cats showed nearly identical contrast sensitivity for detecting and discriminating gratings of high spatial frequency at high temporal frequency (drift rates), but when the temporal frequency was low, their sensitivity for detection exceeded that for direction discrimination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Electromyographic and urethral pressure evaluations: assessment of urethral function in female and ovariohysterectomized female cats.

Urethral pressure and electromyographic evaluations were performed in 10 healthy, intact female cats and in 10 healthy, ovariohysterectomized (OVH) female cats. Mean maximum urethral closure pressure was 71.4 +/- 25 cm of water for intact cats and 77.5 +/- 31.3 cm of water for OVH cats. Mean maximum pressure of the proximal 60% of the urethral pressure profile length was 39.2 +/- 7.4 cm of water for intact cats and 32.1 +/- 11.6 cm of water for OVH cats. Mean maximum pressure of the distal 40% of the urethral pressure profile length was 76.2 +/- 27.4 cm of water in intact cats and 80.5 +/- 32.9 cm of water in OVH cats. Significant differences between intact and OVH cats were not found in mean maximum urethral closure pressure, proximal urethral sphincter pressure, or distal urethral sphincter pressure.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Radiographic assessment of laryngeal reflexes in ketamine-anesthetized cats.

The competence of the laryngeal closure reflexes of cats anesthetized with ketamine was assessed. Radiographic evaluations of the respiratory and digestive tracts were made after colloidal barium suspension was instilled into the pharynges of conscious and ketamine-anesthetized cats. There was a significant ketamine dose-related response of spread of contrast medium into the supraglottic laryngeal area and into the stomach 2 minutes after contrast medium was instilled into the pharynx (P less than 0.05). Cats did not aspirate contrast medium into the lower respiratory tract. Three ketamine-anesthetized cats aspirated contrast medium into the subglottic area of the larynx, and 2 of these cats also aspirated the material into the cranial part of the trachea. This material was coughed up and swallowed within 5 minutes. Transit time of contrast medium into the stomach seemed to be increased in 11 of the 15 cats given the larger dosages of ketamine (24, 36, 48 mg/kg of body weight), compared with that in conscious cats and those given ketamine at 12 mg/kg. Competent laryngeal protective reflexes in cats can be maintained with ketamine anesthesia. Contrast radiography could be used as a diagnostic aid in ketamine-anesthetized cats suspected of laryngeal reflex abnormalities.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Food and water intake and urine composition in cats: influence of continuous versus periodic feeding.

Twenty healthy, noncastrated, adult male cats had periodic (11 am to 12 am) or continuous (24 hours daily) access to food. With periodic feeding, cats ate less food, drank less water, and produced less urine than when food was available continuously. The composition of urine obtained by cystocentesis at 7:30 am, 3:30 pm, and 10 pm was influenced somewhat by feeding pattern. With periodic feeding, urine pH was lower at 7:30 am and higher at 3:30 pm than it was with continuous feeding. Most mineral concentrations and urine osmolality-specific gravity did not differ with the different feeding schedules. However, when periodic feeding was used, concentrations of magnesium and phosphorus in urine were as high or higher preprandially (7:30 am) than postprandially (3:30 pm). Frequency of urination per 24 hours was not influenced by the feeding schedule, but the time that urination occurred during the 24-hour period was somewhat different. An experimental, high magnesium diet fed to the cats for 200 days caused urethral obstruction in 7 of 10 cats fed periodically and in 7 of 10 cats fed continuously. Cats with obstruction had urinary mineral concentrations similar to concentrations in cats without obstruction, indicating that urinary mineral concentration may not be the only factor relevant to the process of obstruction. Necropsy findings and histologic evaluation of tissues from the cats indicated incidental lesions or abnormalities caused by urethral obstruction, but did not indicate anatomic abnormalities that would have predisposed the cats to obstruction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Protection of cats against progressive fibrosarcomas and persistent leukemia virus infection by vaccination with feline leukemia cells.

