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PubMedDate not supplied

[A microtitration variant of the latex agglutination reaction in the diagnosis of leprosy].

The authors describe the preparation of antigenic diagnostic agent based on stained polyacrolein latex particles conjugated with beta-(3-aminopropyl) 3, 6-dimethylglucopiranoside (DMG), a synthetic analog of PSL = 1 from M. leprae (L-PMG), and its use in the microtitration variant of latex agglutination for the serological diagnosis of lepra. The test was performed in polystyrene plates. A total of 45 blood sera of patients with lepra, 34 sera of subjects who had contacts with leper patients, and 148 control samples were tested. The level of antibodies to DMG was found to be related to the bacterial loading of the patient. If the patients with regressive are seropositive, it means that persistent forms of M.leprae are present in their organs and tissues. "Nonleprous" sera did not react with L-PMG. The microtitration latex agglutination test proved to be highly specific (93.3%) and sufficiently sensitive (87.3%). It is rapid and simple, the results may be assessed visually; this recommends the method for seroepidemiologic screening in the regions where lepra cases are recorded.

Acrolein↗
PubMed1993

Evaluation of the Rheuma-Lex latex agglutination test for detection of rheumatoid factor.

The performance of the Trinity Laboratories Rheuma-Lex latex agglutination test kit for detection of Rheumatoid factor (RF) in patient sera was evaluated. The method and test results of the Rheuma-Lex test were compared to those obtained with another commercially available latex agglutination test kit (RapiTex RF Test) on 162 sera submitted for RF testing. Discrepant results were resolved by testing those sera with a third commercially available kit. The Rheuma-Lex and the RapiTex kits demonstrated sensitivities of 100 and 87%, specificities of 98 and 99%, negative predictive values of 100 and 97%, positive predictive values of 94 and 94% and efficiencies of 99 and 97% respectively. The Rheuma-Lex test kit was judged to be a sensitive, reliable and simple assay for RF detection in serum.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The use of the latex agglutination test for the rapid diagnosis of salmonellosis in children].

From 237 children hospitalized in the enteric department of an infectious clinic 381 fecal samples were obtained and examined (after 24-hour pre-cultivation in selenite enrichment medium) in the latex agglutination test. The results thus obtained were compared with the data of the bacteriological study of these samples. For the first time the diagnostic value of the latex agglutination test (LAT) both for the early and retrospective diagnosis of Salmonella mono- and combined infections was established. The possibility of using LAT for augmenting the laboratory determination of salmonellosis, on the average, 2.1-fold in cases of acute enteric infections, including 3.3-fold in mild and non-manifest forms of such infections and 6.2-fold in clinical variants of the disease with lesions of the proximal sections of the gastrointestinal tract, was demonstrated.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1976

[Dynamics of agglutination in birds artificially infected with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and Salmonella typhimurium and treated with sulfaguanidine and furazolidone].

Canadian Leghorn chickens were used to study the effect of sulfaguanidine and furazolidon on the dynamics of blood agglutinin formation. The birds were artificially infected with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and Salmonella typhimurium. At various intervals following infection they were treated with sulfaguanidine 1% tablets and 0.04% furazolidon. The level of agglutinins was determined by the methods of Huddleson (whole blood agglutination reaction), the fast serum agglutination, the method after Wright, and the indirect hemagglutination reaction. It was found that the agglutinin level in birds treated in the course of ten days with the chemotherapeutics mentioned prior to their infection did not change. The use of these chemotherapeutics parallel to the infection of the test birds and ten days later inhibited agglutinin formation. This was more pronouncedly expressed in birds treated with furazolidon. The delayed use of these therapeutic means did not inhibit substantially the level of blood agglutinins.

Agglutinins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The determination of opiates by latex agglutination].

