Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Spray drying”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,441 records · Page 80Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

The effect of nanometer dimension topographical features on the hygienic status of stainless steel.

Wear of food contact surfaces through abrasion may increase the surface roughness and introduce different topographical features. Both of these properties may enhance retention of soil and microorganisms and affect the surface cleanability. To test this hypothesis, stainless steel surfaces with topographical features and surface roughness (Ra) values simulating those of worn in-use surfaces were prepared. Surfaces were imaged and Ra values determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM). These ranged from 23 to 900 nm. Surfaces were sprayed with standardized cell suspensions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus and allowed to air dry and were then cleaned using a nonionic detergent delivered via a manual linear cleaning device. There was a 2-log reduction in numbers attached after cleaning, but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the cleanability of the surfaces in terms of the numbers of cells per unit area remaining after cleaning, although cells appeared to be retained within topographical features. Thus, the simulated effect of wear of a hygienic food contact surface did not affect its cleanability after a one-off microbiological soiling event. AFM provided hitherto unavailable information on the topography of worn stainless steel surfaces. In future work, the surfaces will be repeatedly challenged with an organic soil-microorganism mixture after cleaning events, to provide a more rigorous, realistic test.

Disinfection↗
PubMed1975

[Work-hygienic studies connected with the manipulation of silver-tin-mercury alloys at the dentists working place].

By means of a spectro-photometric measuring method, tests are made regarding the development of Hg vapors at the dental working place when processing amalgam. Depending on the step in amalgam processing and the location, more or less high Hg vapors concentrations, were measured. They are highest with high-speed, dry preparation of amalgam fillings, they decrease considerably with lower speed and more intensive colling (spray!).

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2001

Chromate concentration bias in primer paint particles.

Chromate-containing primer paints are used to prevent corrosion on metal surfaces. Chromate contains hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), a human carcinogen. The objective of this research was to determine if there is a bias in the fraction of chromate found in various particle sizes generated during primer painting operations. A solvent-based, aviation primer paint was sprayed using a high-volume, low-pressure spray gun. Paint particles were collected and separated by size with seven-stage cascade impactors. It was determined that particles with a mass aerodynamic diameter < 2.0 microm contained significantly less Cr6+ per dry weight of paint than particles > 2.0 microm (P < 0.001). The median concentration of Cr6+ in particles < 2.0 microm is 18 micro g of Cr/mg of dry paint and the median concentration for particles > 2.0 microm is 70 microg of Cr/mg of dry paint. The mixed paint contains 18.75% strontium chromate, which equates to a ratio of 67 microg of Cr/mg of dry paint. Particles > 2.0 microm are more likely to impact in the upper tracheobronchial regions of the lung where mucociliary clearance is relatively rapid. Additionally, chromate emissions from spraying operations may be overestimated because larger particles, which are more easily trapped on an air filter, contain more chromate than the smaller particles, which are more likely to bypass an air filter.

Carcinogens, Environmental↗
PubMed2004

The effect of preapplication of corticosteroids on skin irritation and performance of the GlucoWatch G2 Biographer.

Skin irritation due to iontophoresis may limit the frequency of use of devices for drug delivery or transdermal extraction of analytes of clinical interest. This study examined whether preapplication of corticosteroid preparations could reduce skin irritation from iontophoresis used by the GlucoWatch G2 Biographer (Cygnus, Inc., Redwood City, CA) in monitoring interstitial glucose levels frequently and automatically. Numerous corticosteroid preparations were screened to identify formulations that did not interfere with adhesion of the Biographer to the skin or glucose sensing. Kenalog (Westwood-Squibb Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Buffalo, NY) (triamcinolone acetonide) and Cortizone-10 Quick Shot (Pfizer, Inc., New York, NY) (hydrocortisone) sprays were selected and, in a double-masked, randomized, controlled trial, were applied to the forearms of 66 subjects with diabetes and allowed to dry. Biographers were applied and worn for 15 h, and home blood glucose measurements were taken every 30 min to assess accuracy. Irritation was assessed periodically by trained observers and study subjects. Skin irritation was reduced by both corticosteroid sprays, with the fraction of subjects who experienced moderate irritation reduced by 57% and 43% for the Kenalog and Cortizone-10 Quick Shot sprays, respectively. The treatment effect persisted at the 1-week assessment. Preapplication of these preparations did not affect the clinical utility of interstitial glucose readings. Preapplication of Kenalog or Cortizone-10 Quick Shot sprays significantly reduced skin irritation due to iontophoresis, and did not interfere with glucose measurements. This approach may enable the minority of users who experience moderate to severe skin irritation to use the Biographer more frequently for diabetes management.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed2002

