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PubMed2002

Failure to infect laboratory rodent hosts with human isolates of Rodentolepis (= Hymenolepis) nana.

Confusion exists over the species status and host-specificity of the tapeworm Rodentolepis (= Hymenolepis) nana. It has been described as one species, R. nana, found in both humans and rodents. Others have identified a subspecies; R. nana var. fraterna, describing it as morphologically identical to the human form but only found in rodents. The species present in Australian communities has never been identified with certainty. Fifty one human isolates of Rodentolepis (= Hymenolepis) nana were orally inoculated into Swiss Q, BALB/c, A/J, CBA/ CAH and nude (hypothymic) BALB/c mice, Fischer 344 and Wistar rats and specific pathogen free (SPF) hamsters. Twenty four human isolates of R. nana were cross-tested in flour beetles, Tribolium confusum. No adult worms were obtained from mice, rats or hamsters, even when immunosuppressed with cortisone acetate. Only one of the 24 samples developed to the cysticercoid stage in T. confusum; however, when inoculated into laboratory mice the cysticercoids failed to develop into adult worms. The large sample size used in this study, and the range of techniques employed for extraction and preparation of eggs provide a comprehensive test of the hypothesis that the human strain of R. nana is essentially non-infective to rodents.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Host specificity and geographical distribution of Eubothrium in European salmonid fish.

The host specificity and distribution of Eubothrium crassum (Bloch, 1779) and Eubothrium salvelini (Schrank, 1790), morphologically fairly similar pseudophyllidean tapeworms parasitizing salmonid fish, were critically assessed on the basis of morphological and genetic evaluation of extensive material collected from different definitive hosts and geographical regions in Europe. Eubothrium crassum occurs in fish of the genera Salmo, i.e. salmon (S. salar - both freshwater and marine), sea trout (S. trutta trutta), brown trout (S. trutta fario), and lake trout (S. trutta lacustris), and also in Danubian salmon (Hucho hucho) and vendace (Coregonus albula). Eubothrium salvelini parasitizes Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Europe, and also whitefish (Coregonus wartmanni). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), which is not a native European fish species, was found to be a suitable definitive host for both Eubothrium species, which may occur simultaneously in the same fish. Previous records of E. crassum in Arctic char and brook trout, and those of E. salvelini in fish of the genus Salmo were most probably misidentifications. Most studies of Eubothrium have involved salmonids from the northern part of Europe, with few records from southern and south-eastern Europe. This study also confirmed the reliability of the morphology of the apical disc for the discrimination of E. crassum and E. salvelini.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Ligula intestinalis infection as a potential source of bias in the bioindication of endocrine disruption in the European chub Leuciscus cephalus.

European chub Leuciscus cephalus collected from five localities in the lowland and subalpine regions of Austria were analysed for oestrogenic effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and the presence of the plerocercoid of the tapeworm Ligula intestinalis. Of 1494 chub analysed, only seven (six males, one female) were found to be infected with single, but large plerocercoids up to 15 cm in length. Ligula-infected fish showed comparatively immature gonads, as demonstrated by the gonadosomatic index and gamete developmental stages. Plasma levels of the egg precursor protein vitellogenin also showed concentrations ranging below the detection limit. The present results indicate that chub infected with L. intestinalis and exposed to exogenous oestrogenic compounds can result in reduced gonadal maturation and produce false oestrogen-positive diagnoses in male fish. For plasma vitellogenin levels, L. intestinalis infections can result in false oestrogen-negative diagnoses in male and female fish.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Echinococcus multilocularis--a zoonosis of anthropogenic environments?

Transmission of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of human alveolar echinococcosis, is known to depend on various environmental factors which are subject to human influence. Epidemiological data suggest that in most endemic regions anthropogenic landscape changes (e.g. deforestation and agricultural practices) have led to more favourable conditions for the parasite's animal hosts, especially arvicolid rodents, thereby increasing the risk for parasite transmission and human disease. Examples are the conversion of forests or crop fields into meadows and pastures in Europe, China and North America, and overgrazing of natural grassland in central Asia. Other anthropogenic factors include interference with host population densities by wildlife disease control, changing hunting pressure and provision of new habitats, e.g. in urban areas. Domestic dogs may, under certain conditions, get involved in the otherwise largely wildlife-based transmission, and thereby greatly increase the infection pressure to humans. The introduction of neozootic host species may increase transmission, or even initiate the parasite's life-cycle in previously non-endemic regions. Lastly, the parasite itself may be accidentally introduced into non-endemic areas, if suitable host populations are present (e.g. in northern Japan).

