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We have characterized fractions liberated from rat liver cell nuclei digested with DNase I and treated with buffers containing 0.1, 0.5 and 2 M NaCl. Analysis of DNA and proteins present in these fractions as well as in nuclear matrix, confirms the chromatin model according to which transcriptionally active loops interact differently with nuclear skeleton than inactive ones.
On the basis of modern literature the present state of knowledge on MNR and the diagnostic effectiveness of this method in various diseases of the facial skeleton are discussed. The diagnostic effectiveness of MNR is compared to that of computed tomography.
Osteotomy with reposition of fractured fragments of the facial skeleton is the most effective method of treatment of post-traumatic deformities. In this way it is possible to correct permanently the position of the bones, to restore normal facial features and adequate conditions for the function of the stomatognathic system, respiration and articulation. A condition of success is good early planning of the operation with consideration of the vascularization of bones after osteotomy and effective reposition of bone fragments as well as a narrow slit of the incision for sparing of bone tissue. A condition of healing of the incision is good immobilization of bone fragments.
As suggested in the first article of this series, much of what we know, or believe to know, about growth of the craniofacial skeleton, is but an oversimplification and an underestimation of the real nature of this extremely complex phenomenom. This second part is a brief compendium of research and principles on which the previous paper is based. Information included is partly the result of several years of research, as well as some notions of a speculative nature. In both cases, emphasis centers on the type of information deemed necessary if we pretend some day to understand fully why the face grows as it does. Additionally, some forms are proposed to prove ideas which aim to explain craniofacial growth. The main objective of this article is to provide elements that may allow us to understand the interrelation between structure and function in craniofacial anatomy, thereby establishing the bases of "functional symmetry" as a promising attempt to provide new elements leading to a better understanding of craniofacial biology.
Survival was assessed in three groups of disseminated breast cancer with multiple bony metastases. Group I (194 patients) was given a combination of proton irradiation of the pituitary and sequential zone gamma-ray teletherapy of the skeleton, group II (98) received the first component and group III (162 cases)--the latter component of the modality only. Cumulative survival curves for groups I and II were well approximated by exponential function of the follow-up period; mean survival was 36.4 and 11.4 months, respectively. The difference was statistically significant. Within a period of about 12 months, survival curves for groups I and III were nearly identical. However, with the increasing number of bony metastases, the group III curve slope tended to match that of group II. Corresponding mean survival for that segment of the curve was 13 months. Mean survival for historic control was 12.1 months. Thus, pronounced and lasting increase in survival was not observed unless the procedures were used together.
Nonspecific adjuvant immunotherapy with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin cell wall skeleton (BCG-CWS) was given to 155 lung cancer patients. Clinical effects of the BCG-CWS treatment were estimated by comparing the survival of the BCG-CWS group with that of a historical control group on the basis of 4-year results. Significant prolongation of survival time has been observed in Clinical Stages II, III (M0) and III (M1). However, most Stage III patients who were given the BCG-CWS treatment died of cancer itself after marked prolongation of survival time. An increase in complete cure rate has been expected only in Stages I and II. Surgicopathological staging was used in resected cases. Resected cases at any stage were sensitive to treatment with BCG-CWS. Histologically, all types of lung cancer including squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and anaplastic carcinoma were sensitive to treatment with BCG-CWS. Intrapleural administration of BCG-CWS to patients with malignant pleurisy was effective in controlling the pleural effusion and prolonging the survival time. No serious complication has been experienced in our study.
The use of iliac and rib bone as onlay grafts to the nasal dorsum often fails because endochondral grafts resorb unpredictably. Membranous cranial bone grafts are less likely to resorb, especially when used with rigid internal fixation techniques. However, when split, they are often too thin and can be difficult to contour. Full-thickness cranial bone grafts were used to achieve nasal augmentation in 26 patients with end-stage nasal skeleton deficiency. All procedures were carried out using only a coronal incision. Grafts were harvested through a craniotomy, carved meticulously, and secured rigidly with miniplates or bicortical screws. Donor sites were reconstructed with split cranial grafts, leaving an intact cranial vault. No graft was lost to infection, and there was no significant donor-site morbidity. In carefully selected patients this method of full-thickness cranial bone graft reconstruction yields good results.
The elastic behavior of various types of Kennedy Class II/1 skeleton palatal plates with transversal connectors of varying widths has been the subject of this study. During function a permanent deformation is not to be expected. Theoretical considerations give rise to the assumption that the support axis is not the border between load-carrying and unloaded maxillary areas. This border is rather shifted towards a bounded saddle situation due to the deformation of the major and minor connectors depending on the forces of mastication and the shape of the plate. Relieving the denture base is not necessary to avoid rocking. Increasing the rigidity of the denture base results in a reduction of the loads placed on the saddle on the one hand, and in an increase in the forces of draw at the counterlateral bounded saddle on the other, which may cause dislodging of the entire denture.
