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PubMed1983

Posture of the trunk when sitting on forward inclining seats.

Changes in posture during one hour of sitting were measured by a statometric method on ten subjects. Four seats were used, one horizontal and three with forward inclinations respectively of 5 degrees, 10 degrees and 15 degrees. With increasing forward inclination of the seat, the spine moved toward lumber lordosis. A supplementary sample showed that 1/3 of the body's adaptation to the seat inclination took place in the spine and 2/3 in the hip joints. A tendency to a more vertical position of the trunk as a whole was observed on the 5 degrees chair, but the posture of the cervical spine was not influenced by the seat inclination. During the hour of sitting a slight tendency was observed for the subjects to sit with the trunk in the most vertical position at the first measurements. The back curves did not change in any systematic way during the hour. A comfort evaluation showed the 5 degrees forward inclination and the horizontal seats to be preferred.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of daily blood sampling on creatine phosphokinase, SGOT, and SGPT activity in the serum of monkeys].

Activities of aspartate aminotransferase and creatine phosphokinase were distinctly altered within the first 6-7 days of daily blood-sampling in 4 Macaca rhesus. As the subsequent adaptation to the procedure conditions developed and the defensive excitement was decreased the following enzymatic activities were found: aspartate aminotransferase -14.04 +/- 0.58 UN/ml, alanine aminotransferase -19.45 +/- 0.79 UN/ml, creatine phosphokinase -1.88 +/- 0.14 UN/ml.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1998

GABA(A) receptor alpha1, alpha4, and beta3 subunit mRNA and protein expression in the frontal cortex of human alcoholics.

Animal studies have shown that chronic ethanol consumption produces physical dependence upon ethanol and alters gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA(A)) receptor subunit gene expression in brain. Although extensive investigation has been conducted in animal models, relatively little work has been performed directly on human alcoholic brain tissue to determine if there are alterations in GABA(A) receptor gene expression. In this study, GABA(A) receptor alpha1, alpha4, and beta3 subunit mRNA and peptide expression in postmortem frontal cortex from human alcoholics (n = 15) and age- and sex-matched controls (n = 13) were measured by quantitative, competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. GABA(A) receptor beta3 subunit mRNA expression was 35% greater (p < 0.05) in alcoholics, compared with nonalcoholic controls. We found no significant difference in alpha1 and alpha4 subunit mRNA levels between groups. However, there was a trend toward greater (21%) alpha1 subunit mRNA expression. There was no difference in alpha1, alpha4, or beta2/3 subunit peptide levels in frontal cortex between controls and alcoholics. Neither the age of the subjects nor the postmortem interval correlated with mRNA or peptide levels. Blood ethanol content also did not correlate with mRNA or peptide expression in alcoholic samples. These data suggest that GABA(A) receptor adaptations, resulting from prolonged alcohol consumption in human alcoholics, may differ from animal models of alcohol dependence. These differences may be related to the longevity of alcohol exposure in human alcoholics, as well as variability in the dependence/withdrawal state of the human subjects. Therefore, further studies in human postmortem brain tissue are warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Culturally valid assessment tools: northern Sotho translation of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised.

There is currently a great demand for service provision for the African language speakers in South Africa. The difficulties associated with assessing speakers in the absence of assessment tools in the indigenous languages is, therefore, also a pertinent concern. Within the current socio-economic climate in South Africa where test translation and adaptation is often cited as a more viable option than that of developing new tests, very few guidelines exist for the development or adaptation of valid assessment tools for culturally and linguistically diverse population groups. This article is aimed at describing the process which took place when existing English test material, in this instance, The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised (PPVT-R) (Dunn & Dunn, 1981) was translated and culturally adapted for the Northern Sotho population in Pretoria and surrounding areas. The findings of the research include practical examples of methodological considerations which should be taken into account while translating and undertaking cultural adaptation of test material. The newly adapted test material was also applied to a sample of 152 North-Sotho speaking pupils in the study area and the test results are discussed.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2005

Gender differences in patients' attributions for myocardial infarction: implications for adaptive health behaviors.

Attributions for myocardial infarction were studied in a patient sample (N = 157). Men and women were comparable at intake on age, health status, and lifestyle factors. Attributions to diet, chi2 (1, N = 157) = 8.83, p = .003, and exercise, chi2 (1, N = 157) = 6.60, p = .01, were less common among women than men. After 3 months (n = 136), women were less likely than men to report improving their diets or increasing exercise. Initial attributions predicted subsequent reports of behavior change in relevant domains. These findings suggest that gender differences in causal attributions for myocardial infarction may contribute to subsequent differences between men and women in health-related behavior change.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1995

Determination of the chlorofluorocarbon substitute 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFA-134a) in human and animal blood using gas chromatography with headspace analysis.