Young cats (3-6 mo old) were challenged with oncogenic Snyder-Theilen feline sarcoma virus (FeSV) after vaccination with live or killed FL74 cat lymphoma cells. Compared with controls immunized with normal cat fibroblasts, the FL74-vaccinated cats exhibited increased resistance to FeSV-induced progressive primary and disseminated secondary tumors. Maximum protection was achieved by vaccination with live FL74 cells or with a low dose of freeze-thawed cells, but tumor cells inactivated by glutaraldehyde or paraformaldehyde were also effective. Infectious helper feline leukemia virus (FeLV) was detected in the blood of all cats after FeSV challenge, but the duration and magnitude of this viremia were reduced in animals that had been previously vaccinated with live, freeze-thawed, or paraformaldehyde-fixed cells. Although immunized cats were resistant to FeSV-induced tumors and FeLV viremia, no evidence was obtained to suggest that vaccination with dead cells induced detectable circulating antibody prior to challenge with oncogenic virus. After FeSV challenge, complement-dependent antibody to feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (CDA-FOCMA) appeared at high titer in cats that were destined either to survive tumor-free or to develop small, localized, and eventually regressing tumors. Cats immunized with live FL74 cells developed CDA-FOCMA prior to challenge, and antibody appeared in these cats following an episode of transient FeLV viremia induced by virus replicating from the injected tumor cells. Therefore, apparently, a state of transient or persistent FeLV viremia regularly preceded detection of CDA-FOCMA activity. Several individually derived feline lymphoma cell lines were used as targets for CDA-FOCMA, and the results suggested that lytic activity is directed to multiple antigen determinants expressed differently by individual feline lymphomas.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effects of voltage and order of voltage application on seminal characteristics of electroejaculates of the domestic cat.

Two experiments were performed to determine the effects of voltage and order of voltage application on the volume and number of spermatozoa of electroejaculates collected sequentially from the domestic cat. An electro-ejaculate was defined as the seminal fluid and spermatozoa obtained during the application of 60 electrical stimuli. Four electroejaculates were obtained from each cat once a week for 4 weeks. In experiment 1, a stepwise increase in voltage (1, 2, 4, and 8 V) was used in a factorial design to obtain successive electroejaculates from 9 cats. The volume of electroejaculate was not affected by cat, voltage, or week of collection (P greater than 0.05) and the interactions cat X voltage and week of collection X voltage also were not significant (P greater than 0.05). Number of spermatozoa of electroejaculates was affected by cat (P less than 0.001) and voltage (P less than 0.025), and the interaction cat X voltage also was significant (P less than 0.001). The number of spermatozoa of electroejaculates was not affected by week of collection (P greater than 0.05), and the interaction week of collection X voltage also was not significant (P greater than 0.05). The number of spermatozoa in electroejaculates collected with 4 or 8 V were greater (P less than 0.05) than the number of spermatozoa in electroejaculates collected with 1 or 2 V. Stimulation with 8 V resulted in urine contamination of some electroejaculates. In experiment 2, a latin square design was used to determine the effects of voltage (1, 2, 4, and 6 V), electroejaculate sequence, and order of the 4 voltages in the sequence on seminal characteristics of electroejaculates from 8 cats. Volume of electroejaculate was not affected by cat, voltage, order of voltages, electroejaculate sequence, or week of collection (P greater than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Factors relating to urine spraying and fighting in prepubertally gonadectomized cats.

The fact that male cats are routinely castrated prior to full sexual maturity for behavioral reasons prompted a survey of the prevalence of these behaviors in prepubertally gonadectomized male and female cats. About 10% of the 134 male and 5% of the 152 female cats studied engaged in spraying on a frequent basis later in adult life. Problem spraying and fighting in males was of the same order of magnitude as in males castrated in adulthood after the problem behaviors had appeared. The age of prepubertal castration, ranging from 6 to 10 months, had no influence on spraying or fighting later in life. It was found that male cats are more likely to spray and fight if they are in households with female cats than with other male cats. With regard to female cats, spraying or fighting was less than that of male cats. Age at the time of gonadectomy was not a factor in their tendency to spray or fight. Possible prenatal masculinization of female fetuses by male fetuses, as revealed by littermate composition, was not a factor in the predisposition of female cats to spray or fight.

Aggression↗
PubMed1978

[Differences of behavior of DSCT neurons in decerebrate and barbiturate anesthetized cats (author's transl)].