A method based on latex agglutination test has been developed for detection of opiates in human urine. Specific reagents were synthesized and conditions of interaction of conjugated latex antigens with specific antibodies to morphine in the presence of an inhibitor were examined. Sensitivity of the method was 100 ng/ml. The developed latex agglutination test for detection of opiates may be used in combination with enzyme immunoassay in practical forensic medicine and narcology.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Crude or recombinant proteins applied to latex agglutination, complement fixation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the serodiagnosis of invasive amebiasis.

Three different agglutination tests were developed for the detection of serum antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica. These tests are based on carboxylated polystyrene beads loaded either with a purified recombinant E. histolytica protein, designated recEh-P1, or a soluble fraction, or a membrane fraction (M-LA) both prepared from E. histolytica trophozoites. The three agglutination tests were compared with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a complement fixation test based on crude soluble E. histolytica antigens as well as with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recEh-P1 as antigen (P1-EIA). Serum samples from patients with invasive amebiasis (n = 30), or infectious diseases unrelated to E. histolytica (n = 57), as well as sera of apparently healthy individuals (n = 25) including some with noninvasive amebiasis (n = 5) were analysed by all six methods. Depending on the assay used, the results obtained, revealed sensitivities ranging from 83% to 100% and specificities ranging from 93% to 100%. P1-EIA and M-LA exhibited best results, both with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 98%.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Use of protective anthrax antigen in agglutination reactions].

The latex- and hemagglutination tests were applied to determination of the titres of anthrax antibodies in the sera of 982 immunized sheep. Monodispersive standard colur latex of polymethylmetacrylate and protective anthrax antigen was used in these tests. On the basis of the results of titration of control sera titres of anthrax antibodies over 1:16 in the latex- and hemagglutination tests were accepted as positive. There was revealed no difference between the sera of the immunized animals reacting positively in both tests (d = 1.87 less than delta = 2.94 at P = 0.95). The difference between the positive titres determined in the latex-agglutination (55.78%) and hemagglutination (44.41%) tests was significant (d = 11.37 less than delta = 4.39 at P = 0.95). Consequently, both tests could be used for the purpose of determination of anthrax antibody titres, but the latex-agglutination test was more sensitive of the two.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chlamydia latex agglutination antigen and protocol improvement and psittacine bird anti-chlamydial immunoglobulin reactivity.

Latex agglutination detection of chlamydial antibody activity in psittacine bird sera was significantly more sensitive when an improved protocol was followed than was a test using the previously used protocol. Titers of antibody-positive sera were fourfold to 32-fold higher by the improved protocol than titers by the previously used protocol, whereas antibody-negative sera were negative by both protocols. Column chromatography was used to separate immunoglobulins in psittacine bird serum. Immunoglobulin M was reactive in latex agglutination (LA) but non-reactive in direct complement fixation (DCF). Immunoglobulin G was reactive in LA and DCF. The fifth supernatant fluid of serum multiply absorbed with latex beads was non-reactive in LA and DCF. The immunoglobulins reactive in LA had high avidity and affinity for latex beads. Prolonged storage at 4 C to 6 C preserved LA reactivity of absorbed immunoglobulins better than storage at 21 C to 23 C.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Determination of bacterial antigens by latex agglutination tests in cultured cerebrospinal fluid specimens from bacterial meningitis].

Between December 1988 and February 1991, the latex agglutination test was evaluated for its ability to detect the antigens of N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae in the samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 57 patients with bacterial meningitis. Totally antigens were detected in 34 of 42 (80.9%) patients with bacterial meningitis proven by culture. Latex agglutination was positive in 60% of CSFs for N. meningitidis, 88.2% of CSFs for S. pneumoniae and 100% of CSFs for H. influenzae. Antigens were detected in 7 of 9 (77.8%) patients with no bacterial organisms grown on CSF culture but seen on microscopy after Gram staining. No antigens were identified in CSFs of 4 patients with culture and gram stain negative. 32-48 hours after the treatment started, the CSF samples were obtained again from 11 patients and antigens were detected in 9 of them.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of a latex agglutination test for rapid identification of Staphylococcus aureus: collaborative study.

