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PubMed1985

A longitudinal study of work loss related to dental diseases.

This paper analyzes the effects of dental conditions on social functioning by measuring the incidence of work loss days associated with dental problems and treatments in 1 year. A longitudinal study of 1992 employed adults in the Hartford, Conn. area was conducted. Participants were interviewed at baseline to collect data on sociodemographic, health care and health status factors and were followed for 1 year to assess the incidence of dental work loss days. The results showed that 26.4% of the sample reported an episode of dentally-related work, with a mean of 1.26 hours per person per year. The most important predictors of having work loss were high number of dental visits, previously having an episode of work loss, being young and being in the higher social classes. The most important variables explaining total hours of work loss were treatment severity, previous work loss, low income and being non-white. While work loss rates varied by some important treatment and sociodemographic factors, more sensitive outcome indicators are needed to detect individual differences in the effects of dental conditions on social functioning. Yet, the results do suggest that work loss days may be a useful population statistic in measuring oral health status because of the high prevalence of dental disease.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed2006

Treatment of schizophrenia with paliperidone extended-release tablets: a 6-week placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Paliperidone extended-release tablet (paliperidone ER) is an investigational oral psychotropic developed for schizophrenia treatment. It utilizes OROS technology to provide a unique pharmacokinetic profile, eliminating the need for titration and potentially leading to improved tolerability. Furthermore, paliperidone undergoes limited hepatic metabolism. METHODS: The efficacy and safety of once-daily paliperidone ER (6 mg, 9 mg and 12 mg) were assessed versus placebo in 628 patients with acute schizophrenia in a 6-week, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study. RESULTS: All doses of paliperidone ER demonstrated significant improvement in PANSS score, all PANSS Marder factor scores (p<0.001) and personal and social functioning versus placebo (p<0.001). The PANSS total score also improved significantly in the olanzapine treatment arm. Significantly higher percentages of paliperidone ER patients demonstrated a > or =30% reduction in PANSS total score versus placebo (p<0.001). The incidence of movement disorder-related AEs and rating scales measurements were similar to placebo for the paliperidone ER 6 mg group and higher in the 9 mg and 12 mg groups. In the paliperidone ER groups there were no reports of glucose-related AEs or clinically relevant changes in plasma lipid levels and changes in mean bodyweight<1 kg. CONCLUSION: In this study, all doses of paliperidone ER were effective in significantly improving the symptoms of schizophrenia and personal and social functioning and were generally well tolerated. Paliperidone ER offers a distinctive treatment profile and may provide a valuable new treatment option for patients with schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quality of life in adult home parenteral nutrition patients.

BACKGROUND: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is life-sustaining therapy in some disease states. Patients, however, report alterations in physical, psychologic, and social function that negatively affect perceived quality of life (QOL). Many generic tools have been used to evaluate QOL during HPN, but there is no gold standard measurement. QOL improvement can only result from identifying and addressing patient-specific problems. The purpose of this study was to identify the tools used by others to measure QOL in adults receiving long-term HPN and to identify factors that affect QOL in this population. METHODS: An electronic search of CINAHL, MEDLINE, and Health and Psychosocial Instruments databases was conducted to identify studies of HPN and QOL in adults. RESULTS: Thirty-four publications on HPN and QOL were identified. Twenty-four studies of HPN and QOL were included in this review; 10 papers were review articles or editorials. QOL was worse in HPN patients compared with healthy populations. Impaired QOL was associated with decreased physical, psychologic, and social function. Depression, drug dependency, sleep disturbance, frequent urination, fear of therapy-related complications, and inability to eat negatively affected QOL. CONCLUSIONS: Use of different QOL instruments, scales, and lifestyle domains limited comparison among studies. QOL is poor in patients receiving HPN and worse in the presence of depression and narcotic dependency. The technical aspects of HPN administration interfere with routine activities. It is difficult to determine whether HPN itself or the impact of the disease affected QOL. Development of an HPN-specific QOL tool may help in this differentiation.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Oral health knowledge, beliefs and practices of a sample of Chinese elders in Inner London, UK, aged 54 years and over: a pilot investigation.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the self-reported oral health and health behaviours of a sample of Inner London Chinese elders and the impact of their self-reported oral health on their social functioning and eating ability. DESIGN: Cross sectional. SETTING: Luncheon clubs in Central and East London, UK. SUBJECTS: 54 Chinese elders aged 54-81 years. INTERVENTION: A structured questionnaire, administered by two interviewers in Cantonese. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Knowledge and beliefs about the causes and prevention of tooth decay and gum disease, the oral conditions experienced in the previous twelve months and the impact of these conditions. RESULTS: Overall health was rated more positively than oral health, although those who reported below average oral health were more likely to report below average overall health. Whilst over half thought that sugar and sweet food could cause tooth decay, only 19% thought that poor oral hygiene could cause gum disease. Over half thought that "hot air" caused gum disease. Three quarters brushed their teeth at least twice a day. Two thirds had experienced at least one oral condition in the previous twelve months, with the more elderly being more likely to report this. Social impacts affected 41% of the sample whilst 44% suffered at least one dietary impact. CONCLUSIONS: The burden of oral conditions is substantial, especially on the more elderly members, impacting on the performance of social functions. These burdens indicate a need for oral health services. Beliefs in the traditional Chinese explanation of "hot air" as a cause of gum disease were common. Health promotion effort should consider these when developing health messages.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Reboxetine: additional benefits to the depressed patient.