Responses of dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) neurons to random electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves of the hindleg in decerebrate cats were studied using cross-correlation analysis of the output spike train. The spontaneous background discharge in barbiturate's cats had longer mean interspike interval than that in decerebrate cats, but there was no difference of the coefficient of variation in the two groups. This suggests that barbiturate has no effect on raising of the electrical threshold of the axon, but prolonging effect on interspike interval. Comparison of the conduction velocity showed to be slower in barbiturate's cats, so barbiturate reduces the conduction rate of the axon. The DSCT responses to the electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve in decerebrate cats were recorded in 60%, while 85% in barbiturate's cats. The reasons for this difference are that the DSCT cells in decerebrate cats are tonically inhibited from the pontine and bulbar reticular formation and the function of brain-stem reticular formation is suppressed by the barbiturate. Type 2 response in decerebrate cats, which represents reduced excitability of the DSCT cells, had inhibition with shorter initial peak latency and duration as compared to that in barbiturate's cats. This confirms the result of Eccles et al. that barbiturate in moderate dosage increases and prolongs the presynaptic inhibition.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1982

Retinal projections in tyrosinase-negative albino cats.

Retinal projections were examined in two tyrosinase-negative albino cats using autoradiographic techniques. Cats from this colony have pink eyes; their retinal pigment epithelium, ciliary body, and iris epithelium are completely devoid of melanin pigment. Test breeding for five generations indicates that these cats are true albinos (cc). The most striking feature of the albino cats' visual pathways was a reduction in ipsilateral input which was more severe than that reported for Siamese cats. The only evidence of ipsilateral input to the laminated dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the albino was a small lateral normal segment and a small projection to the lateral portion of lamina C1. Ipsilateral projections to the medial interlaminar nucleus, retinal recipient zone of the pulvinar complex, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus, and pretectum also were reduced. Ipsilateral projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus appeared to be normal in the albino cats studied. Our findings indicate that, compared to the normal cat as well as to the tyrosine-positive Siamese cat, the tyrosinase-negative albino has reduced ipsilateral retinal projections. The albino cat is a model system analogous to tyrosinase-negative albinism found in mammals.

Albinism↗
PubMed1982

Antibody responses following immunotherapy with cat pelt extract.

IgG antibody responses to a major allergen, cat allergen 1 (cat 1), and to a minimally allergenic protein, cat albumin (alb), were studied in patients who had received 4 to 11 mo of immunotherapy with three concentrations of crude cat pelt extract. A double-antibody radioimmunoassay utilizing 125I-labeled antigen was used to measure IgG and IgE antibody. The high-dose group (HDG)(n = 5), which was composed of the active-treatment group of a previously reported double-blind study, received a mean cumulative dose of 3440 microgram cat 1 and 10,660 microgram alb. The intermediate-dose group (IDG) (n = 6) and low -dose group (IDG)(n = 5) received 70 and 0.930 microgram of cat 1 and 217 and 2.86 microgram of alb. IgE antibody to cat 1 before treatment was measurable in most patients. IgE antibody to alb was either no measurable or of a low level. Mean (geometric) before-and-after IgG levels (U/ml) to cat 1 in the HDG, IDG, and LDG were 420 and 7794, 158 and 1388, an 191 and 1365, respectively. Mean before-and-after IgG levels (U/ml) to alb in the HDG, IDG, and LDG were 72 and 348, 1.9 and 4584, and 0.4 and 508, respectively. Two patients (HDG) had no IgG antibody to alb after treatment. Another patient (HDG) had 82,364 U/ml IgG antibody to alb and precipitating antibody by gel diffusion. Very intense IgG antibody response to both cat 1 and alb were seen over a wide range of immunizing doses.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Studies on righting reflexes in newborn cats falling in the air (author's transl)].

The classical righting reflexes have been well illustrated in the familiar example of a falling adult cat, which always lands deftly on all four feet. It, however, has never been clear when newborn animals come to turn themselves in the air after birth. In the present studies the newborn cats were dropped in the air with legs pointed upward from a height of about 30 approximately 40 cm, and the observations were continued for the period of 36 days. The results were as follows: 1. The newborn cats fell plump on their back when they were dropped with legs pointed upward in the air. 2. No righting reflexes were observed in the cats of 27 days and downward. 3. The eyelids (rima palpebrarum) of the cats came to be open on the 8th approximately 14th after birth. 4. The cats which were suggested to obtain full eyesight judged from the observations of their behaviours had no visual righting reflexes when dropped with legs pointed upward. 5. The walking pattern of the cats changed in association with their growth. For the period of 20 days after birth the type of locomotion was creeping, for the period of 21st approximately 26th plantigradation, and after the 26th approximately 27th digitigradation. 6. It has been concluded that the righting reflexes as compound reflexes are never observed in the experimental cats for about one month after birth even though the cats have obtained each postural reflex, i.e. tonic neck or labyrinthine reflex which constitutes righting reflexes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of Bartonella antigens for serologic diagnosis of cat-scratch disease at a national referral center.

