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PubMed2006

Psychosocial and behavioral correlates of dieting among overweight and non-overweight adolescents.

PURPOSE: To examine correlates of dieting behavior in overweight and non-overweight youth. METHODS: Data came from Project EAT (Eating Among Teens), a study of eating and weight-related attitudes, behaviors, and psychosocial variables among 4746 adolescents in public schools. Logistic regression was used to compare dieters and non-dieters, and to examine interactions of dieting and overweight status. RESULTS: Approximately one third (31.8%) of the sample was overweight. Dieting in the previous year was reported by 55.2% of girls and 25.9% of boys. Dieting was associated with similarly elevated rates of extreme weight control behaviors, body dissatisfaction, and depression in both the non-overweight and overweight groups for both boys and girls. Girls reporting dieting behavior in both the non-overweight and overweight groups had similarly elevated risk for cigarette use, alcohol use, and marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS: The negative correlates of dieting are similarly common among teens of varying weight status. These data suggest that dieting may not be a preferred method of weight management, even for overweight adolescents. Regardless of weight status, dieting may be a marker for other unhealthy behaviors and depressed mood in adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Central nervous stimulants facilitate sexual behavior in male rats with medial prefrontal cortex lesions.

Male rats with lesions of the cerebral cortex near the midline in the frontal region destroying most of the cingulate cortex and producing some damage to adjacent frontal areas have very long mount and intromission latencies. Otherwise their sexual behavior is essentially normal. The dopamine releasers amfonelic acid, 0.5 mg/kg, and amphetamine, 1 mg/kg, reduced the mount and intromission latencies in males with such lesions. Caffeine, 30 mg/kg, had similar effects. None of the drugs modified sexual behavior in intact males. It has been suggested that medial prefrontal lesions reduce the animal's reactivity to environmental stimuli, and hence renders the activation of sexual behavior difficult. Present results show that stimulant drugs are capable of compensating for this reduced reactivity. The possible mechanisms behind this effect are discussed. The lesion had also a small but consistent effect on the intromission ratio, suggesting some motor impairment. The effect on intromission ratio was not reduced by the drugs, suggesting that the lesion's motor consequences are mediated by mechanisms different from those controlling behavioral reactivity. The noradrenaline precursor dl-threo-dihydroxyphenylserine, 10 mg/kg, in combination with carbidopa, 50 mg/kg, increased mount and intromission latencies in both intact and lesioned males. Thus, activation of noradrenergic neurotransmission had effects opposite to those found after activation of dopaminergic transmission. Noradrenergic stimulation cannot, therefore, be important for the effects of amphetamine or amfonelic acid.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed2005

Orbitofrontal lesions impair use of cue-outcome associations in a devaluation task.

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has been implicated in the use of outcome expectancies to guide behavior. The present study used a devaluation task to examine this function. Rats first received light-food pairings followed by food-toxin pairings designed to devalue the food. After either excitotoxic or sham OFC lesions, responding to the light was reassessed. Sham-lesioned rats showed reduced responding to the light relative to behavioral controls, which had received food and toxin unpaired. In contrast, OFC-lesioned rats showed no such reductions. Combined with previous data (C. L. Pickens, M. P. Saddoris, B. Setlow, M. Gallagher, P. C. Holland, & G. Schoenbaum, 2003), these results indicate that the OFC is critical for the maintenance of information about the current incentive value of reinforcers or the use of that information to guide behavior.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1985

Value of difficult temperament among 7-year-olds in the general population for predicting psychiatric diagnosis at age 12.

The authors assessed the predictive value of "difficult" temperament, as defined in the New York Longitudinal Study, in 12-year-old children from the general population of Quebec City whose temperaments had been determined to be difficult or easy at age 7. The difficult and easy temperament groups were balanced for age, sex, and socioeconomic status. The authors used many convergent measuring devices and were blind to the temperament scores of the children at age 7. Temperamentally difficult children had more clinical disorders at age 12 that qualified for a DSM-III diagnosis. An association with family dysfunction in terms of behavior control seemed to increase this risk: there was a lower rate of clinical disorders among children in superior functioning families than among those in dysfunctional families.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Hiding anxiety versus acknowledgment of anxiety in social interaction: relationship with social anxiety.

