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PubMed2006

Contractile activity of ATP and diadenosine tetraphosphate on urinary bladder in the rats: role of superoxide anion and urothelium.

Both ATP and diadenosine tetraphosphate (AP(4)A) produced a dose-dependent contraction of rat isolated urinary bladder rings. The AP(4)A dose-response curve was to the left of that of ATP, and the maximum response was greater than that produced by ATP. Mechanical removal of the urothelium increased the contractile response to ATP by between 53% and 71%, and that to AP(4)A by 42% (at highest AP(4)A concentration) to 68% at lower concentration. Inhibition of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase with diethylthiocarbamate (DETCA, 5 mm) significantly reduced the ATP-evoked contraction by 31% (at high ATP concentration) to 40% at low ATP concentration. Similarly, the AP(4)A-induced contractions were significantly decreased by 27% at low AP(4)A level to 38% at higher concentrations. Induction of exogenous superoxide anion stress by the use of the superoxide anion generator, pyrogallol (0.5 mm), significantly decreased both ATP- and AP(4)A-induced contractions of the rat urinary bladder over the whole dose range. Contractile responses to ATP decreased by 36-40%, and those to AP(4)A by 44-49%. In conclusion, the urinary bladder urothelium exerts an inhibitory control over the purinergic contractility produced by adenine mononucleotides and dinucleotides. Superoxide anion stress, whether endogenous or exogenous, attenuates the ATP-induced as well as AP(4)A-induced contractility.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of a method using Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to experimentally induce dual infection of the urinary bladder in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a method using Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to experimentally induce dual infection of the urinary bladder in dogs. ANIMALS: 6 healthy mixed-breed dogs. PROCEDURE: Dogs were anesthetized, and cystitis was induced by infusing a solution of salicylic acid in ethanol into the bladder, followed by an inoculum containing field isolates of P. mirabilis and P. aeruginosa. Dogs were examined daily for 21 days after induction of cystitis. On day 21, dogs were euthanatized, and urinary bladder, renal pelvis, and prostate specimens were submitted for bacterial culture. RESULTS: After induction of cystitis, all dogs had evidence of thickening of the bladder wall, dysuria, tenesmus, and hematuria. Urinalysis revealed proteinuria, hematuria, and pyuria. All urine samples obtained on day 21 yielded growth of P. mirabilis, but P. aeruginosa was not cultured from any of these samples. Proteus mirabilis was isolated from bladder, renal pelvis, or prostate specimens from 4 dogs; P. aeruginosa was not isolated from any of the tissue specimens. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that the method used in the present study fails to induce dual infection of the urinary bladder with P. mirabilis and P. aeruginosa. The inability to establish a persistent dual infection with this method may have been a result of insufficient pathogenicity of the Pseudomonas isolate or an inadequacy of the experimental design.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The response of smooth muscle cells in the rabbit urinary bladder to outflow obstruction.

The morphologic response of smooth muscle cells in the urinary bladder to a standardized bladder neck obstruction and the cell changes subsequent to release of that obstruction were studied in both growing and adult rabbits. The bladder reacted first by gross dilation and then by concentric thickening of the wall at the expense of the lumen. Microscopically, thickening of the bladder wall was due to temporary submucosal edema, then to the increased fibrocollagenous connective tissue, and finally to the increased muscle mass which in part replaced the connective tissue. Hypertrophy of the smooth muscle cells and their nuclei was apparent and this preceded cellular hyperplasia, which did not occur until 30 days after the obstruction was induced in the adult rabbits. In contrast, there was early hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells in the growing rabbits, followed by hypertrophy of the cells and their nuclei. In no instance could mitosis of smooth muscle cells be found in either young or adult rabbits. Quantitation showed that the degree of cellular hypertrophy was proportional to the duration of the obstruction. In the adult animal, the muscular thickening was mainly due to an initial 5 fold increase of the muscle cell volume together with a later 3 fold increase of muscle cell number. In the growing rabbits, the muscle cells first doubled in number and then after 8 weeks a 6 fold enlargement of cell volume contributed to the total muscular thickening. Upon release of obstruction in the adult rabbits, both enlarged cell and nuclear sizes regressed to normal values and the cell numbers gradually decreased to near normal values over periods up to 4 months after release.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Do cross-registry comparisons of Black and White Americans provide support for N-acetylation as an important determinant for urinary bladder and other tobacco-related cancers?