BACKGROUND: Bartonella henselae (formerly the genus Rochalimaea) has recently been isolated from patients with cat-scratch disease and their cats, and since September 1992 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has offered an indirect fluorescent antibody assay for Bartonella-specific antibody. METHODS: Physicians submitted serum samples from patients suspected of having cat-scratch disease or other Bartonella-associated illness and completed a questionnaire that recorded clinical information. Indirect fluorescent antibody assay was performed with the use of antigen derived from three Bartonella species: B henselae, Bartonella quintana, and Bartonella elizabethae. RESULTS: During 16 months, 3088 serum samples were received. The largest numbers of specimens and the highest percentages positive (titer, > or = 64) were observed in the fall and winter. Clinical histories of the first 600 patients for whom serum samples and completed information forms were received were examined in detail; seropositivity was significantly associated with cat contact, cat age of less than 1 year, cat scratch, presence of an inoculation papule, and regional adenopathy. Of 91 patients whose illness met a strict clinical definition of cat-scratch disease, 86 (95%) had titers of 64 or greater to either B henselae or B quintana. A fourfold rise or fall in titer was observed in 87 of 132 patients with paired serum samples. CONCLUSIONS: The indirect fluorescent antibody assay for Bartonella-specific antibody is sensitive for the diagnosis of cat-scratch disease. Redefinition of cat-scratch disease on the basis of cause and use of this assay as a diagnostic criterion is recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Long-term observation of morphologic and functional features of cat corneal endothelium after wounding.

PURPOSE: (1) To test the hypothesis that corneas with enlarged endothelial cells (and thus less intercellular space) have decreased endothelial permeability to small polar solutes. (2) To measure corneal endothelial ouabain binding (Na+/K+ ATPase "pump site" density) and Descemet's membrane production after endothelial wounding. METHODS: Bilateral specular microscopy and anterior segment fluorophotometry were performed at 2-month intervals for 1 year in ten cats after mechanically damaging the corneal endothelium in one eye of each. The measurements were repeated at 2 years in four cats and at 3 years in two cats. Eighteen months after wounding, endothelial ouabain binding was measured in both eyes of six cats. Transmission electron micrographs of Descemet's membrane were analyzed in both eyes of six cats at 18 months, two cats at 2 years, and two cats at 3 years after wounding. RESULTS: From 6 to 12 months after wounding, the endothelial permeability to carboxyfluorescein was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the mean endothelial cell size was significantly increased (P < 0.001) in the damaged eyes. The enlarged endothelial cells persisted in the few cats observed 2 and 3 years after wounding. There was no significant difference in endothelial ouabain binding between the damaged and control corneas in six cats tested 18 months after wounding. On subsequent histologic examination, a layer of abnormal Descemet's membrane was present in all ten wounded eyes, with additional normal Descemet's membrane posterior to it, between the abnormal layer and the endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: The results are consistent with the hypothesis that corneal endothelial permeability to small polar solutes varies directly with the amount of intercellular space available for diffusion across the monolayer. The results also confirm clinical reports of decreased endothelial permeability in corneas with enlarged endothelial cells. In histopathologic specimens, a layer of abnormal Descemet's membrane can be a historical marker for a period of endothelial damage and corneal decompensation.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[A study of characteristics in adult asthmatics who are sensitized by cats and dogs allergens].