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Intestinal parasites of the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes in Kibale Forest, Uganda.

One-hundred-and-twenty-three stool samples were examined from 45 chimpanzees in a natural population in western Uganda. Comparison with previous studies is complicated by the diversity of techniques used and interpretations. The Ugandan population had relatively many intestinal protozoa, including the probably beneficial entodiniomorph ciliates. Strongyloid nematodes are universal among chimpanzees, but were surprisingly absent from those on Mount Assirik in Senegal. Railletina tapeworms are sporadic in their occurrence. The absence of spiruroid nematodes in the Ugandan population reflects the absence of insectivory in this population. There was little evidence of seasonal difference in prevalences.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Bertiella sp. infection in man in Saudi Arabia.

Tapeworm proglottids and eggs of Bertiella sp. were reported from the stools of a 28-year-old Yemeni male worker in Saudi Arabia, who complained mainly of non-specific gastro-enteritis. This appears to be the first report of an Anoplocephaline infection in man in Saudi Arabia. Niclosamide was effective in removing the parasites.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The value of an antigenic fraction of Cysticercus cellulosae in the serodiagnosis of cysticercosis.

Fractions of Taenia solium cysticerci were isolated using preparative isoelectric focusing. A fraction isoelectric between pH 7.8 and 10.0 was found to be most effective as an antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti-cyst antibodies. The efficacy of this fraction and of a total homogenate of the cysticerci to detect cases of neurocysticercosis by ELISA was compared. The partially purified fraction showed a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 99.5%. The total homogenate had a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 99%. Cross-reactions occurred with sera from patients with hydatid disease. In patients with other parasitic infections the specificity of the isolated fraction (3/120) was considerably better than that of the total homogenate (16/120). Cysticercosis in man is caused by infection with the larval stage of the zoonotic pork tapeworm Taenia solium. The disease is largely one of developing countries and is prevalent in Latin America, Eastern Europe, the Far East and large parts of Africa. In the Republic of South Africa the prevalence of cysticercosis has been estimated as 8.5% amongst rural blacks, and in certain high incidence areas over 20%.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Epidemiology of echinococcosis/hydatidosis in Anambra State, Nigeria.

The prevalence of hydatidosis in cattle, goats and pigs slaughtered in Anambra State, eastern Nigeria during 1973 to 1979, as determined from official meat inspection records, was 7/373,242 (0.002%), 249/476,249 (0.05%) and 1/31,005 (0.003%), respectively. Special point surveys conducted from September 1979 to February 1980 and from March 1985 to September 1987 in two of the slaughterhouses that officially recorded zero infection rates also found no infection in the 551 cattle, 3830 goats and 2126 pigs examined. Similarly, none of the 80 dogs obtained from some of the rural communities in the localities served by these slaughterhouses harboured tapeworms (Echinococcus) at necropsy. Information obtained from rural health centres and some rural and urban-located hospitals, including records of hospital admissions, revealed insufficient awareness of the nature and importance of the disease in man and no evidence even of suspected cases. The apparent absence of infection in humans was confirmed by records at the main specialist hospital in the area, which showed that only one case of human hydatid disease had ever been diagnosed by that hospital. The most important factors that might have been responsible for the virtual absence of canine and human infections include the extremely low infection rates in food animals, limited access by dogs to offal, limited contact between dogs and potential domestic intermediate hosts of hydatid, and absence of a wild-life cycle.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1991

The human parasite fauna: towards an analysis and interpretation.