Tobacco smoking is an unequivocal risk factor for cancers of the larynx, lung, pancreas and urinary bladder. Whereas African-Americans demonstrate higher laryngeal, lung and pancreatic cancer rates than their Caucasian-American counterparts, they paradoxically have only approximately half of the urinary bladder incidences. One possible explanation is their N-acetyltransferase (NAT) status, since this enzyme is responsible for metabolism of arylamines in smoke and blacks are reported to have a higher rate for rapid acetylation than whites. However, other tobacco-related cancers are also linked to slow acetylation so that African-Americans might therefore also be expected to have lower incidences of other tobacco-related cancers. The present investigation was conducted with data from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Vol VIII to assess whether there might be correlations between incidence rates for four major cancers across registries in the United States. Cluster analysis demonstrated clear separation of the white and black populations for all states, and significant correlations were observed between bladder and laryngeal cancers, and also for lung and laryngeal cancers, for both Blacks and Whites. Striking similarities in the plots for urinary bladder incidence against all three of the other cancers suggests the existence of a factor specific to the bladder. A review of black-white ratios for cancer incidences in all major body sites in both sexes and the published literature for NAT polymorphisms provided evidence that this might indeed be arylamine exposure, although other factors could also be involved.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1997

Urinary bladder response to hypogastric nerve stimulation after bilateral resection of the pelvic nerve or spinal cord injury in rats.

BACKGROUND: We examined the mechanism of urinary bladder motility return after bladder areflexia induced by interruption of the sacral parasympathetic outflow to the urinary bladder following damage to the sacral cord or pelvic nerves in the rat. METHODS: The L6 and S1 nerve bundles were resected near the vertebrae, and bilateral pelvic nerve resections (PNR) performed. Spinal cord injury (SCI) was performed by means of a legion generator at the T12 vertebra. Thirty days after PNR and SCI, cystometrograms were recorded under anesthesia. RESULTS: In all rats subjected to PNR or SCI, overflow incontinence continued, yet some rats subjected to SCI recovered within 2 weeks after the operation. Cystometrograms showed that repetitive bladder contractions appeared in rats subjected to SCI irrespective of hypogastric nerve (HGN) innervation, while bladder contractions did not appear in rats subjected to PNR. Electrical stimulation of the HGN induced higher bladder pressure elevation in rats who underwent PNR than in rats subjected to SCI. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the generation of repetitive bladder contractions induced by bladder distention after bladder areflexia requires the presence of intact pelvic nerves that transmit sacral cord-originating excitatory information to the bladder. However, the HGN system and functioning pelvic nerve ganglia are not involved in this process. Also, the connection from the preganglionic HGN to the postganglionic parasympathetic nerves in the pelvic plexus did not form after PNR.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Subcellular distribution of SERCA and calcium-activated ATPase in rabbit and human urinary bladder smooth muscle.

Previous studies have demonstrated that calcium storage and release from IP3-dependent sites in the sarcoplasmic reticulum play an important role in the contractile response of the rabbit urinary bladder to both field stimulation (mediated via neurotransmitter release) and bethanechol (direct muscarinic stimulation). In view of the importance of SERCA (see text) in urinary bladder smooth muscle function, we studied the distribution of SERCA by two methods; using Western blotting to quantitate the protein concentration and by enzyme analysis using thapsigargin to specifically inhibit SERCA. Rabbit and human samples of urinary bladder smooth muscle were homogenized and the homogenate separate into three particulate fractions by different centrifugation: the cell wall-nuclear, mitochondrial, and microsomal. The protein concentration of these three particulate fractions was determined and the SERCA protein level quantitated by Western blotting using SERCA-2 antibodies. The calcium ATPase activity was quantitated using standard enzymatic analysis and the thapsigargin sensitivity determined. The results demonstrated that (1) the concentration of SERCA was significantly greater in the microsomal fraction than in either of the other fractions for both rabbit and human bladder smooth muscle; (2) the enzymatic activities of both total calcium-activated ATPase and thapsigargin-sensitive calcium ATPase were evenly divided among the three fractions, and (3) the enzymatic activity of both total calcium-activated ATPase and thapsigargin-sensitive calcium ATPase of the rabbit exceeded that of the human. In conclusion, the distribution of SERCA and calcium ATPase of the rabbit bladder smooth muscle was similar to that in the human bladder smooth muscle, although activities in rabbit were significantly greater than those of human tissue.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2003

Estimation of fetal urinary bladder volume using the sum-of-cylinders method vs. the ellipsoid formula.

