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PubMed1995

Vitamin D--related modification of enzyme activities in synaptosomes and mitochondria isolated from rat cerebral cortex.

We previously demonstrated that feeding rats the Steenbock and Black rickets-inducing diet produces remarkable changes in the metabolic pattern of intestinal mucosa, kidney, liver, cerebral cortex and heart. We have now determined the levels of calcium, phosphorus and citrate in cerebral cortex and the activity of some enzymes in synaptosomes and cerebral cortex mitochondria of three rat groups: control (Group A), fed a vitamin D-deficient diet (Group B), fed a vitamin D-deficient diet and treated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Group C). While calcium content increased in Groups B and C, phosphorus concentration increased only in Group C and citrate in Group B in comparison with control. The increase in acetylcholinesterase and citrate synthase registered in Group B was restored to control values by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment, while, neither the decrease in cytochrome c oxidase, nor the increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and NADP+(-)isocitrate dehydrogenase observed in Group B were corrected by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 supply. Acyl phosphatase showed a remarkable increase in consequence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A randomized controlled trial of low carbohydrate and low fat/high fiber diets for weight loss.

Among 135 overweight subjects, we conducted a three-month randomized controlled trial of two sets of dietary advice, each providing approximately 1,000 calories per day but differing in fiber, carbohydrate, and fat content. Information on weight and eating habits, as well as measures of lipoprotein and glucose metabolism were obtained at entry and one and three months later. We found that dieters given low carbohydrate/low fiber dietary advice tended to lose more weight than those given a higher carbohydrate/higher fiber regimen (5.0 vs 3.7 kg on average at three months). This pattern was particularly marked among women, and among participants who were under age 40 or of lower social class. There were no differences between the diet groups in the proportion complaining of hunger but, in general, members of the low carbohydrate group complained of more problems in dieting. There were only minor differences in the serum lipoprotein patterns during the diet period. In view of these results, we believe previous claims of the benefits of fiber for weight loss may have been overstated.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Applying conversation analysis to foster accurate reporting in the diet history interview.

Inaccuracy in reporting dietary intakes is a major problem in managing diet-related disease. There is no single best method of dietary assessment, but the diet history lends itself well to the clinical setting. In many diet histories data are collected orally, so analysis of interviews can provide insights into reporting behaviors. Conversation analysis is a qualitative method that describes the systematic organization of talk between people. Patterns are identified and checked for consistency within and among individual interviews. The aim of this study was to describe consistent ways of reporting diet histories and to identify conversational features of problematic reporting. Diet history interviews from 62 overweight and insulin-resistant adult volunteers (50 women, 12 men) attending an outpatient clinic and 14 healthy volunteers (7 men, 7 women) participating in an energy balance study were audiotaped and transcribed. Conversation analysis identified a remarkably consistent pattern of reporting diet histories and 3 conversational features that indicated problematic reporting: "it depends," denoting variability (least of all at breakfast); "probably," suggesting guesswork (related to portion sizes); and elaborated talk on certain foods, distinguishing sensitive topics (e.g., alcohol, chocolate, butter/margarine, take-out foods) from safe topics. These findings indicate that there are ways in which dietetics practitioners may conduct the diet history interview to foster more accurate reporting.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Scientific evidence of interventions using the Mediterranean diet: a systematic review.

The Mediterranean Diet has been associated with greater longevity and quality of life in epidemiological studies, the majority being observational. The application of evidence-based medicine to the area of public health nutrition involves the necessity of developing clinical trials and systematic reviews to develop sound recommendations. The purpose of this study was to analyze and review the experimental studies on Mediterranean diet and disease prevention. A systematic review was made and a total of 43 articles corresponding to 35 different experimental studies were selected. Results were analyzed for the effects of the Mediterranean diet on lipoproteins, endothelial resistance, diabetes and antioxidative capacity, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, cancer, body composition, and psychological function. The Mediterranean diet showed favorable effects on lipoprotein levels, endothelium vasodilatation, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, antioxidant capacity, myocardial and cardiovascular mortality, and cancer incidence in obese patients and in those with previous myocardial infarction. Results disclose the mechanisms of the Mediterranean diet in disease prevention, particularly in cardiovascular disease secondary prevention, but also emphasize the need to undertake experimental research and systematic reviews in the areas of primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, infectious diseases, age-related cognitive impairment, and cancer, among others. Interventions should use food scores or patterns to ascertain adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Further experimental research is needed to corroborate the benefits of the Mediterranean diet and the underlying mechanisms, and in this sense the methodology of the ongoing PREDIMED study is explained.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2003

Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases.

Shifting dietary patterns, a decline in energy expenditure associated with a sedentary lifestyle, an ageing population--together with tobacco use and alcohol consumption--are major risk factors for noncommunicable diseases and pose an increasing challenge to public health. This report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation reviews the evidence on the effects of diet and nutrition on chronic diseases and makes recommendations for public health policies and strategies that encompass societal, behavioural and ecological dimensions. Although the primary aim of the Consultation was to set targets related to diet and nutrition, the importance of physical activity was also emphasized. The Consultation considered diet in the context of the macro-economic implications of public health recommendations on agriculture and the global supply and demand for fresh and processed foodstuffs. In setting out ways to decrease the burden of chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (including hypertension and stroke), cancer, dental diseases and osteoporosis, this report proposes that nutrition should be placed at the forefront of public health policies and programmes. This report will be of interest to policy-makers and public health professionals alike, in a wide range of disciplines including nutrition, general medicine and gerontology. It shows how, at the population level, diet and exercise throughout the life course can reduce the threat of a global epidemic of chronic diseases.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

Everyday breath hydrogen excretion profile in Japanese young female students.

A breath hydrogen test has been used widely as a noninvasive and simple method of detecting carbohydrate malabsorption as well as estimation of the small intestinal and orocecal transit time. By means of this method, we have examined the change in breath hydrogen concentration of young female students in their everyday life in order to reveal the breath hydrogen excretion profile under normal circumstances. In this survey, we have asked them to collect their own breath samples every one-hour as regularly as possible during one day from awakening until bedtime. We also asked them to complete the questionnaire concerning their dietary habit, dietary record and physical activities. Among the 43 subjects who gave the breath hydrogen records, 37 subjects excreted detectable hydrogen into their alveolar air. By comparing the changes in breath hydrogen concentration during the time of day, breath hydrogen excretions could be classified into two distinct patterns; more than half of the total hydrogen excretion occurred in the first half of the waking hours (designated as "pattern A", 18 cases) and in the latter half (designated as "pattern B", 19 cases). Taking into consideration the subjects' records of diets and physical activities, the early-pronounced breath hydrogen excretion observed among 18 "pattern A" students was probably resulted from the malabsorption of the dietary carbohydrate in the breakfast meals.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Rapid appearance of hypomethylated DNA in livers of rats fed cancer-promoting, methyl-deficient diets.

Prolonged intake of diets deficient in sources of methyl groups leads to development of hepatomas in rats and promotes chemical carcinogenesis in both rats and certain strains of mice. Since methylation of cytosine residues in regulatory regions can affect gene activity, several investigators have postulated that the effects of methyl-deficient diets on tumorigenesis result from the inability of cells to maintain normal patterns of DNA methylation. However, significant decreases in the 5-methylcytosine content of liver DNA have not been reported to occur until rats have consumed methyl-deficient diets for several months. To determine whether methyl-deficient diets have immediate effects on nucleic acid methylation, we assessed the degree to which hepatocyte DNA and tRNA were methylated in vivo, by measuring their ability to act as methyl acceptors in vitro. Hypomethylation of DNA and tRNA was detected within 1 week after rats were started on a diet deficient In methionine, choline, folic acid, and vitamin B12 and it persisted throughout the 4 weeks of study. A significant elevation in liver DNA synthesis occurred in parallel with increased hypomethylation of DNA. Chronic failure to fully methylate DNA that is newly synthesized in response to liver damage induced by methyl-deficient diets provides a feasible mechanism for changing patterns of DNA methylation. Our results indicate that such changes could occur rapidly enough to play a causal role in the cancer-promoting and, in some instances, cancer-inducing properties of the diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Effect of saturated and unsaturated fat diets on molecular species of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin of human plasma lipoproteins.