According to cognitive and interpersonal models, safety behaviors in social phobia (e.g., avoiding eye contact, hiding blushing) erroneously induce negative evaluation by interaction partners. Presumably, a bias about the social outcome of safety behaviors causes this negative interaction cycle. Such a bias might be subject to double standard in social phobia (i.e., having more stringent rules for oneself than for others). Female students (n=81) predicted more negative social outcomes for a prominent type of safety behavior, hiding anxiety, than for the opposite behavior, acknowledgment of anxiety and ongoing behavior (control condition) in scripts of self- and other-target persons. The relation between social anxiety and double standard was robust. Social anxiety did not relate to a cognitive bias regarding hiding ones anxiety, as we expected, but was associated with the belief that acknowledgment of anxiety has negative social outcomes specifically for them. These results are evaluated in light of the interpersonal consequences anxiety-related behaviors have in social interactions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Psychotherapy with schizophrenics requires relevant training.

Secondary sources continue to cite a one-page preliminary note about the Michigan State Psychotherapy Project, ignoring fuller reports in print. Relevant experience and training are critical to quality control of psychotherapy in schizophrenia research. This investigation is unique in that "experienced" meant that the therapist had worked over 10 years specifically with schizophrenics, poor patients, and black patients. These relevantly experienced therapists supervised inexperienced therapists. Evaluations were "blind," and thought disorder was objectively measured. Psychotherapy produced better overall functioning, less thought disorder, and shorter hospitalization, particularly in the long run, than medication. Adjunctive medication facilitated behavioral control, but slowed change in the thought disorder.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1994

Impact of parental substance use on adolescents: a test of a mediational model.

Tested a mediational model of the relationship between parental substance use and adolescents' substance (tobacco, alcohol, marijuana) use with data from a sample of 1,775 adolescents, mean age 13.3 years, who completed a questionnaire including constructs from three theories of substance use. Mediational analyses identified five constructs involved in the relationship of parental and adolescent use. A structural model with latent constructs for substance use showed indirect effects of parental substance use through greater tolerance for deviance, lower behavioral control, greater perceived coping function of substance use, more negative life events, and more affiliation with peer users, plus a direct effect. Implications for the theory of transmission of risk are considered.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Obesity-related beliefs predict weight loss after an 8-week low-calorie diet.

The objective of this study was to examine whether beliefs about the cause, consequences, time line, and control of obesity are predictors of the amount of weight loss after an 8-week, low-calorie diet consisting of meal replacements. Forty-eight women and 18 men, mean age=45.9 (range=23 to 73 years) years and body mass index between 30 and 50 participated in a weight-loss program. Beliefs were measured at baseline by the Obesity Cognition Questionnaire and by an eating behavior self-efficacy scale. Correlational and regression analyses were performed to examine whether beliefs predicted weight change. Changes in body mass index, waist circumference, and blood pressure were significant (P <.001). Less weight reduction was associated with poor self-efficacy (r =-0.34, P <.01) and the beliefs that obesity had a physical origin (r =0.27, P =.04) and was not under behavioral control (r =-0.25, P =.04). Self-efficacy remained a significant predictor in regression analysis. The results suggest that the outcome of dietary interventions may be improved when adjusting beliefs, especially self-efficacy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Delirium in the elderly.

Delirium is an organic psychiatric syndrome characterized by acute onset and impairment in cognition, perception, and behavior. The most common and serious mental disorder in old age, delirium heralds death in about 25% of afflicted elderly patients. Despite this high mortality rate, it is usually a transient disorder, resulting in full recovery without progressing to a chronic mental disorder. Almost any physical illness may cause delirium in an elderly person. Prompt assessment, differential diagnosis, and treatment are essential to reverse the medical disorder and control behavior that may be life threatening. This paper presents an approach to the diagnosis of delirium, reviewing descriptive features of the syndrome, biological, psychological, and environmental variables predisposing to delirium in geriatric patients, and the most common medical etiologies. It describes effective therapeutics, including ward management, supportive psychotherapy, and pharmacotherapy.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Testing the theory of planned behavior to predict mammography intention.