OBJECTIVES: A changing hourly fetal urine production rate (HFUPR) has been demonstrated when fetuses are subjected to hypoxia, which is of clinical interest. Conventionally, calculations of the HFUPR have been based on repeated two-dimensional ultrasound bladder images during the filling phase and the formula for ellipsoids. However, the bladder shape changes from the ellipsoidal to super-ellipsoidal during filling and the volume could be underestimated. In this study the sum-of-cylinders method was used, a method which does not depend on the longitudinal bladder shape being an ellipse. METHODS: The volumes from 102 urinary bladder images from 34 fetuses (three per fetus) were assessed using the sum-of-cylinders method. These results were compared with the corresponding findings when using the ellipsoid formula on the identical material of bladder images in a previous study. RESULTS: When using the sum-of-cylinders method vs. the ellipsoid formula, the mean volume difference was +1.6 mL. Applying the sum-of-cylinders method for bladder volumes of 5-40 mL resulted in standard deviations of 8.8-3.5% vs. 12.9-5.5% when using the ellipsoid formula. No deviation was found when using the sum-of-cylinders method vs. a known volume formula for cylinders, which simulated super-ellipsoids on the computer screen. CONCLUSIONS: Volume calculation by the sum-of-cylinders method is independent of the longitudinal bladder shape when it comes to producing accurate estimations. This method demonstrated a systematically larger volume compared with the ellipsoid formula. The sum-of-cylinders method is therefore preferable for volume estimations of the fetal urinary bladder.

Calibration↗
PubMed1995

Reconstruction of the urinary bladder mucosa in three-dimensional collagen gel culture: fibroblast-extracellular matrix interactions on the differentiation of transitional epithelial cells.

The purpose of this study was to reconstruct a urinary bladder mucosa in three-dimensional collagen gel culture conditions that included fibroblasts. Transitional epithelial cells and fibroblasts, isolated respectively from the epithelial and lamina propria layers of porcine urinary bladder, were cultured in monolayer. These fibroblasts were embedded and cultured within a collagen gel matrix to reconstruct a lamina propria. The isolated transitional epithelial cells were then seeded in vitro on this reconstructed lamina propria on which the transitional epithelial cells formed a stratified urothelium composed of basal, intermediate and superficial layers. Urothelial differentiation was observed only on the fibroblast-containing collagen matrix. Differentiation did not occur on a cell-free collagen matrix through use of fibroblast conditioned medium. Thus, urothelial differentiation depended upon a fibroblast-extracellular matrix interaction. The differentiated transitional epithelial cell layer thus produced closely resembled a urothelium in vivo. This culture model may provide a useful system in which to study various diseases of the urinary bladder.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Smoking related carcinogen-DNA adducts in biopsy samples of human urinary bladder: identification of N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4-aminobiphenyl as a major adduct.

The prevalence of covalent modifications to DNA (carcinogen-DNA adducts) in 42 human urinary bladder biopsy samples was investigated by 32P-postlabeling methods, with enhancement by both nuclease P1 treatment and 1-butanol extraction. Total mean carcinogen-DNA adduct levels and the mean levels of several specific adducts were significantly elevated in DNA samples of 13 current smokers, as opposed to 9 never smokers or 20 ex-smokers (5 years abstinence). There was no significant difference between the latter two groups. Several DNA adducts enhanced by nuclease P1 treatment were chromatographically similar to putative hydrocarbon DNA adducts reported earlier for placenta and lung DNA samples obtained from cigarette smokers. Putative aromatic amine adducts were detected by 1-butanol extraction that were not present when the samples were treated with nuclease P1. One of these displayed chromatographic behavior identical to the predominant adduct induced by the human urinary bladder carcinogen, 4-aminobiphenyl, which is present in cigarette smoke. This adduct comigrated in several thin-layer chromatographic systems with a synthetic N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4-amino[2,2'-3H]biphenyl-3',5'-bisphosphate marker. Moreover, when this adduct was eluted from the thin-layer chromatograms of several individuals and injected onto an HPLC system, the 32P from the human bladder DNA samples coeluted in the same fraction as the tritiated synthetic N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4-aminobiphenyl marker. These data reinforce an association between cigarette smoking and DNA damage and suggest a molecular basis for the initiation of human urinary bladder cancer by cigarette smoke.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Solitary primary amyloidosis of urinary bladder. Light and electron microscopic study.