The effect of fibrolytic enzymes sprayed onto forages and fed in a total mixed ratio to lactating dairy cows.

We investigated the effect of spraying different combinations of fibrolytic enzymes onto forages on their nutritive value for lactating cows. Holstein cows were fed a TMR consisting of 30% corn silage, 15% alfalfa hay, and 55% concentrate (dry matter basis). During a 12-wk treatment period, the forages were treated with no enzymes (control), cellulase D and sultanas B, or cellulase D and xylanase C. Enzymes were diluted in water and sprayed onto the forages while mixing. Both combinations of enzymes supplied similar amounts of fibrolytic activity based on classical enzyme assays conducted at 50 degrees C. Cows fed forages treated with cellulase D and xylanase B tended to produce more 3.5% FCM (+2.5 kg/d) than did cows fed the untreated forages. Dry matter intake, milk production, milk fat, and milk protein were unaffected by treatment. In vitro production of gas from forages treated with enzymes was greater than from untreated forage, but 96-h volatile fatty acid production was not different among treatments. With an alternative enzyme assay based on the depolymerization of dyed substrate at 40 degrees C, activity of xylanase C was greatest at a pH of 6.5 but was substantially reduced as the pH of the assay was decreased. In contrast, xylanase B showed highest activity at pH 5 and enzyme activity was twice that of xylanase B at pH 5.5 and 6. Overall, the results of this study provide more evidence that fibrolytic enzymes can be used to improve milk production in lactating cows.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Role of chitinase and sormatin accumulation in the resistance of sorghum cultivars to grain mold.

Experiments were conducted to determine the association between resistance to grain mold and the accumulations of chitinase and sormatin. Eight sorghum lines were treated at 50% bloom with Fusarium thapsinum, Curvularia lunata, a mixture of the two fungi, and a water-sprayed control. At maturity, percent disease severity, seed germination rates, and kernel weight were recorded. Chitinase and sormatin content (mg/g of dry weight) were measured in seed samples taken at 30 and 50 days after treatment (DAT). Seed chitinase content was moderately affected by sorghum line (P = 0.10) and significantly affected by the developmental stage of the kernels (P = 0.05). Cultivars Sureno, 98LB650, and 98LB723 exhibited larger negative changes in chitinase content at 50 DAT over water-sprayed control treatment at 30 DAT than the susceptible cultivars Dorado, RTx2536, and RTx430. In 2000, significant negative correlations were observed for percent disease severity and chitinase content at 30 DAT, seed germination and sormatin content at 50 DAT, and between seed germination and kernel weight. There also was a significant positive correlation between germination and chitinase content at 30 DAT. No association between disease severity and changes in chitinase content at 50 DAT was observed. Sormatin content also was significantly affected by the stage of kernel development. Sorghum cultivars inoculated with fungal pathogens responded differently as indicated by the significant sorghum line x treatment interaction for sormatin content in 2000. In both years, larger increases in sormatin content over the water-sprayed control treatments were observed on moderately susceptible to susceptible cultivars such as 98LB650, 98LB723, 98LB789, RTx430, and RTx2536 than on Sureno. Except for percent disease severity and germination, there was no significant association among all of the other parameters measured in 2001. The results of this study did not clearly demonstrate a strong association between resistance to grain mold and the accumulation of sormatin and chitinase. Thus, there is the possibility that certain moderately resistant to resistant sorghum cultivars, such as Sureno, may employ other strategies to eschew or restrict fungal invasion either before or after physiological maturity.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1983

Visualization of freeze-dried and shadowed myosin molecules immobilized on electron microscopic films.