Reboxetine is a new selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that has been shown to be effective in both the short-(4-8 weeks) and long-term (up to 12 months) treatment of depression. Four positive placebo-controlled studies showed reboxetine to have significant antidepressant efficacy; the response rate (> or = 50% decrease in HAM-D total score) with reboxetine ranging from 56-74%. Comparator-controlled trials showed reboxetine to be at least as efficacious as imipramine and desipramine in both adults and elderly patients. Reboxetine is also as effective as fluoxetine in the overall depressed population. However, subset analysis showed reboxetine to be significantly superior to fluoxetine in severely depressed patients. Reboxetine also showed significant advantages over fluoxetine in terms of social functioning, positively affecting patients' self perception and motivation towards action. The therapeutic effect of reboxetine is maintained for at least up to 1 year. During long-term therapy, 78% of patients receiving reboxetine were in remission at last assessment compared with only 45% of patients in the placebo group. Fewer reboxetine-treated patients relapsed (22%) compared with those receiving placebo (56%). In summary, reboxetine is effective in both the short- and long-term treatment of depression, and is at least as efficacious as traditional tricyclic antidepressant drugs and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The additional benefits offered by reboxetine to the depressed patient include effective long-term treatment, efficacy in all grades of depression (including severe cases) and, importantly, specific advantages on social functioning. These additional benefits make reboxetine a favourable choice in the management of depression.

Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors↗
PubMed2005

The prevalence and impact of alcohol problems in major depression: a systematic review.

Major depression and alcohol problems are common in primary care, yet little is known about the prevalence of alcohol problems in patients with depression or alcohol's effect on depression outcomes. We strove to answer the following questions: How common are alcohol problems in patients with depression? Does alcohol affect the course of depression, response to antidepressant therapy, risk of suicide/death, social functioning and health care utilization? In which alcohol categories and treatment settings have patients with depression and alcohol problems been evaluated? English language studies from MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and Cochrane Controlled Trial Registry were reviewed. Studies were selected using predefined criteria if they reported on the prevalence or effects of alcohol problems in depression. Thirty-five studies met criteria and revealed a median prevalence of current or lifetime alcohol problems in depression of 16% (range 5-67%) and 30% (range 10-60%), respectively. This compares with 7% for current and 16-24% for lifetime alcohol problems in the general population. There is evidence that antidepressants improve depression outcomes in persons with alcohol dependence. Alcohol problems are associated with worse outcomes with respect to depression course, suicide/death risk, social functioning, and health care utilization. The majority of the studies, 34 of 35 (97%), evaluated alcohol abuse and dependence, and 25 of 35 (71%) were conducted in psychiatric inpatients. We conclude that alcohol problems are more common in depression than in the general population, are associated with adverse clinical and health care utilization outcomes, and that antidepressants can be effective in the presence of alcohol dependence. In addition, the literature focuses almost exclusively on patients with alcohol abuse or dependence in psychiatric inpatient settings, and excludes patients with less severe alcohol problems and primary care outpatient settings.

