Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Spectinomycin”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,441 records · Page 80Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Microbiologic considerations in the treatment of serious pelvic infections in women.

Antibiotic therapy in the woman with suspected pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) may often be empiric. Thus, an understanding of the microbiology of the female genital tract is important in the informed selection of therapy for PID. Chlamydia trachomatis plays an important role in PID, and tetracycline and erythromycins are the agents most active against those infections. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is also an important pathogen in PID, particularly in a lower socioeconomic, urban setting. The treatment regimens currently recommended for penicillinase-producing N gonorrhoeae are spectinomycin and a broad-spectrum cephalosporin. Other bacterial flora of the female genital tract, including the facultative enteric bacilli, gram-positive aerobes and anaerobes, play an important pathogenic role in PID. Among the broad-spectrum cephalosporins, ceftizoxime has been shown to possess greater activity against isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis group and enteric bacilli than do the related agents, cefoxitin and cefotetan.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1987

Determination of MICs of conventional and experimental drugs in liquid medium by the radiometric method against Mycobacterium avium complex.

The aim of this study was to search for new drugs active against the Mycobacterium avium complex and to re-examine the activity of some conventional antituberculosis drugs against these species. This progress report describes the protocol and phases of in vitro experiments in a search which included 57 different compounds tested against numerous strains of M. avium clinical isolates. The preliminary screening and MIC determination of these drugs were conducted in 7H12 broth by the radiometric method (BACTEC system). Of the total of 57 drugs, 23 were discarded after preliminary screening and 17 after MIC determination. The remaining 17 drugs were considered sufficiently promising for more detailed in vitro studies. These, now in progress, include MIC determination by two additional methods (in broth by sampling and plating and in 7H11 agar plates), MBC determination and drug combination studies. The following drugs are currently undergoing these detailed studies: isoniazid, rifampin, rifabutine (ansamycin LM427), amikacin, streptomycin, ethambutol, ethionamide, cycloserine, clofazimine (CF), CF derivative B746, CF derivative B1865, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, cephalosporin BMY 28142, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, spectinomycin derivative U6633F(B), and dihydromycoplanecin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro comparison of the activity of various antibiotics and drugs against new Taiwan isolates and standard strains of avian mycoplasma.

Twenty-nine antibiotics or drugs were incorporated individually into mycoplasma agar to evaluate their inhibitory activity against avian mycoplasmas: 100 recent Taiwan isolates of 7 serotypes and 10 standard strains of 7 serotypes were tested. All of the standard strains were very sensitive to erythromycin, chlorotetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, and tetracycline, but the local isolates were highly resistant to these antibiotics. The drugs or antibiotics that possessed an MIC90 of 50 micrograms/ml or less against the local isolates were tiamulin (less than 0.4 micrograms/ml), lincospectin (2.7), josamycin (2.7), lincomycin (3.0), spectinomycin (4.8), tylosin (6.0), kanamycin (6.0), chloramphenicol (6.0), gentamicin (7.5), apramycin (24.5), doxycycline (27.4), minocycline (29.0), spiramycin (30.0), colistin (44.3), leucomycin (45.0), and streptomycin (50.0). The MIC90 of the other antibiotics or drugs was greater than 50 micrograms/ml. None of the isolates or strains were sensitive to nalidixic acid, ronidazole, penicillin, ampicillin, cephalexin, carbadox, or four sulfa drugs at a concentration about 5 times the therapeutic level.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Microcalorimetric Investigations, regarding the antibacterial efficiency of chemotherapeutics (author's transl)].

An investigation method is described by which microcalorimetry and continuous density measurement are used to show the antibacterial efficiency of chemotherapeutics. Oleandomycin, erythromycin, both macrolide antibiotics, and doxycycline, a tetracycline, blockers of the protein synthesis, have the same effect on the microcalorimetric curve of a staphylococcus strain. Among the aminoglycosides tobramycin and gentamicin influenced the microcalorimetric activity of a growing E. coli strain in the same way, spectinomycin produced different curves. Penicillins interfere with the synthesis of the cell membrane by blocking the enzyme transpeptidase. Epicillin, penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, carbenicillin, and azlocillin influence the microcalorimetric activity of staphylococci in a typical way which is different from that of the blockers of the protein synthesis.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Resistance to antibiotics in strains of Azospirillum sp].