The mica replication technique first described by Hall [5] has produced myosin molecules which were heterogeneous in appearance in terms of shadowing, decoration, contrast and background. Therefore, an alternative technique for the visualization of myosin molecules was developed: Myosin molecules are sprayed directly onto glow discharged or silicium-monoxide coated carbon filmed grids, omitting glycerol. After washing several times with distilled water, rapid freezing, and freeze-drying, the immobilized myosin molecules are visualized by shadow-casting at low temperature and at varying angles. After backing with carbon the "in situ" shadowed molecules are observed in the electron microscope. This technique has several advantages over the standard method in that it yields more reproducible results. It is potentially useful for investigating interactions of myosin binding proteins with myosin and for visualizing unshadowed myosin in the STEM.

Acetates↗
PubMed1986

Intermediate-scale, semicontinuous solid-phase fermentation process for production of fuel ethanol from sweet sorghum.

A novel, semicontinuous solid-phase fermentation system was used to produce fuel ethanol from sweet sorghum. The process was at an intermediate scale. In the process, dried and shredded sweet sorghum was rehydrated to 70% moisture, acidified to pH 2.0 to 3.0, and either pasteurized (12 h at 70 to 80 degrees C) or not pasteurized before spray inoculation with a broth culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fermented pulp exited the semicontinuous fermentor after a retention time of 72 h and contained approximately 6% (vol/vol) ethanol. Ethanol yields from dry sweet sorghum were 176 to 179 liters/10 kg (85% of theoretical). Production costs for a greatly scaled-up (x1,400) conceptual version of this system were projected by calculation to average $0.47/liter for 95% ethanol. The calculated energy balance (energy output/energy input ratio) was estimated to be 1.05 when pasteurization was included and 1.31 when pasteurization was omitted. In calculating the energy balances, the output energy of the protein feed byproduct and the input energy for growing the sweet sorghum were not considered. A design for the scaled-up plant (farm scale) is provided.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Electrospray device for coupling microscale separations and other miniaturized devices with electrospray mass spectrometry.

A miniaturized ion sprayer device is described which is suitable for coupling with chip-based analytical separation devices, multiwell plates, or surfaces containing residues of prepared samples. Two versions of a similar device are described. A "microsprayer" device suitable for coupling to the terminal edge of a capillary electrophoresis (CE) chip is constructed from modified 1/16-in. HPLC fittings. This microsprayer employs a free-standing liquid junction formed via continuous delivery of a flow (2-6 microL/min) of suitable solvent which carries the CE effluent through a pneumatically assisted electrospray (ion spray) needle positioned in front of an atmospheric pressure ionization (API) mass spectrometer. A related but larger "minisprayer" device is also described which employs the same features as the microsprayer, but with an extended sampling capillary tube which can reach into the depths of 96-, 384-, and 1536-multiwell plates containing either sample solutions or dried sample residues. The minisprayer may be positioned in front of an API ion sampling orifice and the multiwell plate positioned stepwise from sample to sample for analysis of trace samples contained in the wells. The resulting infusion-ion spray mass spectrometric analyses can provide sequential analysis of previously prepared biological samples containing small drug compounds, proteins, and related compounds. This same device is also shown to be useful for sampling from a surface containing trace level compounds of biological interest. Results are shown that demonstrate microscale separations and selected ion monitoring (SIM) capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CE/MS) detection of berberine and palmatine using the microsprayer. SIM ion spray determination of a 2 ng/microL solution of berberine contained as a dry residue in the bottom of a 384-well plate as well as full-scan electrospray mass spectra for low-picomole levels of cytochrome c contained in a 1536-well microtiter plate are shown. The respective micro- and minisprayer devices provide a simple yet effective means of transferring trace-level samples either from a microscale or chip-based separation device as well as samples contained in multiwell plates which are increasingly employed in high-throughput applications in the pharmaceutical industry.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Spraying enzymes in microemulsions of AOT in nonpolar organic solvents for fabrication of enzyme electrodes.