A breakdown of the human parasite fauna shows approximately 270 species, with almost equal numbers of nematodes, flukes and protozoa and smaller numbers of arthropods and tapeworms. More than 70% are 'adventitious' species for which man is an incidental host. Only 16% are 'core' species, dependent on man for their survival. For 26% man is the usual source of human infection, and for 51% the source is other mammals. A sequence is illustrated showing how parasites may arrive by the host-transfer or co-evolutionary pathways. Adventitious parasites have a narrower geographical range than core species. The richest representation of the major species is in the Aethiopian Zoogeographical Region and the poorest is in the Australasian. Some 14 pairs of closely related forms occur in the main fauna. Some implications of this analysis with respect to man's early history are discussed speculatively.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Production of monoclonal antibodies for the identification of the eggs of Taenia solium.

Two antibodies, one monoclonal and one polyclonal, were produced and used to identify Taenia solium eggs, using the enzyme-linked immuno-electrotransfer blot technique (EITB). Different life-stages of Taenia solium and T. saginata, including eggs from gravid proglottids recovered, post-treatment, from patients infected with the tapeworms, and eggs of Diphyllobothrium pacificum and Hymenolepis nana from other patients were tested with these antibodies. The monoclonal antibody only recognized the eggs and immature proglottids of T. solium. The polyclonal antibody, however, not only reacted with the eggs, cysticerci and immature proglottids of T. solium but also with the eggs and immature proglottids of T. saginata. The sensitivity and specificity of the EITB were both 100% using the monoclonal antibody but only 78% and 60%, respectively, using the polyclonal antibody. Diagnostic bands for T. solium eggs corresponded to proteins of 22.5 kDa using the polyclonal antibody and 22.5-37 kDa using the monoclonal antibody. Species-specific fluorescence was obtained with an anti-T. solium monoclonal antibody which bound to egg-derived oncospheres of T. solium but not to those of T. saginata.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Epidemiology of intestinal taeniasis in four, rural, Guatemalan communities.

There is relatively little epidemiological information on human intestinal taeniasis, particularly that due to Taenia solium. The current study involved analysis of data collected from four, rural communities in the Department of Jutiapa, Guatemala, between 1991 and 1994. Overall, 92 cases of intestinal taeniasis were identified, giving a mean prevalence of 2.7% (92/3399). Almost all (98%) of the 56 worms identified to species level were T. solium. Female subjects were significantly more likely to be infected than males, with a relative risk of 1.21 (95% confidence interval = 1.04-1.42; P < 0.04). Mean prevalence rose with age until the 30-39-year age cohort and declined thereafter. Cases were significantly clustered in households (P < 0.001). Most infections appeared to correspond to single worms. Only one multiple-worm infection was definitely detected, in an individual with at least seven T. solium tapeworms, all of which appeared to be sexually immature. To determine potential movements of infected subjects out of the villages, adult subjects in two of the villages were asked about their main place of employment; 9.7% (94/968) were recorded as working either in Guatemala City or the U.S.A. The possible epidemiological implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Estimating the economic effects of cystic echinococcosis: Uruguay, a developing country with upper-middle income.

Cost-benefit analyses, run before the commencement of a programme to control a parasitic disease, should include estimates of the economic losses attributable to the disease. Uruguay, a middle-income, developing country, has a recent history of persistent problems with cystic echinococcosis, in both its human population and livestock. The economic effects in Uruguay of this disease, caused by the larval stage of the canine tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, have now been evaluated. Data on the incidence of the disease, in humans and livestock, were used to construct cost estimates. The estimated minimum cost (U.S.$2.9 million/year) was based on the condemnation costs of infected offal together with the actual costs of the hospital treatment of the human cases. The estimate of the maximum cost (U.S.$22.1 million/year) also included the production losses resulting from lower livestock efficiency and the reduced income of individuals with morbidity attributable to the disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Vitamin B12 deficiency. Important new concepts in recognition.

Vitamin B12 deficiency develops over a slowly progressive continuum. Early manifestations may be generalized weakness or fatigue, indigestion, diarrhea, or depression. Pernicious anemia is considered the classic cause, but others include malabsorption because of achlorhydria or other gastric dysfunction, fish tapeworm infection, and strict vegetarianism. Iron deficiency often coexists. Because presentation is often atypical, vitamin B12 deficiency is a diagnostic consideration whenever neuropsychiatric signs or symptoms are unexplained.

