Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “API”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,459 records · Page 81Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Experimental induction of panic-like symptoms in patients with postural tachycardia syndrome.

Patients with postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) might be misdiagnosed with panic disorder due to shared clinical features. The first aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between symptoms of POTS and panic disorder. The second aim was to delineate clinical features distinguishing symptoms of POTS from panic disorder. A total of 11 patients with POTS and 11 control subjects participated in an IRB-approved, prospective, placebo-controlled study. The experimentally induced panic-like symptoms of POTS were systematically studied using the Acute Panic Inventory (API) questionnaire. The participants answered the questionnaire after each placebo infusion and after each of the three provoking stimuli: head-up tilt test (HUT), isoproterenol infusion (ISI), and sodium lactate infusion (SLI). API responses were summed for each subject at each time point of administration. Individual API symptoms and summed responses were analyzed for statistical significance. All patients with POTS developed symptoms of orthostatic intolerance during HUT. Pharmacologically induced symptoms subjectively mimicked spontaneous symptoms in 5 of 11 patients during ISI and in none of 11 patients during SLI. In contrast, API scores in these patients reached panic threshold in 0 of 11 following HUT, in 4 of 11 following ISI and in 4 of 11 following SLI. Individual symptoms analysis revealed that significant increase in scores was limited to the somatic symptoms of palpitations, dyspnea, and twitching or trembling. In conclusion, the symptoms of POTS are phenomenologically different and clinically distinguishable from panic disorder symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Multiple dimensions of HIV stigma and psychological distress among Asians and Pacific Islanders living with HIV illness.

Asians and Pacific Islanders (APIs) living with HIV/AIDS in the US are particularly vulnerable to HIV-related stigma largely due to ingrained socio-cultural norms that strongly associate HIV transmission with activities perceived to be immoral. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between five HIV-stigma factors and psychological distress among 54 HIV-seropositive APIs. Social Rejection, Negative Self-Worth, Perceived Interpersonal Insecurity, and Financial Security were all significantly associated with psychological distress. Results from hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that Social Rejection, Negative Self-Worth, and Perceived Interpersonal Insecurity significantly predicted psychological distress after control for physical symptoms and country of birth. Undocumented Asians endorsed higher levels of Social Rejection, Negative Self-Worth and Perceived Interpersonal Insecurity than documented APIs. Future studies examining mechanisms of psychological distress among HIV-seropositive APIs are needed.

Asia↗
PubMed1994

Quantitation of alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor in the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

The concentration of alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (API) was measured in the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) while they had clinical signs and while they had none. The concentrations of total protein, albumin and API were significantly higher in the PELF of animals with clinical signs of COPD. The correlation between albumin and API in the PELF suggested that most of the API was derived from the serum.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Measurement by ELISA of equine alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor in uterine flushings from mares.

An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and used to estimate the concentrations of the serine proteinase inhibitor, alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (API), in uterine flushings recovered from mares at different stages of the oestrous cycle and before and after the induction of experimental endometritis. There was a significant increase in the concentrations of API and albumin relative to total protein in flushings recovered during oestrus compared with dioestrus but no difference was observed in the concentrations of these proteins relative to total protein before and after the induction of endometritis. A regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between the concentrations of albumin and API in the flushings examined, suggesting that the API was derived entirely from serum and was not produced locally in the uterus.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Screening of Trichosanthes kirilowii, Momordica charantia and Cucurbita maxima (family Cucurbitaceae) for compounds with antilipolytic activity.

Saline extracts of Trichosanthes kirilowii root tubers and Momordica charantia seeds were subjected to differential acetone fractionation. The fraction that precipitated after addition of 0.8 vol. acetone was designated API, the fraction that precipitated after addition of another 1.2 vol. acetone was designated APII, and the fraction that precipitated after addition of another volume acetone was designated APIII. API, APII and APIII are fractions enriched with lectins, abortifacient proteins and saponins, respectively. T. kirilowii API and APII, and the purified lectin and abortifacient protein (alpha-trichosanthin), were devoid of any significant antilipolytic activity. M. charantia seed API and APIII inhibited hormone-induced lipolysis; the purified lectin and saponin similarly possessed antilipolytic activity. M. charantia seed APII and abortifacient proteins (alpha- and beta- momorcharins), however, lacked such activity. The acid acetone powder of M. charantia seeds and the acetone powder of M. charantia fruits also exhibited antilipolytic activity. However, the acetone powder of Cucurbita maxima fruits and seeds possessed neither antilipolytic nor lipogenic activity. The results indicated that M. charantia fruits and seeds contained components that resembled insulin in inhibiting hormone-induced lipolysis, and that compounds with antilipolytic activity were probably absent from T. kirilowii root tubers and C. maxima fruits and seeds.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗
PubMed1993

Species identification and determination of high-level aminoglycoside resistance among enterococci. Comparison study of sterile body fluid isolates, 1985-1991.