A new technique suitable for automated, large-scale fabrication of enzyme electrodes by air-spraying enzymes in organic inks is presented. Model oxidoreductases, tyrosinase (Tyr) and glucose oxidase (GOx), were adapted to octane-based ink by entrapment in a system of reverse micelles (RM) of surfactant AOT in octane to separate and stabilize the catalytically active forms of the enzymes in nonpolar organic media. Nonpolar caoutchouk polymer was also used to create a kind of "dry micelles" at the electrode/solution interface. Enzyme/RM/polymer-containing organic inks were air-brushed onto conductive supports and were subsequently covered by sprayed Nafion membranes. The air-brushed enzyme electrodes exhibited relevant bioelectrocatalytic activity toward catechol and glucose, with a linear detection range of 0.1-100 microM catechol and 0.5-7 mM glucose; the sensitivities were 2.41 A M(-1) cm(-2) and 2.98 mA M(-1) cm(-2) for Tyr and GOx electrodes, respectively. The proposed technique of air-brushing enzymes in organic inks enables automated construction of disposable enzyme electrodes of various designs on a mass-production scale.

Biosensing Techniques↗
PubMed2000

Impact of insecticides and surfactant on lettuce physiology and yield.

Insecticides are used extensively on lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., grown in southwestern Arizona because of heavy insect pressure that can potentially reduce lettuce productivity. Multiple sprays are made per season to manage these insects in lettuce. One of the major concerns related to extensive insecticide applications in lettuce is the potential subtle impact of insecticides that may reduce lettuce photosynthesis and yield. We conducted field and greenhouse experiments to examine the impact of multiple insecticides and surfactant spray applications on lettuce photosynthesis and yield. Lettuce was planted in the field in 1998, insecticides and surfactant were applied, and lettuce gas-exchange and dry weights were determined. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot consisting of insecticides as main plot and surfactant as subplot treatments in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Photosynthetic rates of lettuce were significantly reduced by endosulfan, methomyl, acephate, and surfactant at seedling stage 4 h and 2 d after the spray application was made. However, the reduction in lettuce photosynthesis by these insecticides and surfactant was only transient, and lettuce photosynthesis recovered 5 d after the spray application was made. Photosynthetic rates were not altered by zeta-cypermethrin, emamectin benzoate, and spinosad at the seedling stage. Insecticides or surfactant (Kinetic, a nonionic surfactant) did not significantly affect lettuce photosynthesis after rosette formation. In addition, lettuce dry weight was not significantly altered. These studies suggest that lettuce photosynthesis may be susceptible to some insecticides at the seedling stage. Consequently, we found that biorational insecticides, introduced to manage insect pests in lettuce, have no influence on lettuce physiology at the seedling stage, unlike the chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates, or carbamates tested in this study. In a greenhouse study, we found that lettuce photosynthesis and yield were not altered by Bacillus thuringiensis application. Our results indicate that B. thuringiensis and the newer insecticides, particularly biorationals, can be used to manage lettuce insect pests without significantly altering lettuce gas-exchange and yield.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Evidence against a synergistic effect of desmopressin with conditioning in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that desmopressin facilitates acquisition of continence, we aimed to establish whether, in children with nocturnal enuresis who are desmopressin nonresponders, adjunct desmopressin increases the rate of sustained continence after treatment with a conditioning alarm. Study design Patients with nocturnal enuresis (n=358; age range, 6-16 years) completed a 4-week "run-in" course of intranasal desmopressin (20-40 microg). Of these, 207 defined as nonresponders (<50% reduction in wet nights) were randomly assigned to receive either desmopressin (n=101) or placebo (n=106) nasal spray, together with conditioning alarm therapy for 8 weeks. Principal outcome measures were remission (28 continuous dry nights) and relapse (>2 wet nights in 2 weeks after having achieved remission). RESULTS: Remission rates were similar in both groups (51.5% desmopressin, 48.1% placebo; 95% CI on difference, -10%, 17%; P=.63), and relapse rates were not significantly different (13.5% vs 5.9%; 95% CI on difference, -3.7%, 19%; P=.19). Although remission rates were similar, children treated with desmopressin had significantly more dry nights during treatment than those in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Desmopressin did not act synergistically with alarm treatment to achieve remission. Therefore, we infer that in partial or nonresponders, desmopressin does not enhance learning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Interstitial pneumonia caused by inhalation of fumes of nickel and chrome.