Fifteen laboratories completed a collaborative study comparing the efficacy of a latex agglutination kit (Aureus Test) with that of AOAC Official Method 987.09 (coagulase test for identification of Staphylococcus aureus). Each laboratory analyzed 240 strains of bacteria, including 160 isolates of S. aureus and 80 isolates of other bacteria. Upon receipt of cultures, collaborators subcultured each isolate on both tryptic soy agar (TSA) and Baird-Parker agar medium (BPA) to determine whether the growth medium has any effect on either method. For cultures grown on TSA, the latex test had sensitivity and specificity rates of 99.2 and 97.1%, respectively, whereas the coagulase test had respective rates of 98.4 and 92.5%. For cultures able to grow on BPA, the latex test had sensitivity and specificity rates of 99.2 and 96.6%, respectively, while the coagulase test had respective rates of 98.3 and 91.3%. By using the McNemar pairwise comparison test of the 2 methods, the false-positive and false-negative rates of the latex test were significantly lower (p < 0.01) than those of the coagulase test for strains grown either on TSA or BPA. The latex agglutination test for identification of S. aureus isolated from foods has been adopted by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.

Diagnostic Errors↗
PubMed1996

A comparison of two column agglutination technologies for routine antibody screening using the indirect antiglobulin technique.

Two commercial column agglutination technologies were compared for routine antibody screening using the indirect antiglobulin technique with 1000 heparinised blood samples from a general hospital. The I.D. microtyping system (Diamed) utilises a Sephadex gel, and the Biovue system (Ortho Diagnostics) consists of a column containing minute glass beads. Both systems have antihuman globulin incorporated into them resulting in agglutinates being trapped and allowing free red cells to pass through to the base. The purpose of this study was to compare the two technologies with the minimum amount of variables possible. The spin tube antiglobulin technique was not included in this study as this technology has not been used in this laboratory since January 1991. The systems compared well, despite different serological problems.

Blood Grouping and Crossmatching↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of four methods for detection of Clostridium difficile or C. difficile toxin: cytotoxin assay, culture, latex agglutination, and a new rapid immunoassay (C. difficile toxin A test).

The performance of C. difficile toxin A test (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK), an immunoassay for the detection of C. difficile toxin A in fecal samples, for the diagnosis of C. difficile-associated diarrhea was compared with those of cytotoxin assay, culture, and a latex agglutination assay (Culturette Brand CDT Rapid Clostridium difficile test; Becton Dickinson, Cockeysville, MD). A total of 105 stool specimens from 71 patients were tested. Of the 105 specimens analyzed, 6 (5.7%) samples were positive by all four methods, 66 samples (62.9%) were concordant negative. Two patients fulfilled all clinical criteria for C. difficile-associated diarrhea but had negative results in the cytotoxicity tests. The sensitivity and specificity, as determined against cytotoxin assay results, were, respectively 52.4% and 93.9% for latex agglutination, 68.2% and 84.3% for rapid immunoassay and 36.4% and 92.8% for culture. No single laboratory test yields a definitive diagnosis of C. difficile-associated diarrhea at present. Test results by any of these methods must be used in conjunction with patient history when making the diagnosis to avoid indiscriminate treatment of individuals without disease or the lack of treatment for individuals with a serious infection. We consider the rapid and easy-to-perform C. difficile toxin A test not to be an essential adjunct for the diagnosis of C. difficile-associated diarrhea.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Autoantibodies against spermatozoal antigens detected by immunoblotting and agglutination. A longitudinal study of vasectomized males.

Sera taken pre- and post-operatively at regular intervals within a year from 16 men undergoing vasectomy were analysed for autoantibodies against spermatozoal proteins by immunoblotting. The reaction patterns were compared with the results of sperm agglutination tests. Immunoblotting revealed the presence of autoantibodies against various spermatozoal polypeptides in all sera taken pre-operatively and post-operatively. On average, seven polypeptides showed reaction. During the post-operative period two patients developed spermatozoal agglutinins in moderate titers (greater than 16) but in immunoblotting no change in band reactivity was observed for these two patients. However, scanning of the immunoblotting results revealed that one of the patients, although without sperm agglutinins, during the post-operative period showed an increasing band colouring of a polypeptide of Mr 31,500, reflecting an increased level of the corresponding antibodies.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

In-vitro fertilization in the presence of antisperm antibodies detected by the mixed antiglobulin reaction (MAR) and the tray agglutination test (TAT).