BACKGROUND: Louisiana ranks 50th as the least healthy state in the United States. Although limited healthcare access may explain part of the health disparity related to mammography utilization, there is no research to elucidate mammography intention among rural Southeastern Louisiana women. OBJECTIVE: To test the Theory of Planned Behavior to predict mammography intention among rural women in Southeastern Louisiana. METHODS: A correlation study design with multiple regression and path analysis was used. The sample consisted of 302 women, between the ages of 40-74 who were without a prior history of breast cancer, able to read English, and able to respond to a written questionnaire. RESULTS: Path analysis confirmed the direct and indirect relationships of mammography intention (chi2 = 26.2, p > .10, Comparative Fit Index =.968). Regression analysis computed the model path coefficients ranging from beta .176 to .640. Overall, the Theory of Planned Behavior explained 24% of the variance. DISCUSSION: Perceived behavioral control was the strongest predictor of mammography intention. A woman's attitude towards mammography and referent motivation needs further explanation prior to the development of an intervention to increase mammography intention and use.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Multiple RGS proteins alter neural G protein signaling to allow C. elegans to rapidly change behavior when fed.

Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS proteins) inhibit heterotrimeric G protein signaling by activating G protein GTPase activity. Many mammalian RGS proteins are expressed in the brain and can act in vitro on the neural G protein G(o), but the biological purpose of this multiplicity of regulators is not clear. We have analyzed all 13 RGS genes in Caenorhabditis elegans and found that three of them influence the aspect of egg-laying behavior controlled by G(o) signaling. A previously studied RGS protein, EGL-10, affects egg laying under all conditions tested. The other two RGS proteins, RGS-1 and RGS-2, act as G(o) GTPase activators in vitro but, unlike EGL-10, they do not strongly affect egg laying when worms are allowed to feed constantly. However, rgs-1; rgs-2 double mutants fail to rapidly induce egg-laying behavior when refed after starvation. Thus EGL-10 sets baseline levels of signaling, while RGS-1 and RGS-2 appear to redundantly alter signaling to cause appropriate behavioral responses to food.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1976

Morphine, pentazocine and naloxone effects on responding under a multiple schedule of reinforcement in rhesus monkeys and pigeons.

The effects of morphine, pentazocine, naloxone and combinations of these drugs on schedule-controlled behavior were examined in rhesus monkeys and pigeons. The order of potency in decreasing response rates under a multiple 5-minute fixed-interval, 30-response fixed-ratio schedule in both monkeys and pigeons was morphine greater than pentazocine greater than naloxone. Compared to monkeys, pigeons were less sensitive to morphine and pentazocine and slightly more sensitive to naloxone. In monkeys and pigeons, as the morphine dose increased, higher naloxone doses were required to restore responding to or near control levels. In pigeons, however, the response rate decreases caused by naloxone prevented the complete antagonism of the highest morphine dose and limited the range of naloxone doses over which complete antagonism of morphine occurred. Antagonism of pentazocine by naloxone generally was greatest at the lowest pentazocine dose tested in both monkeys and pigeons. At higher pentazocine doses, if any antagonism was obtained, it was slight, and the amount of antagonism typically did not increase as the naloxone dose increased. Pentazocine generally failed to antagonize morphine in monkeys and pigeons.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Correlation between dopamine D(2) receptors in the ventral striatum and central processing of alcohol cues and craving.

OBJECTIVE: Alcohol and other drugs of abuse stimulate dopamine release in the ventral striatum, which includes the nucleus accumbens, a core region of the brain reward system, and reinforce substance intake. Chronic alcohol intake is associated with down-regulation of central dopamine D(2) receptors, and delayed recovery of D(2) receptor sensitivity after detoxification is positively correlated with high risk for relapse. Prolonged D(2) receptor dysfunction in the ventral striatum may interfere with a dopamine-dependent error detection signal and bias the brain reward system toward excessive attribution of incentive salience to alcohol-associated stimuli. METHOD: Multimodal imaging, with the radioligand [(18)F]desmethoxyfallypride and positron emission tomography as well as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), was used to compare 11 detoxified male alcoholics with 13 healthy men. The authors measured the association of D(2)-like dopamine receptors in the ventral striatum with alcohol craving and central processing of alcohol cues. RESULTS: Activation of the medial prefrontal cortex and striatum by alcohol-associated stimuli, relative to activation by neutral visual stimuli, was greater in the detoxified alcoholics than in the healthy men. The alcoholics displayed less availability of D(2)-like receptors in the ventral striatum, which was associated with alcohol craving severity and with greater cue-induced activation of the medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate as assessed with fMRI. DISCUSSION: In alcoholics, dopaminergic dysfunction in the ventral striatum may attribute incentive salience to alcohol-associated stimuli, so that alcohol cues elicit craving and excessive activation of neural networks associated with attention and behavior control.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Ethnic identity and risky health behaviors in school-age Mexican-American children.