Four healthy 21-23-year-old males with normal lipoprotein patterns and plasma lipid concentrations were subjected voluntarily to two diets of 5 weeks duration each: I, highly saturated fat diet; II, highly polyunsaturated fat diet. The VLDL, LDL and HDL3 fractions were isolated by conventional ultracentrifugation from each subject on the high fat diets and the molecular species of the component phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins were identified and quantitated by GC-MS of the t-butyldimethylsilyl ethers of the corresponding diacylglycerols and ceramides. It was shown that the diet markedly and rather evenly affected the molecular species of the phosphatidylcholines of all lipoprotein classes. However, the changes in the corresponding major molecular species were reciprocal in nature and were consistent with a demonstrated relative resistance to alterations in surface fluidity. In contrast, the dietary fat had only a minor effect on the composition of the sphingomyelins, and did not alter the characteristic differential distribution of the molecular species among the low and high density lipoprotein classes. These results, which were free of the uncertainties introduced by analyses of derived fatty acid and which were obtained on samples isolated from the same subjects, clearly demonstrate that a complete equilibration of the molecular species of the phospholipids is not attained amont the plasma lipoprotein classes even in the fasting state. The possible physico-chemical and metabolic basis of these observations is briefly discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

What should we eat? Evidence from observational studies.

Observational studies provide a wealth of important correlations between diet and disease. There is a clear pattern of dietary habits that is associated with reduced rates of a multitude of common illnesses, including heart attack, cancer, stroke, diabetes, and hypertension. In some cases, interventional studies have proven the benefits of dietary change; in others, there is insufficient evidence to prove causation. Based on the existing evidence, the optimal diet should emphasize fruits and vegetables, nuts, unsaturated oils, whole grains, and fish, while minimizing saturated fats (especially trans fats), sodium, and red meats. Its overall calorie content should be low enough to maintain a healthy weight.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1999

Effects of different levels of methionine and ruminally undegradable protein on the amino acid profile of effluent from continuous culture fermenters.

Eight dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were used to study the effects of feeding different levels of methionine and ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) on the amino acid (AA) profile of protein residue after microbial fermentation. Four isocaloric (1.76 Mcal/kg of NE(l)) and isonitrogenous (17.7% CP) diets were formulated based on NRC recommendations for a 630-kg cow producing 42 kg/d of milk. Two dietary treatments, diets HmLr (high methionine, low RUP) and HmHr (high methionine, high RUP), were formulated to meet, but not exceed, more than 140% of each estimated individual AA requirement for milk production. Diets LmLr (low methionine, low RUP) and LmHr (low methionine, high RUP) were formulated to meet the estimated individual AA requirement except for methionine. Diets HmLr and LmLr contained 35% RUP, and diets HmHr and LmHr contained 43% RUP. Digestion of DM, OM, and NDF was not affected (P>.05) by treatments. Tyrosine, cystine, and threonine ranked as the most resistant AA to microbial fermentation, whereas methionine and lysine ranked among the most degradable. In general, microbial degradation of individual AA followed the same pattern as CP degradation, being higher in diets HmLr and LmLr and lower in diets HmHr and LmHr. Because true microbial digestion of methionine, cystine, tyrosine, and isoleucine was reduced in the presence of high levels of methionine, we concluded that supplementation of dietary methionine could increase flows of these amino acids to the duodenum.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1980

Scanning microdensitometry of glycogen zonation in the livers of rats adapted to a controlled feeding schedule and to 30, 60, or 90% casein diets.