Enterococcus spp. have become the third most common cause of nosocomial infections. High-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLR), an important clinical concern, has been associated with some species of the enterococci. We evaluated the Vitek and API 20S systems for species identification and the Vitek for the detection of HLR. Enterococci from nosocomial infections (208 strains) at the University of Iowa Hospital (1985-1991) were tested by Vitek, API 20S, and reference methods. The error rate for species identification was 6.7% for the API 20S and 5.8% for the Vitek Gram-positive identification (GPI) cards. Both systems tended to incorrectly identify other enterococcal species as Enterococcus faecium. HLR was found in Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium isolates only. The highest rates of HLR to streptomycin alone (17.9%) and with gentamicin (13.5%) was observed among E. faecalis strains, and to gentamicin alone (7.3%) was found among E. faecium isolates. No apparent differences in HLR rates were found from year-to-year over the 7-year enterococcus sample interval. Susceptibility errors for Vitek were among the streptomycin tests only. Our results demonstrated acceptable performance by the Vitek cards for enterococcal species identification and the detection of HLR. API 20S also provided an acceptable ability to speciate the enterococci within its data base, however, both systems must be improved by adding other clinical important Enterococcus species.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1995

Vitamin E, pulmonary functions, and phagocyte-mediated oxidative stress in smokers and nonsmokers.

Relationships among the plasma levels of vitamin E (VE), the numbers and prooxidative activities of circulating phagocytes, serum alpha-1-protease inhibitor (API), and pulmonary functions were investigated in 83 asymptomatic male cigarette smokers and 65 nonsmoking controls. Plasma levels of VE, of cholesterol, and of API were measured using high performance liquid chromatography, spectrophotometry, and nephelometry, respectively, whereas reactive oxidant (ROS) generation by activated blood phagocytes was measured using a whole blood luciginen-enhanced chemiluminescence method. Smoking was associated with significantly increased circulating neutrophil counts (p 0.0001), serum API (p 0.0001) and phagocyte-derived ROS-generation (p 0.0001), and decreased spirometric values (FEV1: p 0.0138 and FEF25-75: p 0.0654). Plasma VE and cholesterol levels were not significantly different between smokers and nonsmokers. However, in smokers both plasma VE and cholesterol correlated significantly and positively with serum API (r 0.24, p 0.03 and r 0.30, p 0.005, respectively), neutrophil counts (r 0.24, p 0.03 and r 0.25, p 0.03, respectively), and phagocyte-derived ROS-generation (r 0.32, p 0.003 and r 0.32, p 0.003, respectively), and significantly and inversely with FEV1 (r -0.23, p 0.03 and r -0.22, p 0.04, respectively) and FEF25-75 (r -0.32, p 0.003 and r -0.26, p 0.02, respectively). In nonsmokers plasma VE, but not cholesterol, was positively correlated with FEV1 (r 0.34, p 0.007) and FEF25-75 (r 0.40, p 0.001). The results suggest that VE protects the lungs of both smokers and nonsmokers and may act as a mobilizable antioxidant in response to smoking-induced oxidative stress.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A major allergen gene-fusion protein for potential usage in allergen-specific immunotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Specific immunotherapy is a common treatment of allergic diseases and could potentially be applied to other immunologic disorders. Despite its use in clinical practice, more defined and safer allergy vaccine preparations are required. Differences between epitopes of IgE that recognize the 3-dimensional structure of allergens and T cells that recognize linear amino acid sequences provide a suitable tool for novel vaccine development for specific immunotherapy. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to delete B-cell epitopes and prevent IgE crosslinking, but to preserve T-cell epitopes by fusion of 2 major allergens of bee venom because of a change in the conformation. METHODS: By genetic engineering, we produced a fusion protein composed of the 2 major bee venom allergens: phospholipase A 2 (Api m 1) and hyaluronidase (Api m 2). RESULTS: The Api m [1/2] fusion protein induced T-cell proliferation and both T H 1-type and T H 2-type cytokine responses. In contrast, IgE reactivity was abolished, and profoundly reduced basophil degranulation and type 1 skin test reactivity was observed. Pretreatment of mice with Api m [1/2] fusion protein significantly suppressed the development of specific IgE as well as other antibody isotypes after immunization with the native allergen. CONCLUSION: The novel fusion protein of 2 major allergens bypasses IgE binding and mast cell/basophil IgE FcepsilonRI crosslinking and protects from IgE development.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of propolis collected by three different races of honeybees in the same region.