Data from 33 couples suffering from male immune infertility, who underwent 47 in-vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles between January 1989 and August 1991, were retrospectively analysed. The serum of all the 33 male partners had elevated tray agglutination test (TAT) titres (> or = 1:16) and positive mixed antiglobulin reaction (IgG MAR) test results in their semen. There was a slight correlation between these tests in semen and serum. Fertilization rates were analysed in three sperm MAR subcategories. Only the strongly positive MAR group (values > or = 90%) revealed a significant reduction in fertilization rate compared to the other MAR groups. However, this was not observed with increasing serum TAT titres. Fertilization rates were decreased in asthenozoospermic (20.1%) compared to normozoospermic (34.0%) male partners. This occurred also with couples not affected by immunological factors, but when antisperm antibodies were present, the fertilization rates were significantly poorer irrespective of whether the sperm motility was normal or decreased. Once fertilization occurred, the pregnancy rate was not affected by the severity of immunological factors. In assisted reproduction the sperm preparation techniques may reduce the inhibiting effects of antibodies bound to the spermatozoa, and when there are several oocytes to be inseminated, the chance of fertilization rises.

Adult↗
PubMed1970

Effect of formalin, beta-propiolactone, merthiolate, and ultraviolet light upon influenza virus infectivity chicken cell agglutination, hemagglutination, and antigenicity.

Four strains of influenza virus were treated with Formalin, Merthiolate, Merthiolate and Formalin, ultraviolet light, and beta-propiolactone (BPL) for 18, 48, and 72 hr. Infectivity, chicken cell agglutination (CCA), hemagglutination (HA), and antigenicity determinations were made. Except for Merthiolate, each method of inactivation was equally effective in reducing infectivity. Loss of infectivity was related to length of treatment. CCA determinations were higher for all treated groups except for BPL-treated samples; these had lower determinations. BPL treatment also lowered the HA titer. Antigenicity was lessened by BPL treatment and by Merthiolate and Formalin treatment. Generally, the length of inactivation up to 72 hr did not affect CCA, HA, or antigenicity determinations. For the most part, there was no significant differences in the reactivity of the four strains.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1964

SEROLOGICAL TYPING OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. II. TYPING BY SLIDE AGGLUTINATION AND COMPARISON WITH PHAGE TYPING.

Cohen, Jay O. (Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.), and P. B. Smith. Serological typing of Staphylococcus aureus. II. Typing by slide agglutination and comparison with phage typing. J. Bacteriol 88:1364-1371. 1964.-Over 700 cultures were typed by both antisera and phages; 15 serotypes accounted for 481 of the cultures. The i factor was found predominantly in phage group II strains, and the n factor was found in group III, whereas the c(1) factor was found in both groups II and III. Factors h, k, and m were found predominantly in groups I and II. Strains of phage type 80/81 were somewhat heterogeneous serologically. When cultures were typed by both phages and antisera, more definitive characterization was possible than with either method alone. Closely related cultures usually exhibited the same serotype and phage type. Phage-nontypable strains were usually typable by serology. A total of 60 different serotypes were observed among 183 phage-nontypable strains.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1980

Gel Agglutination Test: its application to infertile men.

In a study involving 253 men attending the Male Fertility Clinic in Nottingham, the Gelatin Agglutination Test on serum gave a positive response in 14.2% of patients and a positive response at a dilution of 1/32 in 11.5% of patients. No correlation was found between a positive GAT response and increasing age or the major pathological entities causing infertility in the male. Of the positive GAT responses, 17% reverted to negative on second testing. The value and the diagnostic importance of this test as well as its reliability is questioned.

Adult↗