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PubMed1991

The dopamine D2 receptor locus as a modifying gene in neuropsychiatric disorders.

OBJECTIVE: --The A1 allele of the Taq I polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene has been earlier reported to occur in 69% of alcoholics, compared with 20% of controls. Other research has reported no significant difference in the prevalence of the A1 allele in alcoholics vs controls and no evidence that the DRD2 gene was linked to alcoholism. We hypothesized that these seemingly conflicting results might be because increases in the prevalence of the A1 allele may not be specific to alcoholism. Thus, we examined other disorders frequently associated with alcoholism or those believed to involve defects in dopaminergic neurotransmission. DESIGN: --Case comparison study. To minimize the effect of racial differences in gene frequencies, the study was restricted to non-Hispanic whites. SETTING: --Ambulatory and hospitalized patients. RESULTS: --Among all known controls (n = 314), 77 (24.5%) carried the A1 allele. Of the 69 controls known not to be alcoholics, 10 (14.5%) carried the A1 allele. The prevalence of the A1 allele was significantly increased in patients with Tourette's syndrome (44.9%, n = 147), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (46.2%, n = 104), autism (54.5%, n = 33), alcoholism (42.3%, n = 104), and posttraumatic stress disorder (45.7%, n = 35). After correction for multiple comparisons (requiring P less than .0009 for significance), all remained significant except posttraumatic stress disorder. The prevalence of the A1 allele was not significantly increased in patients with depression, panic attacks, Parkinson's disease, or obesity. The prevalence of the A1 allele in drug addiction and schizophrenia was only significant when compared with that of controls who were not alcoholics, and no correction was made for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSION: --These results suggest the A1 allele of the DRD2 gene is associated with a number of behavior disorders in which it may act as a modifying gene rather than as the primary etiological agent.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1994

Rehabilitation of oropharyngeal swallowing disorders.

Patients with oropharyngeal swallowing disorders can be rehabilitated through a program of radiographic assessment to define the patient's anatomic or physiologic swallowing disorder(s), followed by use of carefully selected compensatory and/or therapeutic strategies. Compensatory strategies are designed to eliminate symptoms of swallowing disorders, i.e., aspiration and inefficient swallow, and include postural changes, enhancement of sensory input, changes in food characteristics (viscosity, temperature, taste), modifications in volume and speed of food presentation, and intraoral prosthetics. Therapeutic strategies are designed to change swallow physiology and include range of motion exercises, sensory motor integration procedures and swallow maneuvers. The effects of many of these procedures can be assessed during the radiographic diagnostic procedure, once the patient's oropharyngeal anatomy and swallowing physiology have been defined. In general, swallowing assessment should be completed as soon as the patient is identified as dysphagic, and an appropriate rehabilitation plan initiated.

Deglutition↗
PubMed2004

Dynamic processing of taste aversion extinction in the brain.

While substantial advances have been made in discovering how the brain learns and remembers, less is known about how the brain discards information, reorganizes information, or both. These topics are not only relevant to normal brain functioning but also speak to pathologies in which painful memories do not wane but are evoked time and again (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder; PTSD). Here, we measured brain activity (as indicated by the regional expression of c-Fos protein) in rats during acquisition and throughout extinction of a conditioned taste aversion (CTA). We compared that brain activity with animals that had intact CTA memories or those that experienced an explicitly unpaired (EU) conditioned stimulus (CS; saccharin, SAC) and unconditioned stimulus (US; lithium chloride, LiCl). The data show a dynamic and nonuniform pattern of c-Fos protein expression in brain nuclei known to mediate gustation and CTAs. In particular, brainstem nuclei (e.g., nucleus of the solitary tract; NTS) and the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) are active early as CTAs are formed and as extinction of the learned response begins. Later in the extinction process, the BLA reduces c-Fos expression relative to nonextinguished controls. Finally, as almost full reacceptance of the taste is achieved, the gustatory neocortex (GNC) expresses enhanced levels of c-Fos protein. Thus, extinction of a CTA is not represented by a simple reversal of the c-Fos activity evoked by CTA conditioning. Rather, the data demonstrate that extinction of conditioned responses is a dynamic process in which the activity levels of particular nuclei along the brain's taste pathway change depending on the extent to which the conditioned response has been extinguished.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

[Food intake, depressed appetite and chemosensory threshold in patients with cancer during chemotherapy].

Energy and protein intake and eating-related complaints were studied in 52 patients with cancer of the breast, ovary or lung prior to and after 1 and 3 cycles of chemotherapy. Pretreatment intakes were somewhat lower than recommended, but did not change after therapy. Many patients had eating-related complaints, but these complaints did not increase after therapy. Eating-related complaints (except poor appetite) had no impact on intake. Electrical taste detection thresholds and chemical smell detection thresholds were measured before and after three cycles of chemotherapy. Changes in food intake had no relation to changes in chemosensory thresholds. Perceived taste and smell changes were not reflected in chemosensory thresholds.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Glucose-induced increase in memory performance in patients with schizophrenia.