Two male industrial painters were admitted to hospital with dry cough and dyspnoea on exertion following a tank coating operation using a high-temperature spray paint consisting of a nickel-chromium alloy. Both patients showed hypoxaemia, peripheral leukocytosis, high levels of serum cytokines and bilateral ground-glass opacities on a chest CT scan. They were diagnosed with interstitial pneumonia caused by inhalation of nickel and chrome fumes and successfully treated with corticosteroid. These are rare cases of interstitial pneumonia associated with nickel/chromium inhalation.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1991

Effects of nitrogen and sulfur on digestion and nutritive quality of warm-season grass hays for cattle and sheep.

The influence of N and S on the usage of warm-season grasses was examined in two metabolism trials with cattle and sheep. Effects of N fertilization (75 kg N from urea/ha) on digestibility, intake, and ruminal mineral solubilization of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.; SWG) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitm.; BB) hays were determined in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment with mature steers. Effects of N and S applied as urea and sodium sulfate in spray form to SWG hay were estimated in a 2 x 3 factorial experiment using sheep. Dry matter and NDF digestibility was greater (P less than .03) for BB than for SWG, and intake of SWG was 10% greater (P less than .06) than that of BB. Fertilizer N increased DMI (P less than .02) of SWG and BB by cattle by 11.4 and 16.1%, respectively. Fertilization decreased (P less than .04) ruminal turnover times by 9.3 and 18.5% for SWG and BB, respectively. In situ DM degradation rates were faster (P less than .02) for fertilized than for unfertilized forages and were faster (P less than .06) for BB than for SWG. In the sheep trials, levels of CP in SWG diets were 7.2 and 9.5%: levels of S were .12, .20, and .29%, respectively. Urea supplementation increased (P less than .01) hay intake by 9.4% and also increased (P less than .01) digestibility of DM and NDF. Supplemental S had no effect (P greater than .05) on any measurement. There was no effect (P greater than .05) of supplemental N on ruminal retention times, rates of passage, or apparent retention of N and S. The provision of extra N by fertilization or dietary supplementation improved the nutritional quality of the low-protein, warm-season grass hays studied in this experiment, whereas no response to dietary S was detected.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

Combination therapy for nocturnal enuresis with desmopressin and an alarm device.

The efficacy of alarm monotherapy (35 children) was compared with the efficacy of alarm treatment in combination with 40 micrograms desmopressin (Minirin, DDAVP) nasal spray (36 children). At the end of the treatment period, children receiving combination therapy had more dry nights per week (mean: 6.1) than children using an alarm alone (mean: 4.8). In addition, more children achieved an initial success (4 weeks of dryness) following combination treatment (27 children [75%]) compared with alarm monotherapy (16 children [46%], P < 0.005). This improvement with alarm plus desmopressin was particularly pronounced in children with severe wetting (> or = 6 nights per week), family problems or behavioural problems. It may, therefore, be appropriate to manage children in these categories with an enuresis alarm supplemented with desmopressin to improve treatment outcome.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1986

Adhesion of hydroxypropyl cellulose films to low energy solid substrates.