The effect of diet composition on diurnal changes in glycogen zonation patterns in rat liver was investigated in individually-caged male Sprague-Dawley rats adapted to the 2 + 22 controlled feeding and lighting schedule and to diets containing 30% casein/55% carbohydrates, 60% casein/25% carbohydrates, or 9.0% casein (30 rats/dietary group). Three rats from each dietary group were killed at the following times relative to the onset of feeding (0 min):--60, --30, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min. Glycogen in cryostat sections from the median and right lateral lobes of the liver was fixed and stained by standard techniques. The optical density of glycogen at points along the path between the central and portal veins of a given lobule was determined, and lobular glycogen gradients of replicate animals were integrated to form a composite lobular glycogen distribution profile. In the period from--60 to 0 min, liver glycogen levels were similar for rats on any of the diets, and the glycogen concentration was similar in periportal (P), midlobular (M), and centrilobular (C) hepatocytes. During the 0- to 45-min period, diet-related glycogen depletion occurred (90 > 60 > 30% casein) by asymmetrical glycogen loss (P > M > C hepatocytes) from the liver lobules. Similar food intake curves occurred for all diets. During the 45- to 180-min period, asymmetrical glycogen accumulation began in lobular parenchymal cells (P > M > C hepatocytes), and rate of accumulation was related to dietary to dietary composition (30 > 60 > 90% casein). The differential responses of parenchymal cells within liver lobules to physiological stimuli resulted in glycogen distribution changes that were rapid and of large magnitude. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that periportal and midlobular hepatocytes are more metabolically responsive and active than centrilobular hepatocytes

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Dietary intervention at middle age: caloric restriction but not dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate increases lifespan and lifetime cancer incidence in mice.

Dietary manipulations to prevent cancer and other diseases of aging have drawn broad public and scientific attention. One indicator of this interest is that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplements are widely consumed by those who hope that this hormone may keep them "younger longer." However, key data to support this belief are lacking. For example, the influence of DHEA treatment on spontaneous cancer and life span in healthy, long-lived strains of mice or rats is unknown. This is in contrast to the situation for caloric restriction (CR), which is known to oppose cancer development and increase maximum life span in rodents. To address this issue, we assigned 300 middle age (12-month-old) male C57BL/6 mice to one of four groups (n = 75 for each group) and evaluated them for longevity and spontaneous disease patterns. Two groups were fed a normal diet (ND), and two others were fed a calorie-restricted diet (RD). One ND group and one RD group were also given 25 microg/ml DHEA sulfate (DHEAS) in their drinking water. Although urine samples from DHEAS-treated mice contained 10-fold more DHEA and DHEAS than did samples from unsupplemented mice, DHEAS administration did not affect body weight, life span, or cancer patterns. The RD lowered body weight by 26% and increased maximum life span by approximately 15%. The incidence of the most prevalent cancer, plasma cell neoplasm, was higher in RD mice (66%) than in ND mice (41%). Thus, DHEAS, as administered here, influenced neither cancer nor longevity at two caloric intakes. In contrast, CR from middle age increased longevity, the age at which tumor-bearing mice died, and the percentage of mice dying with cancers, suggesting that CR may retard promotion and/or progression of existing lymphoid cancers.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

[Nutrition of children and adolescents. Results of the DONALD Study].

In this paper, the actual diet of children and adolescents is characterized by food group intake. Age-dependent dietary patterns and long-term dietary trends are described and commented on against the background of the optimized mixed diet, a preventive total diet concept for German children and adolescents. Dietary intake data come from 3-day dietary records obtained in the DONALD Study (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometrical Longitudinally Designed Study), an ongoing mixed longitudinal cohort study conducted at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition since 1985. The actual diet of the observed children and adolescents differed to some extent from the optimized mixed diet. For example, the intake of vegetables was lower and the intake of meat/sausage and confectionary was higher than recommended. The three rules for food selection of the optimized mixed diet (consume plant foods and beverages liberally, animal foods moderately, and high-fat, high-sugar foods occasionally) show a practical way to improve unfavorable dietary habits of children and adolescents without fundamental changes of food intake patterns and taste properties of the actual diet. The partly favorable and partly unfavorable dietary trends observed in the DONALD Study should continue to be critically considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Measuring diet quality in china: the INFH-UNC-CH diet quality index.