A total of 32 strains of Azospirillum mainly isolated from rhizosphere of grasses and soils of Argentina were examined for susceptibility to 9 antimicrobial agents (trimethoprim, ampicillin, carbenicillin, streptomycin, spectinomycin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, nalidixic acid and tetracycline). Many of the strains were sensitive to tetracycline, kanamycin, chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid, and resistant to ampicillin (more than 50 mg/l) and carbenicillin (more than 200 mg/l). In spite of this general pattern, for most of the strains it was possible to obtain an antibiotype. Such antibiotype could be useful for identification of the strains in field experiments or in genetic transfer experiments.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1979

Application of LAL for detection of endotoxin in antibiotic preparations.

The Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test has been investigated as an alternative method to the USP pyrogen test for the detection of endotoxin contamination in these antibiotic preparations: clindamycin phosphate, lincomycin hydrochloride, neomycin sulfate, and spectinomycin hydrochloride. The antibiotic preparations were tested at the maximum concentrations that would not inhibit gelation of LAL. The USP pyrogen test was also performed for comparison. The LAL and the USP pyrogen tests correlated extremely well when an acceptance criterion based on the minimum pyrogenic dose (MPD) of endotoxin per human dose of drug was used for the LAL test. Use of this MPD provides a practical and feasible acceptance creiterion for the LAL test and assures that the LAL sensitivity approximates or surpasses that of the USP pyrogen test.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Sensitivity to drugs of Escherichia coli strains isolated from poultry with coli septicemia].

Investigations were carried out into the susceptibility of a total of 223 strains of Escherichia coli to therapeutic agents with the employment of the disk diffusion method. The organisms were isolated from internal organs and bone marrow of birds died of coli septicaemia. The serologic classification of the strains was defined with the use of 88 anti-group OK-agglutinating sera obtained through hyperimmunization of rabbits with the following Escherichia coli serotypes: 01-063, 068, 071, 073, 075, 078, 086, 0101, 0103, 0111-0114, 0119, 0124, 0129, 0135-0141, 0146, 0147, and 0149. It was found that serologically the strains referred as follows: 01-41 strains, 02-70 strains, 04-2 strains, 08-3 strains, 026-1 strain, 078-70 strains, 0111-2 strains, 0103-1 strain, 0141-1 strain. The number of untypable strains amounted to 32. Highest number of strains proved sensitive to colistin--96.06%, the remaining drugs following in a descending order: flumequine--95.65%, apramycin - 95.5%, gentamycin--93.72%, amoxicillin--93,8%, amikacin--88.57%, carbenicillin--86.88%, furazolidone--83,13%, and kanamycin--79.36%. High was the percent of strains resistant to tetracycline--66.17%, spectinomycin--61.67%, ampicillin--51.12%, chloramphenicol--50.23%, and streptomycin--44.84%.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro and in vivo characterization of avian Escherichia coli. I. Serotypes, metabolic activity, and antibiotic sensitivity.

Over a 2 1/2-year period (January 1981 to June 1983), 177 Escherichia coli isolates were obtained from 145 field-reared broiler flocks in the Delmarva peninsula, and 20 were obtained from clinically normal day-old hatchery chickens representing an additional 17 flocks in Delmarva. Ninety-one isolates obtained from the field-reared birds between 2 and 8 weeks of age were associated with complicated air-sac disease. Serotyping efforts demonstrated a predominance of O2, O35, and O78 serogroups and a large number of untypable isolates. More than 50% of the isolates in each of the three dominant serogroups were collected from broilers with colibacillosis, but they were never detected in the yolk-sac samples of clinically normal day-old hatchery chickens. In vitro biochemical characterization of the E. coli isolates revealed variable rates of carbohydrate fermentation and amino acid decarboxylation. No common characteristics appeared to be shared by the predominant serogroups isolated from clinically affected birds, although several serogroup-specific reactions were noted. The majority of the isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, ormethoprim-sulfadimethoxine, spectinomycin, neomycin, and ampicillin. About half of the isolates were sensitive to nitrofurantoin and the sulfa compounds. Less than 25% of the isolates were sensitive to streptomycin, erythromycin, tetracyclines, novobiocin, penicillin, bacitracin, and lincomycin.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Changes in the drug resistance of coliform bacteria in the digestive tract of poultry under the influence of antibiotics at different dosages].