A fifty-four-year-old white woman with a history of episodic gross hematuria was diagnosed as having solitary primary amyloidosis of the urinary bladder involving a large segment of the dome and anterior wall. A segmental resection of the bladder was performed with good results. Electron microscopic examination of the lesion revealed evidence to indicate that amyloid in this case was produced by the fibroblasts within the lamina propria of the bladder. The mode of amyloidogenesis is identical to that noted in some of the previously published electron microscopic studies on localized amyloidosis of skin. Solitary primary amyloidosis of the urinary bladder is a rare lesion with only 46 cases having been previously reported in the literature.

Amyloid↗
PubMed1996

Medical management of iatrogenic rents in the wall of the feline urinary bladder.

Surgical closure may not be necessary to successfully manage all patients with ruptured urinary bladders. If the margins of the walls of tears in the bladder wall are not devitalized, and if they remain in close apposition via maintenance of the bladder lumen in a nondistended state for an appropriate period, these conditions may simulate those created by use of surgical sutures. This is not advocating an all-or-none choice. Because the clinical status of patients with ruptured urinary bladders can range from that characterized by only hematuria and dysuria to life-threatening postrenal uremia, a range of surgical and medical options should be considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effect of thyroxine on urinary bladder autonomic receptor densities and contractility.

The effect of thyroxine on the response of urinary bladder strips to autonomic drugs and electrical stimulation was studied. Bladder strips from euthyroid, hyperthyroid and thyroidectomized rats were used. Rats were made hyperthyroid by intramuscular injection of thyroxine (250 micrograms/rat for 5 days). Surgical thyroidectomy was performed 12-15 weeks before the experiment. The contractile response of bladder strips from each of the 3 groups of rats to electrical field stimulation and the following drugs was measured: isoproterenol; bethanechol; methoxamine; adenosine triphosphate, and potassium chloride. Isoproterenol produced a significantly greater relaxation in strips from hyperthyroid than from euthyroid rats. The enhanced relaxation response to isoproterenol was accompanied by an increase in beta-adrenergic receptor density. The contractile response to methoxamine, adenosine triphosphate and potassium chloride was unchanged by pretreating the rats with thyroxine. The increase in contraction produced by bethanechol was the same in strips from hyperthyroid and euthyroid rats and the muscarinic receptor densities were also unaltered by thyroxine. Bladder strips from thyroidectomized rats showed the same response as strips from control animals following electrical field stimulation or exposure to isoproterenol, bethanechol, methoxamine, adenosine triphosphate and potassium chloride. These results demonstrate that thyroxine pretreatment enhances the relaxation of urinary bladder strips produced by isoproterenol and that this response is correlated with a hormone-induced increase in beta-adrenergic receptors in this tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The effect of distension of the urinary bladder on activity in efferent vagal fibres in anaesthetized dogs.

Experiments were performed in anaesthetized dogs to find out whether the response of decreases in vagus nerve activity to distension of the urinary bladder is affected by changes in carotid sinus pressure. The carotid sinuses were vascularly isolated and perfused with blood at constant flow. Both ureters were cannulated and the urinary bladder was distended with warm Ringer solution. In eight dogs, all eleven efferent vagus fibres which responded to changes in carotid sinus pressure also responded to distension of the urinary bladder by a decrease in activity. This response of a decrease in activity was obtained at all levels of carotid sinus pressure between 8.4 and 30 kPa, and was greater at high than at low carotid sinus pressure. In the same vagus fibres, a relation was shown between progressive decreases in activity and either increases in intravesical pressure up to 8.7 kPa or reductions in carotid sinus pressure between 9 and 30 kPa. The decreases in activity were greater at high than at low carotid sinus pressure. These findings have shown that the inhibition of vagus nerve activity caused by bladder distension was affected by the level of carotid sinus pressure.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Disappearance of a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the urinary bladder after treatment for Helicobacter pylori.

A59-yr old man presented with macroscopic hematuria. A non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the MALT type of the urinary bladder, stage I A-E, was diagnosed. Radiotherapy was advised, but the patient refused this kind of treatment. Because of the known relationship of a gastric MALT lymphoma and Helicobacter pylori, the patient was treated with HP eradication therapy. Afterwards the lymphoma disappeared. The patient is 3 yr later in a persistent complete remission. This is the first known case of the disappearance of a MALT lymphoma of the urinary bladder after treatment with HP eradication therapy.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2002

Endocervicosis of the urinary bladder. Immunohistochemical comparative study between a new case and normal uterine endocervices.