OBJECTIVE: This paper describes the development and efficacy of a diet quality index (DQI) for China. DESIGN: The Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents motivated the selection of 10 DQI components. These components were weighted and assigned cut-offs and point schemes based on the Chinese Food Guide Pagoda, Chinese and/or international dietary reference values. The efficacy of resulting DQI scores was assessed relative to a priori expectations. SUBJECTS: The Chinese DQI was evaluated using cross-sectional 3 day diet record and anthropometric data on 7450 adults from the 1991 China Health and Nutrition Survey. METHODS: For each individual, a DQI total score was calculated as the sum of components, and DQI pattern scores calculated to reflect the underlying composition of diet quality problems. The DQI scores were compared with component scores, food and nutrient intake, weight status and sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: The total DQI score simultaneously represented all component aspects of diet quality as well as micronutrients not explicitly built into the index. The total DQI score was significantly correlated with food and nutrient intakes, BMI, urban residence and income. The DQI pattern scores correlated with DQI components and weight status as expected. CONCLUSIONS: The China DQI captures variation along several components of diet quality, appears sensitive to under- and overnutrition, as well as sociodemographic variables. The China DQI may prove useful for monitoring the nutrition transition and epidemiologic trends in China. SPONSORSHIP: National Institutes of Health (HD 38700 and R01-HD30880) and the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Behavioural adaptation of laying hens to dilution of diets under mash and pellet form.

1. Two laying diets, control (A) and a low-energy (B) diet diluted by adding 450 g/kg wheat bran, were fed to semi-heavy hens in three different forms: mash, small pellets and large pellets. The behavioural adaptations and the production characteristics for these six regimens were studied on 72 individually caged hens, between 19 and 29 weeks of age, subjected to a lighting pattern of 14 h light/24 h. 2. Diet B, as mash, showed a lower apparent physical density than the others. The hardness and durability of the pelleted diets were similar. 3. Hens fed the mash diet B could not completely adjust their food intake to compensate for the dilution and showed reduced egg output and body weight gain compared to the other groups. 4. Video observation of each hen for 14 consecutive hours showed that mash-fed hens ate for longer periods than pellet-fed hens during the first 11 h (proportion of time spent eating: 41.3% mash B, 32.5% mash A and 20% to 25% for all the pelleted diets). These differences were less pronounced during the last 3 h of the photoperiod. 5. Trough-oriented stereotypies were noted in 14 out of 22 mash-fed hens and in 12 out of 47 pellet-fed hens. Dilution of the diet did not appear to exacerbate stereotyped behaviours under the conditions of the study. 6. This experiment demonstrates that the feeding behaviour of laying hens is affected by the physical characteristics of the diet and that this may lower their productivity. 7. Low-energy pelleted diets might be used to feed hens efficiently in tropical countries where cereal by-products are abundant.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1997

Somatotropin treatment reduces energy intake without altering protein intake in pigs selecting between high and low protein diets.

The current experiment examined the effect of somatotropin (STH) on feed intake and diet selection in pigs selecting between high (24% CP) and low (12% CP) protein diets. Sixteen pigs (initial weight 69 +/- 2 kg) were individually penned and allowed to select between the diets for a 7-d pretreatment period and a 14-d treatment period during which time they received daily, subcutaneous injections of porcine somatotropin (0 or 4 mg/d). A 6-d withdrawal period followed. Feed intake was recorded daily. Over the 14-d treatment period, feed intake in pigs treated with STH was 21% less than that in the control group (2.49 vs. 3.17 kg/d, P < 0.01). The decrease in total intake was accounted for entirely by a decrease in the amount of the 12% CP diet selected (1.00 vs. 2.00 kg/d, P <0.01). STH-treated pigs altered their selection pattern such that energy intake was reduced, but total protein intake was unaffected. Control pigs selected a diet that was 15-16% crude protein throughout the study. STH-treated pigs selected a higher protein diet (18%, P < 0.02). During the withdrawal period, total feed intake began to normalize, such that by the third day of withdrawal, intake was not different than that in the control group. The recovery of total intake was accomplished by increased consumption of both diets rather than a specific normalization of low protein diet consumption. The results indicate that pigs treated with STH decrease feed intake, which is due to a decrease in the amount of 12% CP diet consumed. The change in dietary selection pattern is likely associated with a change in energy retention (carcass lipid + protein) associated with the STH-induced changes in composition of gain.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2006