Changes in drug-sensitivity of hen intestinal flora following various chloramphenicol, kanamycin and gentamycin dose applications to the fodder rations were studied under experimental conditions. Selection of resistant strains was observed following chloramphenicol application of "nutrient", prophylaxis and medicative doses as well as selection of strains resistant to 6 antibiotics following chloramphenical, kanamycin and gentamycin application in medicative doses. It was proven that some of these strains are carriers of conjugative plasmides possessing markers of tetracycline-, chrloamphenical-, kanamycin-, spectinomycin-, ampicylin- and gentamycin-resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Electrophoretic method of demonstrating antibiotic residues in meat and eggs].

Studies were carried out on Smither and Vanghan's electrophoretic method with the use of high voltage. The method was found to be readily reproducible and to have good sensitivity. It could be successfully used in the demonstration and identification of residual amounts of antibiotics in meat and eggs. It was also established that with the use of agarose of pH 6.0 amino glycosides, beta-lactams, flavomycin, spectinomycin, and monensin showed higher migration capacity. The same value of pH was contributive to increasing the migration distances with macrolites, zincbacitracin, and tetracyclines. It was demonstrated that the use of electric current at 50 MA made it more favourable to separate and identify antibiotics. B. subtilis BGA was found to be more sensitive than B. mycoides v. cereus ATCC 11778 with regard to the antibiotics used and it could be made use of in the demonstration of minimal amounts.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Gonococcus producers of beta-lactamase isolated in Dakar. Sensitivity to different antibiotics, auxotype and plasmid content].

More than 12.5% of gonococci isolated in Dakar during the first six months of 1984 were penicillinase producers (PPNG). PPNG strains were susceptible to a number of antibiotics: spectinomycin, thiamphenicol and tetracycline. No significant differences were found between distribution of auxotypes in PPNG and in non-penicillinase producing strains. Study of plasmidic content of PPNG (36 strains isolated from 1981 to 1984) revealed that 68.75% were of the "African" type and 31.25% of the "South-East Asian" type. Ratio of isolation of these two plasmidic content types remained consistent throughout the last four years. The criteria defined in 1977 to classify PPNG into two types need to be reviewed, specifically with regard to geographical areas, auxotype and tetracycline susceptibility. We found a significant correlation between the 4.5 Md plasmid (bla+) and the auxotype (PRO-). This finding has been reported by other authors but has not yet been explained.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1979

Susceptibility of streptococci to newer tetracyclines and cephalosporins and to other antimicrobial agents.

Two hundred and thirty-nine strains of Streptococcus including 71 strains of Group A, 81 strains of Group B, 69 strains of enterococci, and 18 strains of S. pneumoniae were tested against 12 antimicrobial agents using an agar dilution method. Cefamandole was the most active cephalosporin tested. Doxycycline and minocycline were more active than tetracycline, although the tetracyclines were considerably less inhibitory than the cephalosporins. Regression line analysis of zones of inhibition versus minimal inhibitory concentration values for tetracycline and minocycline showed the tetracycline disc to be unacceptable for predicting the susceptibility of the Group A Streptococcus to minocycline. Minimal inhibitory concentrations for clindamycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, and spectinomycin are also given.

Cefamandole↗
PubMed1979

Effects of increasing concentrations of minocin on the motility of bovine spermatozoa processed in various extenders.

The effect of minocycline hydrochloride (Minocin) on bovine spermatozoa was studied in eggyolk-citrate, Tris buffer and whole milk extenders. Each of the extenders contained penicillin, streptomycin, lincomycin-spectinomycin and four levels of minocin (10, 260, 510 and 760 mug/ml). Split ejaculates from Holstein sires were diluted in each of the extenders. This was followed by microscopic evaluation for progressive motility after initial dilution at 32 degrees C, after cooling at 5 degrees C and complete dilution, immediately after freezing and after 14 days of storage in liquid nitrogen. Under the experimental conditions employed, a decrease in the percent progressive motility was observed in the eggyolk-citrate and Tris buffer extenders with increasing concentration of minocin. Little or no difference in the percent progressive motility in the whole milk extender, either before or after freezing was observed when the minocin concentration was elevated.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies of the pathogenic avian Haemophili.