A gas chromatographic procedure with headspace analysis and flame-ionization detection is described for the determination of the chlorofluorocarbon substitute 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFA-134a). A 0.5-2 ml sample of heparinized whole blood from a laboratory animal or human is added directly into a presealed headspace vial from which an equivalent volume of air has been removed. The internal standard 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is added and the sample frozen until analysis. Chromatographic separation is achieved using a PoraPlot Q porous-layer capillary column. The analytical range is 5.8-3298 ng/ml when 2-ml human blood samples are used. The concentration range of the calibration curve can be easily adapted to accommodate the concentrations expected in either pharmacokinetic or toxicokinetic studies. Automation of the assay permits the maximum number of samples to be processed in a day.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effects of ultrahigh dilutions of 3,5-dichlorophenol on the luminescence of the bacterium Vibrio fischeri.

There is a great need for research in the field of homeopathy for laboratory test systems to investigate the actions of ultrahighly diluted biological effectors. With this in mind, we used the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri, which is used throughout the world in testing water quality. Luminescence inhibition is utilized as a test parameter for the toxicity of a sample. We used ultrahigh dilutions (UHD) of 3,5-dichlorophenol as effector and adapted the standard test procedure for water toxicity in a way that let us evaluate very minute effects. Three groups of samples were prepared and then blinded: 45 dilutions of 3,5-dichlorophenol in steps of 10, starting with 4.2 x 10(-2) M, with vigorous shaking between dilution steps; 45 identical dilutions of 3,5-dichlorophenol without vigorous shaking; and 49 control samples of the diluent. The results of, and the discussion based on, a thorough statistical analysis led to the conclusion that an effect based on UHD, which results in an inhibition of luminescence of less than 1.5%, can be confirmed for some of the potency samples. There were both effective and ineffective samples in the three sample groups. The size of the effect was very small (ca. 1.5%), though statistically significant. The number of effective samples was significantly higher among the vigorously shaken samples than among the controls and the unshaken samples (14, 6 and 7 effective samples, respectively).

Chlorophenols↗
PubMed1988

Detection of human immunodeficiency virus and other retroviruses in cell culture supernatants by a reverse transcriptase microassay.

A micromethod for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other retroviruses in cell culture supernatants is described which applies a DEAE ion exchanger for recovery of polynucleotides synthesized in vitro by the retroviral reverse transcriptase. Cell culture, sample preparation, and test performance including the washing step are adapted to microtitre plates. Compared to the standard method this technique produced less non-specific reactions, resulting in a more than 3-fold higher sensitivity, a higher reproducibility due to lower intrarun variations and allowed an increase in the daily sample accomplishment per person 3- to 4-fold at lower costs per sample.

DEAE-Cellulose↗
PubMed2005

Adaptation of alpha-fetoprotein and intact human chorionic gonadotropin fluoroimmunometric assays to dried blood spots.

BACKGROUND: Although dried blood spots (DBS) are very convenient for massive screening, there are very few examples of their application in maternal serum screening of Down's syndrome and neural tube defects. For large-scale mass population screening in Brazil, a continental country, DBS would be fairly recommended. As there are no easily available commercial assays of AFP and hCG in DBS, the Wallac Delfia fluoroimmunometric assays intended for these biochemical markers were adapted to DBS. METHODS: Serum specimens and DBS obtained from 116 pregnant women were analyzed by conventional methodology and by the adapted assays, respectively. Precision (within-run and between-run), recovery and detection limits studies were conducted RESULTS: The non-linear regression fit of the levels of AFP and hCG in DBS by gestational age in days was described. There was a strong statistically significant correlation between the levels of these analytes in serum specimens and in DBS. For both analytes, the precision variances were compared to those presented by the manufacturer for serum samples. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to use these DBS adapted assays in maternal serum screening programs.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗
PubMed1981

Investigation of the norms and concurrent validity for the adaptive behavior inventory for children (ABIC).