Alcoholism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical profiles, scope and general findings of the Western Sydney First Episode Psychosis Project.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the clinical profile, treatment and social functioning of a community-based sample of young people presenting with their first episode of psychosis. METHODS: Over a 2-year period, young people with their first episode of psychosis referred to early intervention services in two area mental health services in western Sydney were assessed with a battery of clinical, neuropsychological, psychophysiological and neuroanatomical measures. This paper reports the clinical results of the baseline section of the study. RESULTS: Of the 224 referrals to the project, 94 subjects meet inclusion criteria and agreed to take part. Subjects were divided into three diagnostic groups--'Schizophrenia', 'Mood Disorders' and 'Mixed Psychosis', the latter principally comprised of substance induced psychotic disorders. Subjects from the 'Schizophrenia' group differed significantly from the other two groups in that they had higher levels of negative symptoms and general psychopathology, and were less likely to be employed or engaged in study. They had poorer overall social functioning. Subjects with 'Mixed Psychosis' were similar to those from the 'Schizophrenia' group in that they were older and male, but they did not have the same burden of negative symptoms as the 'Schizophrenia' group. The 'Mood Disorders' group was younger, female and had overall a higher level of psychosocial functioning than the other two groups. Subjects from the 'Mood Disorders' group were more likely to be managed with mood stabilisers and multiple drug therapies. The use of atypical antipsychotic medication was almost universal. CONCLUSIONS: Even shortly after the time of presentation to mental health services young people with a schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis have a heavier burden of symptoms and are significantly more impaired by them than young people with other psychotic illnesses. This and their symptom profile differentiated them from young people with other psychotic disorders.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

Quality of life in young Italian patients with primary headache.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the quality of life of young Italian patients with headache with that of the juvenile Italian population free of chronic disease. METHODS: The Quality of Life Headache in Youth (QLH-Y) Questionnaire developed by Dutch investigators was translated into Italian and validated in a young Italian population. The forward/backward translation and, for psychometric testing, the factor analysis and Cronbach coefficient alpha were used. A new instrument (Questionnaire for Young Subjects Affected by Primary Headache) was developed to assess psychological, physical, and social functioning and functional status and was used to compare the quality of life of the patients with headache with that of headache-free controls. For psychometric testing (via the questionnaire), we selected a sample of 394 subjects (178 males and 216 females, aged 10 to 18 years): 320 subjects from three schools of North Italy and 74 patients with headache from the Paediatric Headache Center of Padua. In the latter group, 48 patients had tension-type headache and 26 had migraine without aura, according to the International Headache Society diagnostic criteria. RESULTS: The data derived from the comparison of 84 headache-free subjects (control group) and the 74 young patients with headache confirmed that primary headache negatively influenced the latter's quality of life: patients scored significantly (P<.05) lower on psychological, physical, and social functioning than the headache-free controls. CONCLUSIONS: Quality of life is compromised significantly in young patients with primary headache disorders. The questionnaire used in this study is a valid and reliable self-administered instrument that may facilitate clinical research in headache.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Validation of the French version of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS-F)].

OBJECTIVE: This study reports the validation of the French version of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS-F), a questionnaire developed to measure health and social functioning of people with mental illness. METHOD: Once each statement was tested for readability, the scale was administered to 3 samples of people suffering from severe mental disorders to estimate its reliability and validity. More specifically, tests were run to establish the internal consistency, the stability, and the interrater reliability of the HoNOS-F. Confirmative factor analyses and mean differences according to age, sex, and diagnosis were also conducted to evaluate respectively construct- and criterion-related validity. RESULTS: Coefficients obtained from the various tests show that the scale is reliable only when the total score is used. The confirmatory factor analyses indicate that the observed data do not fit the 2 proposed models, a unidimensional model and a 4-dimension model. However, the scale did show criterion-related validity. CONCLUSIONS: Results of the present study converge with those obtained on the original widely used English version. Therefore, we suggest that clinicians use the questionnaire by referring to each item separately and by considering such patient characteristics as age, sex, and diagnosis. We also suggest that researchers wishing to evaluate health and social functioning of persons with serious mental disorders use the total score. Caution is, however, warranted when interpreting the total score for a French-speaking population, because the factorial solution 1-dimension model did not prove to be satisfactory.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Response patterns of EGb 761 in Alzheimer's disease: influence of neuropsychological profiles.