The chemical analysis and antibacterial activity of three types of propolis collected three different races of Apis mellifera bee in the same apiary were investigated. Propolis samples were investigated by GC/MS, 48 compounds were identified 32 being new for propolis. The compounds identified indicated that the main plant sources of propolis were Populus alba, Populus tremuloides and Salix alba. The antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans was evaluated. Ethanolic extracts of propolis samples showed high antibacterial activity against Gram-positive cocci (Staphylococcus aureus), but had a weak activity against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and yeast (Candida albicans). Propolis sample collected by Apis mellifera caucasica showed a higher antibacterial activity than collected by Apis mellifera anatolica and Apis mellifera carnica.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Impurity profile tracking for active pharmaceutical ingredients: case reports.

Tracking the impurity profile of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is a very important task for all stages of drug development. A systematic approach for tracking impurity profile of API is described. Various real pharmaceutical applications are presented through successful examples of impurity profile tracking for three different novel APIs. These include MK-0969, an M3 antagonist; MK-0677, an oral-active growth hormone secretagogue and API-A, a cathepsin K inhibitor. A general strategy including selection of a reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) impurity profile method based on screening various stationary phases and changing the pH of the mobile phase and elucidation of impurity structures through the utilization of LC-MS, preparative-LC and NMR is demonstrated. A series of studies were conducted on the peak purity check by using the LC-UV diode-array and LC-MS detections. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique in the evaluation of peak purity are discussed.

Cathepsin K↗
PubMed2005

An aspartyl protease inhibitor of Ostertagia ostertagi: molecular cloning, analysis of stage and tissue specific expression and vaccine trial.

Protease inhibitors are thought to protect intestinal parasitic nematodes from their hostile proteolytic environment. In a previous study, screening of Ostertagia ostertagi cDNA libraries with local antibody probes of the abomasal lymph nodes and mucus revealed a (28 kDa) aspartyl protease inhibitor (API), which was exclusively recognised by antibodies from immune calves. Here we report the molecular characterization of Oo-API (sequence analysis, developmental expression and localization) and a vaccine trial in cattle with the native and recombinant baculo-expressed antigen. The full-length open reading frame of api encodes a protein of 28 kDa. The sequence showed 82% significant homology to an Aspin homologue from Trichostrongylus colubriformis (AA034715). The cDNA encoding the full-length sequence was cloned in a bacterial pET expression vector and the pVec 35 baculovirus vector. Polyclonal rabbit serum against the Escherichia coli-expressed protein was used to develop Western Blots of extracts and ES and to localize the antigen on L3, L4 and adult worm sections. The protein was expressed in all life stages, which was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and was mainly localized in the cuticle of L3, the intestinal cells of L4, and the gut and sphincter of adult worms. Polyclonal serum was also used to affinity purify the native protein. Vaccination of calves with native Oo-API and baculovirus-expressed Oo-rbAPI in combination with QuilA resulted in no protection against Ostertagia challenge infections.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Pneumolysin potentiates oxidative inactivation of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor by activated human neutrophils.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of the Streptococcus pneumoniae-derived, pro-inflammatory toxin, pneumolysin (8.37 and 41.75 ng/ml), on the oxidative inactivation of alpha-1-protease inhibitor (API) by chemoattractant-activated human neutrophils in vitro. The elastase inhibitory capacity (EIC) of API in supernatants from unstimulated neutrophils, neutrophils treated with pneumolysin only, or with the chemoattractant FMLP (1 microM) only, or the combination of the toxin with FMLP was measured by a colorimetric procedure based on the activity of added porcine elastase. The EIC of API was unaffected by exposure to pneumolysin only, unstimulated neutrophils, or neutrophils treated with pneumolysin only. However, exposure to FMLP-activated neutrophils resulted in a reduction of the EIC of API, which was significantly (P<0.05) augmented by pneumolysin (mean reductions of 16%, 43% and 83% for FMLP only and in combination with 8.37 and 41.75 ng/ml pneumolysin, respectively), and was attenuated by wortmannin (1 microM), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, the oxidant-scavenger methionine (100 microM), and depletion of Ca2+ from the cell-suspending medium. These pro-proteolytic interactions of pneumolysin with chemoattractant-activated neutrophils may contribute to the invasiveness of the pneumococcus.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Identification and typing of food-borne Staphylococcus aureus by PCR-based techniques.