Endocervicosis of the urinary bladder is a rare non-neoplastic condition characterized by endocervical-type glands deeply situated in the urinary bladder wall of women of reproductive age. We compared the immunohistochemical phenotype of a case of endocervicosis in a 35-year-old woman with four normal uterine endocervices. We tested antibodies known as reactive in the uterus and not mentioned or negative in the urothelium (HBME-1, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), DF3, Chromogranin). The proliferative index was assessed with MIB-1 antibody. Endocervicosis glands displayed stronger expression of HBME-1, ER and PR than normal endocervices, while the urothelium was negative. There was no difference in DF3 expression. The number of Chromogranin-positive cells was higher in endocervicosis than in the endocervices. The proliferative index was higher in the endocervicosis glands (15%) than in the normal endocervices (mean 3%), but was within the normal range established for endocervical glands. Our results confirm the endocervical nature of endocervicosis and constitute further arguments for the mullerian origin hypothesis. The only modestly increased proliferative index, as compared to endocervical malignancies, is consistent with a benign diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Effect of glycine on the induction of orotic aciduria and urinary bladder tumorigenesis in the rat.

The mechanism by which amino acids increase the cellular levels of orotic acid (OA) was investigated. Administration of glycine (2.5 mmoles/100 g) to rats resulted in a 100-fold increase in urinary OA excretion, which was inhibited by pretreatment with cycloheximide or actinomycin D. The induction of OA synthesis from NH4Cl but not from carbamoylaspartate (CA) was inhibited by cycloheximide, indicating that the cycloheximide sensitive step was after the formation of ammonia and before the formation of CA. The glycine-stimulated OA synthesis was not inhibited by acivicin, a potent inhibitor of the cytosolic carbamoylphosphate (CP) synthetase, implicating the mitochondrial CP synthetase in supplying the CP for OA synthesis. Preliminary results indicated that cycloheximide did not inhibit glycine-induced urea synthesis to any significant extent. The results thus suggest that (i) the increased OA synthesis induced by glycine requires a transcription-translation dependent step and (ii) the regulatory step may be the transport of mitochondrial CP to cytosol and/or the synthesis of cytosolic CA. Attempts to determine whether increased exposure of urinary bladder to high concentrations of OA will influence bladder tumorigenesis revealed that chronic administration of glycine (2.5 mmoles/100 g, ip, daily, 5 days a week for 20 weeks) resulted in a 44% increased incidence of hyperplastic, preneoplastic, and neoplastic lesions. Some of these rats also exhibited stones in urinary bladders. The mechanism by which glycine induces tumorigenesis in the urinary bladder is currently being explored.

Ammonium Chloride↗
PubMed1986

Urinary bladder reinnervation.

The ability of mixed spinal nerve roots to regenerate and reinnervate the urinary bladder was examined in young adult female cats. Using microsurgical technique, a unilateral extradural spinal nerve root anastomosis of a lumbar (L7) to a sacral root (S1) either with or without a nerve graft was performed. Remaining ipsilateral sacral roots were transected. The contralateral normal sacral roots remained intact and allowed the animals adequate urination during the period necessary for axonal regeneration. At the time of restudy seven months later, stimulation of the anastomosed nerve root proximal to the anastomosis (isolated from the spinal cord) elicited a bladder contraction. Significant lumbar axonal regeneration was substantiated by compound action potentials recorded across the anastomosis. In addition, redirection of axons from a lumbar to a sacral distribution was demonstrated. The contralateral normal sacral roots provided control cystometric and electrophysiological data against which responses from the previously anastomosed nerve roots were compared. In conclusion, significant bladder reinnervation can occur after an anastomosis of a lumbar and sacral root with or without a nerve graft. This technique, or variations thereof, may have a clinical role in selected patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction to reinnervate the bladder and restore central control.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Urinary bladder lesions in bovine enzootic haematuria.

In cattle, bracken fern chronic toxicity is characterized by the presence of multiple tumours in the bladder (bovine enzootic haematuria). From October 1999 to March 2003, 433 urinary bladders with macroscopical lesions were collected in the slaughterhouse of São Miguel Island (Azores, Portugal), an endemic area where Pteridium aquilinum infestation in pastures is high. Bladder lesions were divided into three main categories (inflammatory lesions, non-neoplastic epithelial abnormalities and tumours) and described in detail. In some cases, neoplastic growth was confined to a single site, but in most cases multiple tumours developed within the same bladder. Epithelial tumours alone were present in 51.2% of the affected bladders, mesenchymal tumours alone in 17.4%, and both epithelial and mesenchymal tumours in the remaining 31.4%. The large number of tumours examined (870) revealed new categories not yet included in other veterinary classification systems, namely, inverted papilloma, papillary neoplasm of apparent low malignant potential, and haemangioendothelioma.

Animals↗