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PubMed2002

Dollars and scents: commercial opportunities in olfaction and taste.

Research successes over the past decade have provided a broad outline of the neuroscience of olfaction and taste. Our understanding of these systems now spans the molecular to the psychological. It will soon reach critical mass and begin to generate a variety of practical applications with commercial potential. Given the ubiquity of smell and taste and their importance to health, nutrition and quality of life, these applications could have a major impact on consumer product markets and create entirely new ones. Sensory biotechnology could be the first post-genomic application to break through to the consumer market. We describe odor modulation technologies with implications for food intake, health care and other arenas. Our deeper understanding of olfaction and taste in animal behavior and reproduction provides opportunities in pest control and animal husbandry, where environmentally neutral interventions are much in demand.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Macro trends in pharmaceutical innovation.

Critics decry the lack of 'truly innovative' new medicines and question the role of the pharmaceutical industry in creating the few that are developed. Is this an accurate portrayal of the state of pharmaceutical innovation? Does major pharma still innovate? If so, how? Must the industry innovate to survive? These and related issues are discussed.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2006

John A. Fraser.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2001

Plastid-expressed 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase genes provide high level glyphosate tolerance in tobacco.

Plastid transformation (transplastomic) technology has several potential advantages for biotechnological applications including the use of unmodified prokaryotic genes for engineering, potential high-level gene expression and gene containment due to maternal inheritance in most crop plants. However, the efficacy of a plastid-encoded trait may change depending on plastid number and tissue type. We report a feasibility study in tobacco plastids to achieve high-level herbicide resistance in both vegetative tissues and reproductive organs. We chose to test glyphosate resistance via over-expression in plastids of tolerant forms of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). Immunological, enzymatic and whole-plant assays were used to prove the efficacy of three different prokaryotic (Achromobacter, Agrobacterium and Bacillus) EPSPS genes. Using the Agrobacterium strain CP4 EPSPS as a model we identified translational control sequences that direct a 10,000-fold range of protein accumulation (to >10% total soluble protein in leaves). Plastid-expressed EPSPS could provide very high levels of glyphosate resistance, although levels of resistance in vegetative and reproductive tissues differed depending on EPSPS accumulation levels, and correlated to the plastid abundance in these tissues. Paradoxically, higher levels of plastid-expressed EPSPS protein accumulation were apparently required for efficacy than from a similar nuclear-encoded gene. Nevertheless, the demonstration of high-level glyphosate tolerance in vegetative and reproductive organs using transplastomic technology provides a necessary step for transfer of this technology to other crop species.

3-Phosphoshikimate 1-Carboxyvinyltransferase↗
PubMed2005

[Sharing of biotechnology: contractual agreements as avant-garde].

In the face of growing exclusivist strategies that tend to hamper research and undermine equity, sharing imperatives have become a cornerstone of biotechnology development. Whereas a proliferation of laws and conventions now require the sharing of biological resources and knowledge as well as the sharing of benefits, contractual agreements more and more appear as a most useful tool to implement these requirements.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2005

[DNA-arrays, a breakthrough in bacterial identification?].

DNA-arrays are mainly known for their application in transcriptome analysis leading for instance to the discovery of new marker genes for diagnostics and prognostics in oncology. However, DNA arrays are also used for massively parallel analysis of DNA molecules allowing their quantification, the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms and re-sequencing. This multi detection system is now applied to the << old >> problems of detecting and identifying bacteria in a biological sample and for the fine molecular characterization of a bacterial isolate. This new tool should serve for the diagnostic of an infection and for epidemiological studies such as those performed for the control of nosocomial infections or for the surveillance of bioterrorism attacks. DNA arrays carrying probes for 16S RNA specific of hundreds of bacterial species allow the identification of bacteria within a community by a single hybridization of amplified 16S rDNAs with universal primers and re-sequencing DNA arrays are used for multi locus sequence typing in a single step. Finally, the genome of an isolate could be characterized by DNA-arrays focused on a specific question like presence of toxin or antibiotic resistance genes. Up to now, DNA arrays are used in research laboratories for the rapid characterization at the genomic level of a strain collection, for evolutionary and population genetics studies and for the characterization of bacterial communities. Industrializing the process of DNA-array construction and hybridization is now needed in order to transfer this technology to hospitals and diagnostic laboratories.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1991

[Connector technology: development of simple rapid transfer of free microsurgical tissue flaps in the head and neck region].

The aim of this research program was to develop vessel connectors to replace the difficult microsurgical suture, which could be implanted quickly, safely and without any special training. Three types of connectors were developed specially for the anatomical features of the head and neck region: miniconnectors, stick connections with vascular prosthesis, and interposition connectors. The development of the model, the biomechanical tests on the in-vitro system comprising a free, muscular, porcine latissimus-dorsi flap, and the in-vivo tests involving implantation of the connectors in vessels of rats, rabbits, dogs and pigs are outlined. The results are compared with those obtained with conventional microsurgical interrupted sutures.--The indications for these three different types of connector are determined by the diameter and quality of the vessels (vein, artery).

Animals↗