The study examined the relationship between ethnic identity and risky health behaviors in 1,892 Mexican-American students (M age= 14.6, SD= 1.35; 50.3% male) in South Texas. The Ethnic Identity Scale assessed ethnic identity and questions from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey measured risky health behaviors (mixed use of alcohol and drugs, heavy drinking, driving under the influence, regular marijuana use, regular cigarette smoking, lack of regular exercise, not eating breakfast regularly, and carrying a gun or knife to school). Logistic regression tested the relationships between ethnic identity and report of risky health behaviors controlling for potential confounders (sex, free school lunch status, grade, and self-reported school grade). Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and confidence intervals were calculated. Results indicated that being associated with Mexican-American cultural identity was significantly associated with a decreased mixed use of alcohol and drugs (AOR= .97), heavy drinking (AOR= .98), and regular marijuana use (AOR= .97). A stronger ethnic identity was protective against engaging in risky health behaviors among these Mexican-American adolescents.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1988

Behavioral effects of acute and chronic buspirone.

The effects of buspirone were studied in squirrel monkeys trained to lever-press under a fixed-interval schedule involving suppressed responding. Buspirone (0.01-0.1 mg/kg) generally did not increase rates of suppressed responding. Buspirone (0.01-0.1 mg/kg) generally did not increase rates of suppressed responding; 0.3 mg/kg of buspirone decreased rate. In comparison, diazepam (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) and CL 218872 (0.3-3.0 mg/kg) increased responding. Additionally, the effects of buspirone (0.01-0.3 mg/kg) were unchanged over a 12-day period of daily administration. The results show that buspirone has effects on schedule-controlled behavior of squirrel monkeys that differ from those of typical anxiolytic drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Clock mechanisms in Drosophila.

Mechanisms underlying circadian clock function in Drosophila melanogaster have been revealed by genetic and molecular approaches. Two interlocked transcriptional feedback loops involving at least the period, timeless, Clock,and cycle genes generate molecular oscillations that are believed to control behavioral rhythmicity and other clock outputs. These oscillations are further enhanced and fine-tuned to match the duration of the solar day by post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms depending on the PERIOD and TIMELESS proteins and on the protein kinases DOUBLE-TIME and SHAGGY. Light is the principal zeitgeber for synchronizing molecular and behavioral rhythmicity via the blue-light photoreceptor CRYPTOCHROME and the TIMELESS protein. In addition, light seems required for maintaining robust molecular oscillations at least in peripheral clock-gene-expressing tissues like the eyes, antennae, or Malpighian tubules. Relaying temporal information to cells and tissues expressing overt biological rhythms involves regulation of "output genes" at multiple levels. Although their regulation depends on the major clock genes, the majority of the clock-controlled genes are not direct targets of clock factors.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Catechol O-methyltransferase val158met genotype and neural mechanisms related to affective arousal and regulation.

CONTEXT: Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT), the major enzyme determining cortical dopamine flux, has a common functional polymorphism (val(158)met) that affects prefrontal function and working memory capacity and has also been associated with anxiety and emotional dysregulation. OBJECTIVES: To examine COMT val(158)met effects on corticolimbic circuitry reactivity and functional connectivity during processing of biologically salient stimuli, as well as the relationship to the temperamental trait of novelty seeking. DESIGN: Within-subject functional magnetic resonance imaging study. SETTING: National Institute of Mental Health, Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, Bethesda, Md. Patients One hundred one healthy subjects of both sexes. RESULTS: We found that the met allele was associated with a dose-dependent increase in hippocampal formation and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation during viewing of faces displaying negative emotion. In met/met homozygotes, limbic and prefrontal regions showed increased functional coupling. Moreover, in these same subjects, the magnitude of amygdala-orbitofrontal coupling was inversely correlated with novelty seeking, an index of temperamental inflexibility. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that heritable variation in dopamine neurotransmission associated with the met allele of the COMT polymorphism results in heightened reactivity and connectivity in corticolimbic circuits. This may reflect a genetic predisposition for inflexible processing of affective stimuli, a mechanism possibly accounting for aspects of arousal and behavioral control that contribute to emotional dysregulation previously reported in met/met individuals.

Adult↗