We studied adult asthmatics who were sensitized (RAST sore > or = 1) by cats and dogs allergens. Compared with non-sensitized asthmatics, the following some characteristics were noted in the sensitized asthmatics: 1) The histogram of the onset age of asthma showed two peaks. 2) The asthmatics sensitized by cats epithelium were more frequent and had higher RAST scores than those sensitized by dog hair dander. 3) There was a significant correlation between the RAST scores to dogs dander and dog hair. 4) There was no correlation between the RAST score to cat epithelium and dog hair. 5) The positive rations of intradermal testing to other allergens were higher in the sensitized asthmatics than in the non-sensitized asthmatics, especially to some foods allergens. 6) The asthmatics sensitized by cat and dog allergens were much more sensitized by house-dust mites than were the non-sensitized asthmatics. The asthmatics sensitized by cat and dog demonstrated being allergic to not only cat and dog allergens but also to many other allergens. We thought that the sensitized asthmatics were more atopic than the non-sensitized asthmatics and this was the reason why they were sensitized by cat and dog. The RAST scores to cat allergens were higher than the RAST scores to dog allergens. This fact showed that the cat was more important than the dog. This result agreed with our clinical experience.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Breed and age dependent structure of the eye chamber angle in cats].

102 ophthalmoscopically healthy cats of both sexes, variable age and different breeds were examined gonioscopically. The examination included 70 European Domestic Shorthaired Cats, 24 Persian Cats, four Chartreuse Cats and three Siamese Cats. A distinct difference in number and distribution of fibers of the pectinate ligament was seen between different breeds. In Persian and Siamese Cats the pectinate ligament contains only a third of the fibers which are found in European Domestic Shorthaired Cats. However the fibers are thicker and less sprouted. In addition it was possible to prove an age-related development of the pectinate ligament. While the final number of fibers was seen to be already present in young cats the diameter of fibers increased with age. These findings were confirmed histologically (by stereo dissecting microscopy) light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy). Furthermore the two-layer-structure of the pectinate ligament in the cat was described for the first time.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Effect of prepuberal and postpuberal gonadectomy on heat production measured by indirect calorimetry in male and female domestic cats.

OBJECTIVE: To use indirect calorimetry to compare heat production between gonadectomized and sexually intact male and female cats. DESIGN: Male (n = 6) and female (n = 6) kittens were gonadectomized at 7 weeks or 7 months of age, or left sexually intact. Body heat production was measured by indirect calorimetry in all cats at 12, 18, and 24 months of age. ANIMALS: 18 male and 18 female clinically normal domestic shorthair cats. PROCEDURE: Heat production was measured, using an open-circuit, respiratory, indirect calorimeter. All cats underwent calorimetry at 12, 18, and 24 months of age. The heat coefficient, a measure of resting metabolic rate, was calculated for each cat at each test; heat coefficient is defined as logarithm of heat (kcal/h) divided by logarithm of body weight (kg). RESULTS: Heat production did not vary with age in male or female cats. Heat coefficient was higher in sexually intact male and female cats than in gonadectomized male and female cats at 12, 18, and 24 months of age (12 months, females, P < 0.01, males, P = 0.04; 18 months, females, P < 0.01, males, P = 0.02; and 24 months, females and males, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that resting metabolic rate in cats decreases after gonadectomy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A decrease in metabolic rate is synonymous with a decrease in caloric requirements. Gonadectomized animals fed in a manner similar to sexually intact animals may be predisposed to obesity and its sequelae.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Dynamics of dog and cat populations in a community.

OBJECTIVE: To describe dynamics of the pet dog and cat populations in a single community in terms of reproductive patterns and turnover. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, random-digit dial telephone survey. SAMPLE POPULATION: Information gathered from 1,272 households in St Joseph County, Ind that owned a dog or cat between Dec 1, 1993 and Nov 30, 1994 was compared with data on 9,571 dogs and cats received by the Humane Society of St Joseph County during the same period. RESULTS: Prevalence of pet ownership was lower than expected, compared with consumer panel surveys. Eight hundred forty-three of 1,335 (63.1%) dogs were neutered, compared with 816 of 1,023 (79.8%) cats. Cost was cited as a reason that 35 of 441 (7.9%) dogs and 34 of 132 (25.8%) cats were not neutered. Only 33 of 968 (3.4%) dog-owning households reported that their dog had had a litter during the past year, whereas 52 of 662 (7.9%) cat-owning households reported their cat had had a litter of kittens. Most cat litters were unplanned, whereas two thirds of dog litters were planned. Annual turnover in owned pets was 191 of 1,354 (14.1%) dogs and 194 of 1,056 (18.4%) cats. Pet owners underreported relinquishing pets to a shelter in the telephone survey. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: A combination of animal shelter- and human population-based data are needed to describe pet population dynamics in a community. Information about species-specific reproductive patterns is essential in designing population control programs.

Animal Welfare↗