Previous investigations have found that increasing circulating glucose availability can increase memory performance in rodents, healthy humans, and individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer's type. In this study, patients with schizophrenia, healthy control subjects, and controls with bipolar affective disorder were tested using double-blind treatment with either 50 g anhydrous dextrose plus 4 mg sodium saccharin (for "taste") or 23.7 mg saccharin alone, followed by cognitive testing on a complex battery. At this glucose dose, verbal memory performance on a paragraph recall task was increased during the glucose condition relative to the saccharin condition in the patients with schizophrenia; this effect was not detected in either the psychiatric or normal controls. The results provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that memory performance can be improved in patients with schizophrenia by increasing circulating glucose availability and suggest the importance of further evaluation of therapeutic manipulations of glucose availability.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Post-traumatic anosmia. Ultrastructural correlates.

Five patients suffering post-traumatic anosmia were studied at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver. Each patient underwent psychophysical testing, clinical evaluation, and olfactory biopsy. The biopsy specimens were examined ultrastructurally and were found to vary from normal tissues. The overall appearance of the olfactory epithelium in the post-traumatic patient is disrupted and the receptor cells are distorted. Large numbers of axons are located near the basement membrane and can often be found in bundles throughout the epithelium, extending even to the mucosal surface. Olfactory cilia are rarely seen in epithelia obtained from post-traumatic patients. Bald olfactory vesicles, often containing basal bodies, are frequently observed. We postulate that in these cases, the olfactory epithelium regenerates following head trauma and the receptor cells attempt to send axons centrally. However, the cribriform plate has undergone fibrotic healing and the axons are unable to penetrate it and make contact with olfactory bulb neurons.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effects of mechanical, cold, gustatory, and combined stimulation to the human anterior faucial pillars.

Tactile-Thermal Application (TTA) is a therapy technique designed to enhance the swallowing response in persons with dysphagia. In this study, TTA was broken down into each component stimulus (i.e., Cold, Mechanical, Gustatory), and all combinations thereof, to study the effects of each condition on measurable parameters of the normal human swallow response. Using surface electromyography (EMG), latency to swallow-specific activity and duration of submental EMG activity were measured to examine the following questions: (1) Are there stimulus-dependent differences in onset latencies and contraction durations of the submental muscle activity? (2) Which stimulus components are responsible for this response? (3) How long do the effects of stimulation last on the response? (4) Are there response differences according to age and gender? Between-subjects multivariate analysis of variance showed that the main effects for Treatment, Gender, and Age were significant. Latency to swallow-specific activity was significantly shorter following Mechanical + Cold + Gustatory condition compared to No Stimulation. The effect of stimulation on the swallow response lasted for only one swallow.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Psychological aspects of glossodynia (author's transl)].

The term glossodynia refers to all conditions with pain and dysaesthesia of the tongue and entire oral mucosa manifesting themselves in burning, prickling, itching, stinging, and other frequently bizarre sensations as well as subjective xerostomia and bad taste. In most cases psychiatric diseases are the cause of the complex of complaints whereas local and general disorders are of only minor importance. Menopausal women with atypical depression are most often affected. Schizophrenia and abnormal personality development are far less frequent in glossodynia. After exclusion or therapy of organic disorders antidepressants are the treatment of choice in glossodynia. Thereapeutic difficulties may arise in patients suffering from marked xerostomia whose complaints may intensify during therapy because of the anticholinergic effect of most antidepressants, and in neurotic persons.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Sensory detection of glutaraldehyde in drinking water-emergence of sensitivity and specific anosmia.

A study of 30 young adults (15 males, 15 females), screened to have normal olfaction, measured detection of the flavor of glutaraldehyde, a biocide that could occur in disinfected potable water. Over the range of interest, up to 100 p.p.m., flavor derived from olfactory stimulation. Higher concentrations would cause oral irritation. Fourteen subjects failed to detect the glutaraldehyde in the first of four sessions of testing. Eight of the 14 (seven males, one female) continued to exhibit the anosmia throughout testing. The other six (one male, five females) began to detect the material in session two and exhibited increasing sensitivity over sessions two to four. Their average sensitivity never reached that of the 16 subjects who evinced no anosmia and who also improved their performance over sessions. The combined group of 22 could detect 17 p.p.m. Less thorough testing would have yielded much higher values. Specific anosmia for this dialdehyde has precedence in anosmia for various monoaldehydes, most notably isobutyraldehyde. The positive influence of experience with a material on detection has been found previously, most intriguingly by Wysocki and colleagues, who showed that experience could differentially induce sensitivity to the odorant androstenone and suggested that the phenomenon might occur for other compounds. Glutaraldehyde appears to be one, perhaps of many.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Acute heat stress-induced alterations in blood acid-base status and skeletal muscle membrane integrity in broiler chickens at two ages: implications for meat quality.

