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PubMed1981

Protection of endothelium in vessel segments excised for grafting.

Contracture and collapse often complicate dissection and excision of blood vessels for grafting. Subsequent forceful redilatation and leak checking with cold saline almost always lead to partial or total denudation of endothelium, which increases the risk of early occlusion by thrombi or late occlusion by fibrocellular initimal thickening. To prevent endothelial damage, we used three major modifications of the excision and extracorporeal maintenance procedures: (1) adventitial application of the smooth-muscle relaxant papaverine in situ to avoid contracture and to allow subsequent gentle, gradual redilatation at low pressure; (2) balanced perfusion and maintenance fluid containing 10% protein (serum of albumin); and (3) extracorporeal maintenance of the vessel at body temperature. In an experimental extracorporeal vascular perfusion system, we could preserve morphologically intact endothelium of rabbit carotid arteries for over 3 hours, as evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Applying the same principles to canine cephalic and saphenous veins, we gradually dilated the vessels at pressures as low as 100 mm Hg and obtained a morphologically intact endothelium after 1 hour of extracorporeal maintenance.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[The role of adenosine in the central nervous system].

Adenosine is one of the normal elements in body fluid including extracellular fluid within the CNS. Its normal level is 0.03-0.3 mumol/L. When ATP's metabolism loses balance, for example, during ischemia, the level of adenosine increases dramatically, may reach as much as 1000 times of the normal. Adenosine plays many physiological and pathological roles in CNS via its receptors. It is recognized as an inhibitory neuromodulator playing a neuroprotective role in CNS.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1985

Body composition in the cirrhotic patient with ascites: assessment of total exchangeable sodium and potassium with simultaneous serum electrolyte determination.

The precise mechanism of initiation and maintenance of the disturbed fluid and electrolyte balance in cirrhotic patients remains unclear. Measurement of total exchangeable potassium in 11 cirrhotic patients with ascites revealed marked depletion compared to 9 healthy volunteers. Total exchangeable potassium was 50.8 +/- 5.1 m moles/L TBW in the patient group compared to 75.2 +/- 3.4 m moles/L TBW in the control group (P less than 0.01, Mann-Whitney U Test). Total body exchangeable sodium measured 80.1 +/- 3.7 m mole/L TBW in the cirrhotic group, which is not significantly elevated compared to the value in healthy volunteers of 74.1 +/- 1.9 m mole/L TBW. Serum sodium was low in four of the cirrhotic patients (129-133 mEq/L); exchangeable sodium was low in only one of these four (53.4 m mole/L TBW). Serum potassium was low in two of the cirrhotics (2.6-2.9 mEq/L); total body potassium was depressed in both of these patients (43.5-50.1 m mole/L TBW). An additional three patients had a low total body potassium (29.6-48.9 m mole/L TBW) with normal serum levels (4.0-4.2 mEq/L). There was no correlation between serum and total exchangeable electrolyte levels (Pearson's regression, r = 0.16 and 0.23). This work confirms that serum levels are not reliable indicators of true body sodium and potassium stores. The decreased total exchangeable potassium appears to be related to loss of body cell mass rather than intracellular potassium depletion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Thermal dehydration-induced thirst in lithium-treated rats.

Lithium is used as the primary treatment for bipolar disorder but has the common side effects of diuresis and thirst. In the present study, the effects of lithium on water balance responses of male Sprague-Dawley rats to thermal dehydration were examined. Rats ate either unadulterated food or food containing 2 g/kg lithium carbonate for 10 days. Then the control and lithium-treated rats were exposed to either 25 or 37.5 degrees C without food or water for 4 h. The rats were then allowed access to water for 3 h at 25 degrees C or were anesthetized and blood samples were taken. Lithium treatment caused an initial decrease in food intake, a decrease in body weight, and an increase in urine output. Heat exposure caused similar increases in evaporative water loss in control and lithium-treated rats. Heat exposure led to changes in blood indicators of body water status indicative of dehydration, whereas lithium had no effects on blood indicators of body water status. Water intake was increased by both heat exposure and by lithium treatment with the lithium-treated rats being more responsive to the thirst-inducing effects of thermal dehydration. Lithium treatment does not appear to impair water balance responses to heat exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: fat estimation errors due to variation in soft tissue hydration.

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is rapidly gaining acceptance as a reference method for analyzing body composition. An important and unresolved concern is whether and to what extent variation in soft tissue hydration causes errors in DXA fat estimates. The present study aim was to develop and validate a DXA physical hydration model and then to apply this model by simulating errors arising from hypothetical overhydration states. The DXA physical hydration model was developed by first linking biological substance elemental content with photon attenuation. The validated physical model was next extended to describe photon attenuation changes anticipated when predefined amounts of two known composition components are mixed, as would occur when overhydration develops. Two overhydration models were developed in the last phase of study, formulated on validated physical models, and error was simulated for fluid surfeit states. Results indicate that systematic errors in DXA percent fat arise with added fluids when fractional masses are varied as a percentage of combined fluid + soft tissue mass. Three independent determinants of error magnitude were established: elemental content of overhydration fluid, fraction of combined fluid + soft tissue as overhydration fluid, and initial soft tissue composition. Small but systematic and predictable errors in DXA soft tissue composition analysis thus can arise with fluid balance changes.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1982

Studies of factors which stimulate lung fluid secretion in fetal goats.

Twenty near-term fetal goats, delivered by Caesarian section, under chloralose (50 mg/kg), with intact umbilical cords, were monitored for lung fluid production by a dye dilution method. Controls, and fetuses given slow infusions of saline (0.9% (w/v) NaCl at 0.028 - 0.042 ml/kg per min, intravenous, for 2 h), showed no significant increases in lung fluid production, Na+ secretion, or Na+ concentration in lung fluid. Intermediate rates of infusion (0.053 ml/kg per min for 2 h) did not increase fluid production, but significantly increased Na+ secretion and Na+ concentration in lung fluid. Fast infusions (0.084 - 0.24 ml/kg per min for 2-3 h) increased significantly fluid secretion (up to 40-fold), Na+ secretion (up to 9.3-fold), and Na+ concentration in lung fluid (increases up to 5.2 mequivalents/l); in one case, spontaneous reabsorption was reversed to secretion. Prolactin, placed directly in the lungs (10 micrograms/ml fluid), by the third hour; controls showed no changed. In all cases Cl- behaved similarly to Na+; K+ moved partly independently. Synthetic pentagastrin (infused at 0.12-2.5 micrograms/kg per min, intravenous) did not stimulate secretion. The results suggest that the fetal lungs may influence salt-water balance, and this may be under prolactin control.

Animals↗