Changes in food supply in Mediterranean countries from 1961 to 2001.

OBJECTIVE: To describe geographical differences and time trends in the supply of the most important food components of the traditional Mediterranean diet. DESIGN: Food supply data collected from national food balance sheets for the period 1961-2001. SETTING: Selected Mediterranean countries: Spain, Italy, France, Greece, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey. RESULTS: Differences of almost 30-fold and five-fold were found in the supply of olive oil and fruits and vegetables, respectively, among the Mediterranean countries studied during the 1960s. A favourable increasing trend for the supply of fruit and vegetables was observed in most Mediterranean countries. However, an increase in the supply of meats and dairy products and a decrease in the supply of cereals and wine were observed in European Mediterranean countries from 1961 until 2001. Only in African and Asiatic Mediterranean countries were cereals the base of food supply. During the 1990s, Greece's food supply pattern was closest to the traditional Mediterranean diet, while Italy and Spain maintained a high availability of fruits, vegetables and olive oil, but were losing the other typical components. Among African and Asiatic Mediterranean countries, only Turkey presented a traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern except with respect to olive oil, the supply of which was very low. France showed a Western dietary pattern, with a high supply of animal products and a low supply of olive oil. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplies in the Mediterranean area were quite heterogeneous in the 1960s and have experienced a process of Westernization, especially in European Mediterranean countries.

Diet↗
PubMed1999

Effect of diet on biting, oviposition, and survival of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

The effect of adult diet on host biting, sugar probing and water probing patterns, oviposition behavior, and survival of Aedes aegypti (L.) from Charters Towers, Australia, were tested in the laboratory. The 7 diets were as follows: (1) starvation, (2) water, (3) 10% sugar, (4) blood, (5) blood with water supplement, (6) blood with 10% sugar supplement, and (7) blood with 3% sugar supplement. Biting, probing, oviposition, and survival observations were made every 6 h (0600-0800 hours, 1200-1400 hours, 1800-2000 hours, 2400-0200 hours). Biting frequency on the blood with 3% sugar diet (0.26 feeds per mosquito per 6 h) and the blood with 10% sugar diet (0.23 feeds per mosquito per 6 h) was significantly less than on blood (0.51 feeds per mosquito per 6 h) and 10% sugar (0.40 feeds per mosquito per 6 h) alone. Biting frequency was not significantly different between blood with water (0.47 feeds per mosquito per 6 h) and blood alone (0.51 feeds per mosquito per 6 h). Biting and oviposition occurred throughout the day, peaking between 1800 and 2000 hours and between 2000 and 2400 hours, respectively. Biting frequency with a 3% sugar supplement decreased after the 1st oviposition cycle on day 6 compared with unsupplemented biting. The presence of sugar delayed or inhibited oviposition. Females with access to blood with water bit and oviposited concurrently on days 4-6, 8-9, and 11, indicating a 3-d gonotrophic cycle. Survival on blood alone was not significantly lower than survival on sugar and water supplemented diets. Behavior of the Charters Towers strain proved to be significantly influenced by diet, and biting occurred opportunistically without regard for previously observed crepuscular or diurnal rhythms. The biting frequencies observed were the highest yet recorded for this species, which indicates that the vectorial capacity of the Australian Ae. aegypti may be underestimated severely.

Aedes↗