The biochemical and physiological characteristics of 35 strains of avian haemophili from 7 countries were examined. All strains required V-factor but not X-factor for growth on artificial media. They produced acid in phenol-red broth containing fructose, glucose, and mannose. Acid production from other carbohydrates was variable or did not occur. Thirty-two strains were pathogenic to chickens. Pathogenicity varied with method of exposure. Hyaluronic acid was found in 9 strains. Hemagglutination of human or chicken erythrocytes was inhibited by its presence. Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns showed all strains to be sensitive to chloromycetin, erythromycin, furoxone, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, novobiocin, spectinomycin, and tetracycline.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Anaerobic dysentery in pigs].

Anaerobic dysentery (necrotic enteritis) of sucking pigs was demonstrated on an industrial swine-breeding farm. The disease was found to be caused by Clostridium perfringens, type C, and attacked up to 3 per cent of all sucking pigs at the age of 1 to 5 days, mortality rate ranging as high as 50 per cent. Outbreaks were recorded only in boxes fixed on the floor of the premise itself. The control of the disease made use of complex measures, including washing of sows with disinfection solution prior to their accomodation in the farrowing unit, strict observation of the principle 'all in, all out', feeding medicated premixes to the sows, improved hygiene on the premise, vaccination of the sows with an antiperfringens vaccine, and oral treatment of the diseased pigs prior to sucking with a specific hyperimmune antitoxic serum as well as using broad-spectrum antibiotics, spectinomycin, and pharmazin. With all measures applied the disease was fully suppressed.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[First appearance of penicillinase-producing gonococci at Bremen (author's transl)].

Three cases of penicillin-resistant gonorrhoea were detected at Bremen during a period of 3 months: in a tourist and 2 sailors. The infections had been acquired in Thailand, Africa, and USA, respectively. In all 3 cases penicillinase-producing strains of gonococci were isolated, resistant to penicillin in concentrations of 20 micrograms/ml and more. Patients were successfully treated with spectinomycin. The identification of penicillinase-producing strains of gonococci is of major epidemiological importance. Therefore, bacteriological investigations including sensitivity tests and, if necessary, penicillinase-tests should be done in each case of penicillin-resistant gonorrhoea. Relevant cases should be reported to the Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses Unit at Geneva, Switzerland.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Differential effects of antibiotics on adhesins of antibiotic resistant strains of Escherichia coli.

Sublethal concentrations of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis were found to diminish the ability of strains of Escherichia coli to bind to human leukocytes and to oral epithelial cells, guinea pig erythrocytes, and mannan-containing yeast cells. In general depressed adherence correlated with diminished production of type 1 fimbriae by the drug-treated bacteria and was affected by the antibiotics in the following order: aminoglycoside (gentamicin, streptomycin, neomycin) greater than spectinomycin greater than tetracycline greater than chloramphenicol. With one notable exception, mutation to resistance to antibiotic-induced growth inhibition resulted in resistance to the sublethal, anti-adherence effects of the same antibiotic. The exceptional strain, VL-2, was the only one out of many streptomycin-resistant strains that was not also resistant to the anti-adherence effects of subinhibitory concentrations of the drug. Compared to control cultures of VL-2, those grown in antibiotic demonstrated decreased amounts of mannose-sensitive hemagglutination (by greater than 99%) and adherence to human epithelial cells (58%) and leukocytes (93%). When treated bacteria were examined by electron microscopy, they were found to be as heavily fimbriate as control bacteria, but their fimbriae were twice as long. Moreover, fimbriae isolated and purified from drug-treated bacteria had no lectin-like properties. Thus, although most antibiotics diminished the adhesive properties only the antibiotics-sensitive bacteria, streptomycin caused one streptomycin-resistant strain of bacteria to produce aberrant (non-adhesive) fimbrial protein.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Functioning of amino acid operons in Escherichia coli strains with an altered transcription and translation apparatus. II. The effect of mutations in genes coding ribosomal protein S5 and translation elongation factor G on the functioning of the ilv operon].

It has been shown in our previous study that mutations in genes relA, relC and rpsL result in the delay in Escherichia coli ilv operon derepression; the complete inhibition of derepression of the ilv operon is observed in the double mutants having alterations in rpsL and relA or relC genes. At present, some mutations occurring in the fus gene and altering the structure of the translational elongation G factor have been also found to delay derepression of E. coli ilv operon and complete inhibition in fusr and rel double mutants. Phenotypical ile and val auxotrophy is also detected in the double E. coli mutants with spectinomycin resistance mutation in rpsE gene coding for the structure of ribosomal S5 protein and mutations in relA or relC genes. The suggestion of participation of the ilv operon in regulation of other E. coli amino acid operons expression is discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