The generalizability of norm and concurrent validity of the Adaptive Behavior Inventory for Children (ABIC) was investigated with samples of 482 first-, third-, and fifth-grade children in Pima County, Arizona. The samples were stratified by sociocultural group (white, black, Hispanic, and Native American Papago). The published ABIC means based on samples of children from California were higher for two of the three groups (white and black samples). The ABIC means for Native American Papagos were significantly lower than both California and Arizona means for other groups. Little evidence of concurrent validity was found in an examination of correlations among the ABIC, standardized achievement test results (Metropolitan), teacher ratings of classroom performance, intelligence (WISC-R), and sociocultural measures. Caution in use of the ABIC in other regions and with other sociocultural groups was recommended. Implications of the results for the measurement of adaptive behavior, for the issue of bias in assessment, and for the diagnostic construct of mild mental retardation were discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed2005

Validation of the Australian/English version of the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale.

Australians' use of the English language is influenced by a British educational curriculum, exposure to international television programmes and cultural backgrounds. Hence, adapting research instruments for use with Australian populations can be challenging. This study adapted the United Kingdom's version of the 20-item Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale and tested it psychometrically with Australians. Face validity of the adapted instrument was established through consultation with diabetes educators and people with type 2 diabetes. Data from a convenience sample of 88 people with type 2 diabetes were analysed to determine the psychometric properties of the adapted instrument. The results indicate that the Australian/English version of the instrument is internally consistent, stable over time and it measures self-efficacy. However, there was evidence to show that there might be some redundant items in the scale. Further psychometric testing is warranted with a larger sample to determine whether the scale requires refinement.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

Population pharmacokinetics and effects of efavirenz in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

OBJECTIVE: The reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz is currently used at a fixed dose of 600 mg/d. However, dosage individualization based on plasma concentration monitoring might be indicated. This study aimed to assess the efavirenz pharmacokinetic profile and interpatient versus intrapatient variability in patients who are positive for human immunodeficiency virus, to explore the relationship between drug exposure, efficacy, and central nervous system toxicity and to build up a Bayesian approach for dosage adaptation. METHODS: The population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed by use of NONMEM based on plasma samples from a cohort of unselected patients receiving efavirenz. With the use of a 1-compartment model with first-order absorption, the influence of demographic and clinical characteristics on oral clearance and oral volume of distribution was examined. The average drug exposure during 1 dosing interval was estimated for each patient and correlated with markers of efficacy and toxicity. The population kinetic parameters and the variabilities were integrated into a Bayesian equation for dosage adaptation based on a single plasma sample. RESULTS: Data from 235 patients with a total of 719 efavirenz concentrations were collected. Oral clearance was 9.4 L/h, oral volume of distribution was 252 L, and the absorption rate constant was 0.3 h(-1). Neither the demographic covariates evaluated nor the comedications showed a clinically significant influence on efavirenz pharmacokinetics. A large interpatient variability was found to affect efavirenz relative bioavailability (coefficient of variation, 54.6%), whereas the intrapatient variability was small (coefficient of variation, 26%). An inverse correlation between average drug exposure and viral load and a trend with central nervous system toxicity were detected. This enabled the derivation of a dosing adaptation strategy suitable to bring the average concentration into a therapeutic target from 1000 to 4000 microg/L to optimize viral load suppression and to minimize central nervous system toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: The high interpatient and low intrapatient variability values, as well as the potential relationship with markers of efficacy and toxicity, support the therapeutic drug monitoring of efavirenz. However, further evaluation is needed before individualization of an efavirenz dosage regimen based on routine drug level monitoring should be recommended for optimal patient management.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Madrid adaptation of the Wisconsin card sorting test: a comparative study of internal consistency].

INTRODUCTION: WCST (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test) is still a widely used neuropsychological test for evaluation of disorders of the frontal lobes. Recent studies have cast doubt on the validity of WCST as a marker for frontal dysfunction. OBJECTIVES: We present a simplified version of WCST specially designed to evaluate the capacity to change the criteria for attention. Our objectives were to examine the difference in standards and in internal consistency between our adaptation and the conventional WCST. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The two tests were applied to a group of 60 young persons with no cerebral disorders. The principal components of both tests were analysed for determine their internal structure. RESULTS: We found statistically significant differences between the scores of Spanish persons and the standard data for WCST. Analysis of the main components showed a solution of two components in the conventional WCST and a solution of three components in our adaptation. CONCLUSIONS: The American rating system underestimated the level of performance in the Spanish sample. Analysis of the internal consistency showed the excessively redundant and simple factorial structure of the conventional WCST. Our adaptation was shown to have a richer internal structure, with the order of error scores more in accord with the type of cognitive process involved. These advantages may be attributed to more exact analysis of non perseverant errors, subclassified as efficient errors (i.e. linked to comparison of hypotheses) and random errors (i.e. linked to loss of criteria for attention).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Specific features of DNA isolation for polymerase chain reaction in extrapulmonary tuberculosis].