Macroscopic structure as well as pre- and postnatal development of the lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrae of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus, Insectivora) were observed. The lumbar vertebrae possess two pairs of unusual processes, hyperapophyses and hypapophyses. The hyperapophyses are located on the dorsal surface of the caudal articular processes of all the lumbar vertebrae, whereas the hypapophyses are found on the caudal part of the ventral surface of the bodies in the first few lumbar vertebrae. The former gives attachment to the Mm. rotatores lumborum and the latter to the Mm. psoas major and minor. The articular processes of the lumbar vertebrae are oriented more horizontally compared with those in other mammals. The sacrum is very narrow transversely due to poor development of the ventrolateral wing. The auricular surface includes cranial parts of the wing and of the fused vertebral arches as well as the cranial articular process of the first sacral vertebra. In the caudal vertebrae, chevron bones are H-shaped when viewed ventrally, and give attachment to tendons of the caudal muscles. This report describes the relationships between the structural peculiarities of the lower axial skeleton and the locomotive habits of the musk shrew.
A case of osteomyelosclerosis (ie, an advanced stage of the myeloproliferative disorder named myelofibrosis) was reported in an adult male skeleton dating from the 17th or 18th century. The diagnosis was founded on the presence of a newly formed microspongiosa and a thickening of the preexisting trabeculae. A subperiosteal thickening of the cortical bone was also noted.
Analysis of 1516 orthopantomograms of the jaws has revealed hypodontia in 256 (16.88%) cases, in 119 (46.48%) of these more than 10 permanent teeth were missing. A total of 182 lateral teleroentgenograms of the head were analyzed, recorded in 63 subjects with orthognathic occlusion, in 85 ones with abnormal occlusion due to hypodontia, and in 34 ones with hypodontia combined with anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Typical disorders of facial skeleton structure in hypodontia and anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia were defined with due consideration for the period of occlusion formation.
The development of the skeleton and limbs joints of embryo and fetus of 5.5-9 weeks has been studied. The organogenesis of the anlages of bones is completed by the end of the embryonal period, when every of them can be identified clearly according to there characteristic features of anatomic structure. The linear size of the anlages of bones are changed in fetus period. The structures are proximal grow quicker. In connection this the qualitative ratio between the elements stylopodium, zeugopodium, autopodium is changed gradually while growing. In the embryonal period the cartilaginous anlages of bones separated each other densely cellular avascular interzones. Since the beginning of fetus period the synovial cavity is formed. The synovial cavity formation in time coincides with morphofunctional differentiation muscles of limbs and there innervation.
We report here the different components of erythrocyte membrane skeleton proteins between acute monocytic leukemic (AMoL) patients and normal people. The bands in the 2 region of ghost membrane from AMoL patients exhibited significant differences on SDS gel electrophoresis. Band 2.2 was found to be missing and a "new" band with molecular weight (MW) 161,000 appeared. Also band 4.9 was missing, and the amounts of spectrin, actin, and band 4.8 of AMoL patients were decreased markedly. No such alterations can be seen in normal individuals, even in acute myeloid leukemic (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemic (CML) patients.
The regenerated tail of the New Zealand gecko Hoplodactylus maculatus is equipped with an elastic cartilaginous tube as skeletal axis. Other lizard species and Sphenodon punctatus possess variably developed hyaline cartilaginous tubes. Moreover, H. maculatus enhances the functional performance of its tail by long elastic fibres, which are arranged all around the central regenerated spinal cord. The different characteristics of the regenerated skeleton could be related to the different environments that the species studied occupy in nature.
In order to assess the alterations mediated by oxidative agents in physiological and pathological conditions, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed with dodecyl sodium sulphate of red cell membranes previously subjected to oxidative stress with malonyl dialdehyde generation. The alterations of the normal proteic profile observed were related to the concentration and time of exposure to hydrogen peroxide. The red cell membranes were also treated with the following: (1) increasing doses of hydrogen peroxide with and without peroxidase, and (2) supernatant of neutrophils stimulated with digitonin or activated zymosan. No alterations of the membrane skeleton were appreciated under H2O2 treatment; on the contrary, severe alterations appeared after incubation with H2O2 + peroxidase, giving rise to several peptides with different molecular weight. Striking derangement of the proteic structure was induced by activated neutrophils, which was ascribed to release of proteolytic enzymes and activated oxygen compounds.
The use of miniplates and screws in elective osteotomies or acute trauma of the craniofacial skeleton has revolutionized this field. In jaw surgery, rigid fixation has eliminated the need for intermaxillary fixation in most cases. Bone grafts and bone segments are more easily kept in place by screws or plates, rather than the balancing act that had to be done with wire fixation. This has decreased morbidity and the risks of postoperative airway obstruction. Thus, more complex procedures can be done and younger children treated. Most craniofacial surgeons now using plates and screws are finding less postoperative swelling after elective surgery. The reason for this is not immediately obvious, although supposition is possible. The disadvantages of the use of plates and screws are, first, that the surgery must be more precise than when wire fixation is used especially jaw surgery. Second, all the systems are more expensive than wires. However, in a well-organized insurance system, the cost is offset by decreased use of intensive care units, decreased hospital stay, greater safety and less morbidity for the patient, and probably fewer complications from slippage of bone segments or infection.
Multiple bone islands were observed in a skeleton dating from the Neolithic period (two in a femoral head, two in the lower epiphysis of a femur, one in a humeral head). Macroscopic and radiographical examination was complemented by microradiography in the femoral head.
Comparative evaluation of the structure of facial skeleton was performed in 37 patients with distal occlusion and 63 subjects with orthognathic occlusion by means of x-ray cephalometric analysis. Multidimensional statistical analysis was used to clarify the pathogenesis of distal occlusion primarily caused by disparity in the jaws development. The latter elicits the so-called mixed forms of distal occlusion most common in patients.