We conducted an exploratory analysis of the influence of baseline neuropsychological (NP) profiles on the effect of EGb 761 (definition see editorial) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using this perspective, we stratified the intent-to-treat data set collected during a 52-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 120 mg EGb 761 based on cut-off points applied to naming and constructional praxis items of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog). Mean changes over baseline and percentage of responders in each NP group and overall efficacy were analyzed, using the ADAS-Cog subscale as outcome measurements for assessing cognitive performance and the Geriatric Evaluation using the Relative's Rating Instrument (GERRI) to measure social functioning. Three subgroups were identified: (1) right AD (RAD) subgroup, including 83 patients with primarily visual-constructional impairment; (2) left AD (LAD) with 25 patients showing predominant verbal deficits; (3) general AD (GAD) including 60 patients impaired in both cognitive domains. At the endpoint, the EGb 761 group of RAD showed an improvement of 1.7 points according to ADAS-Cog and 0.15 points according to GERRI, while the placebo group worsened by 1.3 and 0.02 points, respectively. The LAD patients worsened regardless of treatment; however, to a lesser degree in those receiving EGb 761 as assessed by the increase of 4.7 ADAS-Cog points and 0.13 GERRI points compared to 6.8 points and 0.20 points, respectively, for placebo. In GAD, the EGb 761 group showed minimal changes, whereas the placebo group slightly worsened on both assessments, resulting in favorable treatment differences of 1.6 ADAS-Cog points and 0.23 GERRI points. Retrospective analysis of overall efficacy indicated that a quantitative treatment effect favorable to EGb 761 could be observed in cognitive performance (p = 0.04) and social functioning (p = 0.02), even taking NP differences and baseline severity into account. However, qualitative EGb 761 effects could greatly depend on NP profiles--improvement could be expected with RAD patients, while EGb 761 effect should be considered more in terms of stabilization for GAD and delayed worsening for LAD population.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Differential patterns of premorbid academic and social deterioration in patients with schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by a number of behavioral abnormalities that are present prior to onset. These premorbid abnormalities may serve as unique markers for the disorder. The current study examines academic and social functioning prior to schizophrenia onset in a group of 58 males diagnosed with schizophrenia. The pattern of deterioration for social and academic functioning was examined across three age periods including childhood, early adolescence, and late adolescence, using the retrospective Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS). Results indicated that while increasing deterioration was present for both social and academic adjustment across age periods, there was a significant difference in deterioration between academic and social functioning (p<.05) during late adolescence, with greater deterioration in academic functioning. Results of the current study suggest that premorbid academic functioning is particularly susceptible to deterioration during late adolescence, with accelerating deterioration as schizophrenia onset becomes imminent. When considered together with results from other studies, the present findings suggest that deterioration in premorbid academic functioning from early to late adolescence may be a unique premorbid marker for schizophrenia.

Achievement↗
PubMed2002

Stress reactions in police officers after a disaster rescue operation.

This study intended to determine the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and to report subjective well-being, general distress, and social functioning among police officers 18 months after a rescue operation during a fire at a discotheque. Emotional responses, including self-reported reactions, recorded during and after the fire were analysed. Forty-one police officers participated in the study. They completed a questionnaire and a battery of self-report measures. Psychological distress was recorded using the PTSS-10, IES-R, and GHQ-28. The three scales had a high internal consistency. The police officers were not unaffected by their experiences, and a few officers were still under stress. One police officer had IES-R intrusion and an avoidance score greater than 20, suggesting a stress reaction of clinical significance. When compared with the PTSS-10 scale, two (5%) officers showed a high level of psychological distress. Measured with the GHQ-28, three officers (7%) still had a high level of psychological distress. On one of the four different subscales most of the officers show various degrees of reduced social functioning. Debriefing was carried out by the police department after the fire, and 75% thought debriefing was positive. Eighteen months after the disaster a few police officers are still under stress.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Development and validation of a quality of life instrument for cutaneous diseases.