The effects of acute heat stress (AHS) on indices of respiratory thermoregulation and skeletal muscle damage (myopathy) were examined in broiler chickens at two ages (35 and 63 d of age); the relationships of these responses with changes in meat quality were assessed. Exposure to AHS significantly increased deep-body temperatures, panting-induced acid/base disturbances, and plasma creatine kinase (CK) activities, reflecting heat stress-induced myopathy (HSIM). The extent of the hyperthermia and disturbances in acid/base status and myopathy was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the older birds. Consistent with AHS-induced alterations in thermoregulatory indices and muscle membrane integrity were changes in breast muscle glycolytic metabolism as indicated by lower muscle pH immediately postslaughter (pHi), increased water loss, and increased incidence of breast muscle hemorrhages. Values of pHi were lower and hemorrhage scores greater in the AHS birds at 63 d; drip losses were significantly higher in the 35-d-old birds. Exposure to AHS did not affect breast meat eating quality, although overall reductions in flavor attributes were observed in the older birds. We concluded that exposure to AHS induced disturbances in blood acid/base status and had a detrimental effect upon skeletal muscle membrane integrity. Muscle from broilers exhibited an increased sensitivity to AHS exposure with age. Alterations in antemortem blood acid/base status and muscle membrane integrity induced by AHS were associated (though not necessarily causally) with adverse effects upon breast meat quality. It is recommended that preslaughter exposure of broiler chickens to AHS should be avoided in order to reduce alterations in muscle metabolism and membrane integrity and undesirable meat characteristics.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1982

Conditioned dysphagia in cleft palate children after pharyngeal flap surgery.

A nonorganic pattern of maladaptive eating behavior was identified and diagnosed as conditioned dysphagia in a group of 28 children who had successfully completed pharyngeal flap surgery for correction of hypernasality. The physically intrusive diagnostic and surgical procedures are thought to contribute to the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response to deglutition that is resistant to extinction but reversible after deconditioning therapy. Comparison with 22 matched normal siblings and 25 normal control children identified conditioned dysphagia as occurring in about 40% of the cleft palate children within 1 year after surgery. Characteristic eating problems included slowness, requiring assistance, eating only small pieces of solid foods, and not finishing meals. Early detection, treatment, and preventive measures are suggested at or about the time of surgery to avoid consequent nutritional deficits and, in some severe cases, a threat to survival if untreated.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Eating habits and eating disorders during pregnancy.

A general population sample of 100 primigravid women was studied prospectively to describe the changes in eating that occur in pregnancy with particular reference to cravings and aversions and the behavior and attitudes characteristic of clinical eating disorders. Assessment was by standardized interview. Dietary cravings and aversions were found to be common and largely confined to early pregnancy. Eating disorder features decreased in severity early in pregnancy but increased later on. Dietary cravings rarely resulted in episodes of overeating like those seen in patients with eating disorders. In this study of a general population sample, no evidence was found of a relationship between pregnancy outcome and the severity of eating disorder features prior to pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Modification and improvement of nutritive quality of cornpap "Ogi" with cowpea and groundnut milk.

The study aimed at improving the nutritive quality of cornpap, "Ogi", the most popular infant feed in Nigeria. Milk samples of cowpea, groundnut and soyabean and their complementations with cornpap were assessed chemically, organoleptically and anthropometrically. The protein contents of milk from cowpea, groundnut and soyabean were 1.18, 1.6, and 1.23% respectively. On separate complementation of the milk sources with cornpap, the low protein content of "ogi" was increased from 0.3% to 2.79% with cowpea; 3.0% with groundnut and 3.64% with soyabean. The fat content of the complementary feeds also increased remarkably. The anthropometric study revealed that there were significant differences P = 0.001 between the mean weight of children aged 13 to 18 (92 +/- 1.2) and 19 to 24 months (9.9 +/- 1.3) who were fed the three sources of milk with cornpap, and the control group of the same age groups (8.5 + 1.5; 9.3 + 1.11) who received nutrition education and no complementary feeds. Of the three sources of milk, groundnut milk was ranked as the most likeable, the easiest to prepare and the least costly by the nursing mothers. This study has shown that some of the deep rooted cultural food taboos that prohibit locally available and nutritious feeds to infants could be changed through practical food demonstrations.

Animals↗