Anemia, Pernicious↗
PubMed1984

A survey of cats and dogs for fleas: with particular reference to their role as intermediate hosts of Dipylidium caninum.

Three species of fleas, viz. Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenocephalides canis, and Pulex irritans were found in an examination of 81 cats and 48 dogs in Wellington. C. felis was the most prevalent flea in cats, and C. canis predominated in dogs. It is speculated that C. felis, and its primary host the cat, may assume greater medical and veterinary significance than C. canis. In an examination of 1578 fleas for cysticercoids of the dog tapeworm, Dipylidium caninum, all were found negative. These results do not necessarily reflect the availability of cysticercoids in the environment, and the reasons for this are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

A review of bacterial pathogens in Ctenocephalides felis in New Zealand.

The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, is the recognised vector of Bartonella henselae, B. clarridgeiae and Rickettsia felis. Although these Gram-negative bacteria were only described in the last decade, they are already known to cause a variety of diseases in people, particularly children and the immunosuppressed. Such diseases include cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, endocarditis, bacteraemia, encephalopathy, neuroretinitis, osteomyelitis and peliosis hepatis. Although most infections in cats and dogs appear to be subclinical, recent studies have provided growing evidence that the bartonellas can also cause serious problems in pets, including hepatitis, endocarditis, central nervous system (CNS) signs, lymphadenopathy, uveitis, cataracts and reproductive failure. In 2004, DNA of B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae and R. felis was demonstrated in cat fleas from New Zealand and pets and their owners in the country are thus at risk of infection. While flea control programmes have traditionally been advocated by veterinarians to prevent pruritus and tapeworms in pets, they should now also be recommended to prevent infections with the new flea-borne bacterial pathogens. To raise awareness of the organisms amongst veterinarians and animal health workers, this review describes: the biology of the organisms; clinical and laboratory features of infections in cats, dogs and people; diagnosis; and possible treatments and control of infections with these organisms.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Spirometra erinacei / S. erinaceieuropaei in a feral cat in Manawatu with chronic intermittent diarrhoea.

CASE HISTORY: A feral cat captured in the Manawatu region of New Zealand was treated for worms and fleas, and kept confined in a metabolic cage. It showed good appetite and weight gain but had intermittent watery, yellow diarrhoea. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Clinical examination under sedation was unremarkable and routine blood tests showed no significant abnormalities. The cat was negative for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV). Different canned cat foods did not alter the course of the diarrhoea, and the cat was euthanised 6 months after capture. At necropsy, two sections of adult Spirometra tapeworms were found in the jejunum and typical Spirometra eggs were found in colonic contents. Molecular identification of the parasite was undertaken, using the cytochrome-c oxidase subunit-1 gene (cox1) sequence. DIAGNOSIS: Chronic intermittent diarrhoea associated with Spirometra erinacei / S. erinaceieuropaei infection. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Spirometra has not been reported in New Zealand before but has been associated with gastrointestinal disease in cats in other parts of the world. It requires species targeted treatment to be eliminated effectively, and is zoonotic. Diagnosis could be difficult for clinicians who are not familiar with the parasite and its life cycle.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serogenetic and haematological studies on the Kgalagadi of Botswana.

A sample of Kgalagadi, Negro speakers of a Sotho/Tswana Bantu language, inhabitants of Botswana, have been investigated for variation in 27 gene-marker systems and for haematological status and the presence of intestinal parasites. They have been found to show indications of genetic affinity both to the other Sotho/Tswana and to the Mbanderu divisions of the Herero, a Bantu-speaking Negro people of Namibia. The latter affinity appears the closer. Although the historical connection between the peoples seems unlikely on cultural and oral-historical grounds, it is not impossible, given the shallow depth of the oral history of the Herero and the consequent doubts about the antiquity of their present cultural system. Nothing in the genetic profile of the Kgalagadi contradicts the claim that they represent a very early, and perhaps the first, wave of Negro immigration into southern Africa. They have been investigated for intestinal parasites and haematological status as well. They appear to be haematologically healthy, and to possess only the narrow range of parasites previously found in the Kalahari Desert, apart from one subject in whom Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf tapeworm) was found.

Adolescent↗