The adhesion of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) to well-defined solid substrates was measured as a function of dry film thickness. A well-controlled butt adhesion test, providing a constant slow rate of film detachment, was used to keep the viscoelastic contribution of the film to the adhesion measurement constant. Films were cast or sprayed from solution in either triply distilled water or absolute ethanol onto relatively smooth surfaces of poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethylene terephthalate), and polyethylene. A linear relationship of increasing adhesion with decreasing dry film thickness was obtained for thin films (less than 20-microns thick) on all three surfaces. An adhesion value, A0, determined by extrapolating the adhesion data to zero film thickness, was shown to be proportional to the calculated thermodynamic work of adhesion, Wa, at the film-substrate interface. No significant effect of the method of film preparation, cast or sprayed, on the adhesion measurement was noted. Adhesion for a given film thickness was greater for films prepared from solutions having a higher initial polymer concentration or when using ethanol as opposed to water as the solvent.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Freeze substitution and freeze drying for stable, long-term preservation of cytologic specimens for immunostaining.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a new method of fixing and preserving cytologic specimens for immunostaining after long-term storage at room temperature. STUDY DESIGN: The method consists of three steps: fixation, freeze substitution or freeze drying, and storage. To test the method, we used the human small cell lung carcinoma cell line Lu-135, which expresses a high level of mutant p53 protein and exhibits strong nuclear staining when reacted with an anti-p53 antibody. A smear of Lu-135 cells was fixed in a mixture of methanol and ether (50:50=vol/vol) or sprayed with a fixative containing isopropyl alcohol, methanol and polyethylene glycol. The fixed cells were freeze substituted by immersing them in a dry ice/methanol/ether bath and then were freeze dried under a vacuum. The smear was then placed in a 50-mL conical tube containing silica gel. The tube was sealed and stored at room temperature. RESULTS: Freeze substituted cells that were fixed with methanol/ether and stored for more than six months retained strong p53 positivity, as strong as that of the control cells, which had been fixed and stored in methanol. CONCLUSION: Freeze substitution and freeze drying are an alternative method of preserving cytologic specimens.

Carcinoma, Small Cell↗
PubMed2006

Foliar-applied glyphosate substantially reduced uptake and transport of iron and manganese in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants.

Evidence clearly shows that cationic micronutrients in spray solutions reduce the herbicidal effectiveness of glyphosate for weed control due to the formation of metal-glyphosate complexes. The formation of these glyphosate-metal complexes in plant tissue may also impair micronutrient nutrition of nontarget plants when exposed to glyphosate drift or glyphosate residues in soil. In the present study, the effects of simulated glyphosate drift on plant growth and uptake, translocation, and accumulation (tissue concentration) of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) were investigated in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants grown in nutrient solution under controlled environmental conditions. Glyphosate was sprayed on plant shoots at different rates between 1.25 and 6.0% of the recommended dosage (i.e., 0.39 and 1.89 mM glyphosate isopropylamine salt). Glyphosate applications significantly decreased root and shoot dry matter production and chlorophyll concentrations of young leaves and shoot tips. The basal parts of the youngest leaves and shoot tips were severely chlorotic. These effects became apparent within 48 h after the glyphosate spray. Glyphosate also caused substantial decreases in leaf concentration of Fe and Mn while the concentration of Zn and Cu was less affected. In short-term uptake experiments with radiolabeled Fe (59Fe), Mn (54Mn), and Zn (65Zn), root uptake of 59Fe and 54Mn was significantly reduced in 12 and 24 h after application of 6% of the recommended dosage of glyphosate, respectively. Glyphosate resulted in almost complete inhibition of root-to-shoot translocation of 59Fe within 12 h and 54Mn within 24 h after application. These results suggest that glyphosate residues or drift may result in severe impairments in Fe and Mn nutrition of nontarget plants, possibly due to the formation of poorly soluble glyphosate-metal complexes in plant tissues and/or rhizosphere interactions.

Biological Transport↗