The possibility of using PCR for rapid identification of food-borne Staphylococcus aureus isolates was evaluated as an alternative to the API-Staph system. A total of 158 strains, 15 S. aureus, 12 other staphylococcal species, and 131 isolates recovered from 164 food samples were studied. They were phenotypically characterized by API-Staph profiles and tested for PCR amplification with specific primers directed to thermonuclease (nuc) and enterotoxin (sea to see) genes. Disagreement between the PCR results and API-Staph identification was further assessed by the analysis of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles obtained with three universal primers (M13, T3, and T7) and 16S rDNA sequencing. Forty out of 131 isolates (31%) tested positive for PCR enterotoxin. Of these, 14 (11%) were positive for sea, 22 (17%) for sec, one (0.8%) for sed, and three (2.2%) for sea and sec. No amplification corresponding to seb nor see was obtained. Cluster analysis based on RAPD profiles revealed that most of the sec positive food isolates grouped together in three clusters. Cluster analysis combining the three RAPD fingerprints (M 13, T3, and T7), PCR-enterotoxin genotype and API-Staph profiles, grouped the nuc PCR positive isolates together with S. aureus reference strains and the nuc PCR negative isolates with reference strains of other staphylococcal species. The only nuc PCR positive food isolate that remained unclustered was a sed positive strain identified by 16S rDNA sequence as S. simulans. The high concordance between S. aureus and nuc PCR positive strains (99%) corroborates the specificity of the primers used and the suitability of nuc PCR for rapid identification of S. aureus in routine food analysis.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed2005

Factors affecting participation in a breast cancer risk reduction telephone survey among women from four racial/ethnic groups.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the participation of minorities in health behavior research. This manuscript assesses factors associated with participation among women in four racial/ethnic groups. METHODS: A total of 2800 Asian/Pacific Islander (API), Black, Latina, and non-Latina White women recruited through the San Francisco Mammography Registry was invited in 2002 and 2003 to participate in a telephone survey about breast cancer prevention. RESULTS: Minorities participated at lower rates (49% for APIs, 60% for Latinas, and 64% for Blacks) than Whites (77%). Increased participation was associated with younger age for Latinas (OR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.05-3.44) and Whites (OR = 1.77, CI 1.08-2.91), and with a family history of breast cancer for APIs (OR = 2.09, CI 1.24-3.52). Decreased participation was associated with having less than a high school education for APIs (OR = 0.47, CI 0.26-0.86), Blacks (OR = 0.29, CI 0.11-0.78), and Latinas (OR = 0.51, CI 0.28-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest minorities' participation in health behavior research does not match Whites' and should be enhanced.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The application of structure-based assessment to support safety and chemistry diligence to manage genotoxic impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients during drug development.

Starting materials and intermediates used to synthesize pharmaceuticals are reactive in nature and may be present as impurities in the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) used for preclinical safety studies and clinical trials. Furthermore, starting materials and intermediates may be known or suspected mutagens and/or carcinogens. Therefore, during drug development due diligence need be applied from two perspectives (1) to understand potential mutagenic and carcinogenic risks associated with compounds used for synthesis and (2) to understand the capability of synthetic processes to control genotoxic impurities in the API. Recently, a task force comprised of experts from pharmaceutical industry proposed guidance, with recommendations for classification, testing, qualification and assessing risk of genotoxic impurities. In our experience the proposed structure-based classification, has differentiated 75% of starting materials and intermediates as mutagenic and non-mutagenic with high concordance (92%) when compared with Ames results. Structure-based assessment has been used to identify genotoxic hazards, and prompted evaluation of fate of genotoxic impurities in API. These two assessments (safety and chemistry) culminate in identification of genotoxic impurities known or suspected to exceed acceptable levels in API, thereby triggering actions needed to assure appropriate control and measurement methods are in place. Hypothetical case studies are presented demonstrating this multi-disciplinary approach.