While testing samples by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a procedure for DNA isolation is advisable adapted for different types of materials; thorough DNA purification is of the greatest importance in testing blood-containing samples, deep sample lysis is of particular importance for osseous tissue samples. A differential approach to isolating DNA from clinical samples allows the efficiency of PCR to be enhanced.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed1976

Gas-chromatographic quantitation of theophylline in small volumes of plasma.

We describe a rapid procedure for quantitating theophylline in 100-mul plasma samples by use of a gas-liquid chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. This methos is especially useful for monitoring theophylline concentrations in serum or plasma of infants, because sufficiently large blood samples can be readily obtained from a heel prick. The method is specific for theophylline in the presence of caffeine, theobromine and phenobarbital. For plasma concentrations equal to or greater than 5 mg/liter the average daily coefficient of variation was less than 7% while the coefficient of variation from day to day was less than 11%. The same approach can also be used to measure concentrations of phenobarbital in small volumes of plasma or serum, and is readily adapted to determination of theophylline and phenobarbital in larger samples.

Amobarbital↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The TURVA project: retirement and adaptation in old age.

The TURVA project is a longitudinal, prospective follow-up study dealing with psychosocial adaptation to retirement and, subsequently, to old age. The initial sample consisted of 389 62-year-old individuals drawn from urban and rural areas in 1982. The subjects were examined thoroughly and have been followed-up at 4 and 8 years so far. A developmental approach to the individual's adaptation to new life situations was adopted as the theoretical framework for the study. The first results of the project support the developmental theory when explaining the subject's adaptation in the early years of old age: Psychosocial adjustment can be understood on the basis of the subject's previous life. Preceding somatic and mental health were associated with the individual's actual psychosocial situation before official retirement age. Retirement from work seems not to be a stressful event; on the contrary, it was most often experienced as a positive change. Later adaptation was not so clearly associated with the initial health status.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

The effect of Mendelian disease on human health. II: Response to treatment.

We describe an attempt to measure efficacy of treatment in the Mendelian diseases of man. We used the McKusick Catalogs to identify 351 single gene diseases. We scored the impact of each disease in seven phenotypic categories: lifespan, reproductive capability, somatic growth, intellectual development, learning ability, capacity to work, and cosmetic effect. We then scored the success of treatment in ameliorating each of these component manifestations separately and together. The response to treatment was slight in the whole sample (n = 351): lifespan was increased in 15%, reproductive capability in 11%, and social adaptation in 6%. We observed that the mutant gene product was known in only 15% of the conditions comprising our sample. Since the mutant polypeptide is known in most inborn errors of metabolism, the diseases of this type (n = 65) in our sample of Mendelian traits were studied separately. In each of the seven categories of phenotypic impact, only a few of the hereditary metabolic diseases responded in any degree to specific treatment: the treatment gave complete relief in 12%, there was a partial response in 40%, and none in the remaining 48%. These findings have implications for prognosis, genetic counseling, and medical care of patients with Mendelian disease.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

Influence of naturally occurring humic acids on biodegradation of monosubstituted phenols by aquatic bacteria.

Samples of the microbial community from Lake Michie, a mesotrophic reservoir in central North Carolina, were adapted to various levels (100 to 1,000 mug/liter) of natural humic acids in chemostats. The humic acids were extracted from water samples from Black Lake, a highly colored lake in the coastal plain of North Carolina. After adaptation, the microbial community was tested for its ability to degrade the monosubstituted phenols m-cresol, m-aminophenol, and p-chlorophenol. Adaptation to increasing levels of humic acids significantly reduced the ability of the microbial communities to degrade all three phenols. The decline in biodegradation was accompanied by a decrease in the number of specific compound degraders in the adapted communities. Short-term exposure of the community to increasing levels of humic acids had no significant effect on the ability of the community to degrade m-cresol. Thus the suppressive effect of humic acids on monosubstituted phenol metabolism was the result of long-term exposure to the humic materials. Increasing the levels of inorganic nutrients fed to the chemostats during the humic acid adaptation had little effect on the suppressive influence of the humic acids, indicating that nutrient limitation was probably not responsible for the metabolic suppression. The results of the study suggest that long-term exposure to humic acids can reduce the ability of microbial communities to respond to monosubstituted phenols.

Journal Article↗