BACKGROUND: The Dermatology-Specific Quality of Life (DSQL) instrument is a new tool to quantify the effects of skin disease on physical discomfort and symptoms, psychologic well-being, social functioning, self-care activities, performance at work or school, and self-perceptions. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to describe the reliability and validity of the DSQL in two disease cohorts comprising patients with contact dermatitis and acne vulgaris. METHODS: Reliability was assessed from the internal consistency of the items, and correlations were made between DSQL scores from a 3- to 7-day retest. Validity was assessed from correlations of DSQL scales with global ratings of bothersome symptoms and perceived severity and by discrimination of clinically defined severity groups. RESULTS: The DSQL scales had high internal consistency (0.70 to > 0.90) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.81 to 0.89), and were moderately to highly correlated with patient global ratings of symptom distress (r = 0.25 to 0.67) and overall disease severity (r = 0.19 to 0.54). Patients rated with severe contact dermatitis or acne scarring had higher DSQL scores than those with less severe skin disease. Factor analyses found separate dimensions of physical, emotional, and social functioning involvement from skin disease. CONCLUSION: The DSQL provides valid and reliable assessments of quality of life impacts associated with acne and contact dermatitis.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1993

Spinal cord injuries in Iceland 1973-1989. A follow up study.

All traumatic SCI patients in Iceland come to the Neurosurgical Department of Borgarspítalinn, the City Hospital in Reykjavík for their initial treatment. From 1973-1989, 79 (93%) were rehabilitated at Borgarspítalinn. The purpose of this study was to look at the most common complications and the social functions of SCI patients after discharge from the Rehabilitation Department. A questionnaire was sent to 59 of the 79 patients. They represent almost the whole population of the spinal cord injured population in Iceland. Forty-five patients (76.3%) answered the questionnaire, 69% male, 31% female. Sixty-seven percent were under the age of 30 years at the time of injury. Twenty-nine percent had a complete spinal cord injury; 53.3% were wheelchairbound (Frankel grade A, B, C); 55.6% were quadriplegic, and 44.4% paraplegic. The commonest complications were pain (64.4%), urinary tract infections (62.2%) and spasticity (60%); and 58% of the wheelchairbound patients had had pressure sores. Fifty-five point five percent were married; 71% had an active sexual life after the injury; 54% of the wheelchairbound patients were not quite independent and required some assistance with activities of daily living (ADL) tasks; and 29% were not working or studying compared to 11%, who were, before the injury. No significant changes were seen in social function after the injury. The results show that more emphasis must be placed on the prevention of complications such as urinary tract infections and pressure sores and on the treatment of chronic pain and spasticity.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2002

Safety and efficacy of high dose of venlafaxine XL in treatment resistant major depression.

AIM: The aim of the study was to look at efficacy and the safety profile of high dose (450-600 mg) venlafaxine XL in five patients with treatment resistant major depressive illness. METHODS: Five patients with treatment resistant depression were treated with high dose venlafaxine XL. Efficacy was evaluated using the Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale (MADRS), the 21-item Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAM-D-21) and the clinical global impressions (CGI) scale. Level of functioning was evaluated by social adaptation self-evaluation scale (SASS). Body weight, supine pulse and blood pressure were recorded. RESULTS: The response rate was based on a 50% decrease in MADRS and HAM-D scores between weeks 1 and 24. There was a more than 50% decrease in MADRS scores in 3 of 5 patients and 4 of 5 patients in HAM-D scores. There was a trend to improvement of SASS scores in three of the study patients and in two of them the mean scores were within the normal range. Supine pulse and blood pressure remained stable in four patients, except in one patient where there was a slight increase although the final reading at week 24 was normal. Weight was relatively stable in all three patients where it was recorded, but in one patient there was a slight increase which may have been due to an atypical neuroleptic the patient was taking at the time. CONCLUSION: High dose venlafaxine was safe, well tolerated and effective in this small number of severe treatment resistant patients with major depression and it also improved social functioning.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Quality of life during treatment with haloperidol or olanzapine in the year following a first psychotic episode.