Drug Contamination↗
PubMed2003

Identification and characterisation of an aspartyl protease inhibitor homologue as a major allergen of Trichostrongylus colubriformis.

Allergens were identified from the gastrointestinal nematode of sheep, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, by probing Western blots of infective larvae (third stage) somatic antigen with IgE purified from the serum of sheep grazed on worm contaminated pasture. A 31 kDa allergen was frequently recognised by sera from immune sheep, particularly those deriving from a line that has been genetically selected over 23 years for parasite resistance. Using a proteomic approach, the 31 kDa allergen was identified as an aspartyl protease inhibitor homologue. The entire coding sequence of T. colubriformis aspartyl protease inhibitor (Tco-api-1) was obtained and the mature protein expressed in Escherichia coli. Anti-Tco-API-1 antibodies revealed that a commonly observed 21 kDa T. colubriformis allergen species is a truncated form of Tco-API-1. Specific IgE responses to T. colubriformis aspartyl protease inhibitor were significantly correlated with the degree of resistance to nematode infection as measured by faecal egg count in sheep. Surprisingly, IgE responses to Tco-API-1 were not correlated with breech soiling (dag score), which is thought to be caused, in part, by allergic hypersensitivity to worms. Therefore, a specific IgE response to this allergen may be a suitable marker for identifying lambs at an early age that will develop strong immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes.

Allergens↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of on-line coupling of ion-chromatography with atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry and with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry as tools for the ultra-trace analysis of bromate in surface water samples.

Ion chromatography in combination with atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (API-MS) as well as with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) had been compared for trace analysis of bromate. The results indicate that both techniques yield comparable results, which are in excellent agreement with standard methods for bromate determination. Furthermore, both techniques showed almost equal absolute detection limits (approximately 50 pg bromate injected). Contrary to IC-API-MS, IC-ICP-MS can tolerate a higher salt concentration in the mobile phase. This allows the use of high-capacity columns combined with large sample volumes. This lowered the concentration based detection limits by one order of magnitude for IC-ICP-MS compared to IC-API-MS (0.06 microg/l vs. 0.5 microg/l). On the other hand, IC-API-MS is able to allow a positive identification of bromate even in cases when IC does not fully separate bromate from other bromine-containing species. The performance data of both IC-MS techniques have been established by participation in an international round robin test.

Atmospheric Pressure↗
PubMed2001

Tune compounds for electrospray ionisation/in-source collision-induced dissociation with mass spectral library searching.

Haloperidol, paracetamol, metronidazole and metamizole have been tested as tune compounds for electrospray ionisation in-source collision-induced dissociation MS (ESI-CID-MS) with two different mass spectrometers (Sciex API 365 and Agilent 1100 MSD SL). The different electrospray sources of API 365 and MSD 1100 SL consist of an orifice with nitrogen curtain gas and a capillary interface, respectively. In-source CID occurs in both interfaces in front of the skimmers, which separate a region with a vacuum of approximately 300 Pa and the high vacuum (<10(-3) Pa). Comparison of the breakdown curves of selected tune compounds, depending on collision energy (orifice or fragmentor voltage), showed, that very similar fragmentation can be obtained with both instruments, when adjusting the fragmentor voltage of the MSD 1100 SL to higher values than the orifice voltage of the API 365. For three energy levels--low, medium and high--the corresponding voltages were 20, 50 and 80 V for the API 365 and 110, 190, 230 V for the MSD 1100 SL. These voltages resulted in the most similar spectra for haloperidol and paracetamol with both instruments. The comparison of ESI-CID-MS of all tune compounds at three energy levels showed, that - despite variations in relative ion abundances - all significant ions were present in one of the three CID spectra. Therefore, mass spectral library searching of an ESI-CID-MS library set-up with one of the two instruments should be possible with the other instrument after adjusting the CID energies by means of at least two tune compounds such as haloperidol and paracetamol, metronidazole or metamizole.

Acetaminophen↗