OBJECTIVES: Schizophrenia causes significant impairments of quality of life. As treatment approaches have advanced, more attention has been given to re-integrating patients into their psychosocial environments, rather than simply monitoring psychotic symptoms. The development of the second-generation antipsychotics raised hope that these medications would provide better quality of life improvement than conventional antipsychotics. This improvement is particularly relevant early in the course of schizophrenia. METHODS: To address these considerations, improvements in measures of general health and social function (determined using the SF-36) were assessed in 195 patients with first-episode schizophrenia for up to one year following randomization to either olanzapine or haloperidol in a double blind clinical trial. We hypothesized that olanzapine would demonstrate better improvement on these measures than haloperidol. In order to test this hypothesis, we used a repeated measure model with SF-36 scores as the outcome, and treatment group, time, time2, time-by-treatment group interaction, and time2-by-treatment group interaction as fixed effects. RESULTS: Both treatments demonstrated similar changes on the SF-36. Independent of treatment, patients demonstrated significant improvements in most of the SF-36 subscales, which approached normative scores by the end of one year of treatment. Forty-six of 100 olanzapine-treated patients and 37 of 95 haloperidol-treated patients completed the one year of this study (p<.4). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest an important initial treatment goal for patients with new onset schizophrenic disorders, namely that they can expect to recover significant quality of life and social function at least initially in treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Person perception across the menstrual cycle: hormonal influences on social-cognitive functioning.

Women's reactions to men shift during the menstrual cycle. For example, during the phase of high conception risk, women prefer men with masculinized facial features. A favored explanation for this effect is that women display an enhanced sensitivity to stimuli that have significant reproductive relevance during the phase of the menstrual cycle in which conception risk is high. Consistent with this viewpoint, the present research demonstrated that women's cycle-dependent attentiveness to "maleness" also extends to basic aspects of the person-perception process. Specifically, during the phase of high conception risk, women displayed an enhanced ability both to categorize men and to access associated category-related (i.e., stereotypic) material from semantic memory. The implications of these findings for contemporary treatments of person perception are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The diagnostic interview for psychoses (DIP): development, reliability and applications.

BACKGROUND: We describe the development, reliability and applications of the Diagnostic Interview for Psychoses (DIP), a comprehensive interview schedule for psychotic disorders. METHOD: The DIP is intended for use by interviewers with a clinical background and was designed to occupy the middle ground between fully structured, lay-administered schedules, and semi-structured, psychiatrist-administered interviews. It encompasses four main domains: (a) demographic data; (b) social functioning and disability; (c) a diagnostic module comprising symptoms, signs and past history ratings; and (d) patterns of service utilization and patient-perceived need for services. It generates diagnoses according to several sets of criteria using the OPCRIT computerized diagnostic algorithm and can be administered either on-screen or in a hard-copy format. RESULTS: The DIP proved easy to use and was well accepted in the field. For the diagnostic module, inter-rater reliability was assessed on 20 cases rated by 24 clinicians: good reliability was demonstrated for both ICD-10 and DSM-III-R diagnoses. Seven cases were interviewed 2-11 weeks apart to determine test-retest reliability, with pairwise agreement of 0.8-1.0 for most items. Diagnostic validity was assessed in 10 cases, interviewed with the DIP and using the SCAN as 'gold standard': in nine cases clinical diagnoses were in agreement. CONCLUSIONS: The DIP is suitable for use in large-scale epidemiological studies of psychotic disorders, as well as in smaller studies where time is at a premium. While the diagnostic module stands on its own, the full DIP schedule, covering demography, social functioning and service utilization makes it a versatile multi-purpose tool.

Demography↗