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PubMed1979

Adverse drug reaction reporting in the Singapore General Hospital.

Adverse Drug Reaction reporting was made mandatory in the Singapore General Hospital in January 1978. Reports on a total of 59 patients were received on 34 drugs ranging from antibiotics to Chinese medicine. Antimicrobial drugs topped the list of adverse reactions. The most frequently reported drugs in decreasing order of reports were ampicillin, allopurinol, aspirin compound preparations, cloxacillin, digoxin, streptomycin, penicillins and insulins. Allergies were the most common reactions seen.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Immunogenetic aspects of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. V. Confirmation of a Chinese-related HLA profile (A2, Singapore 2) associated with an increased risk in Chinese for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Histocompatibility locus A typing of 43 Malaysian Chinese and 51 Hong Kong Chinese patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) confirmed the association between the occurrence of A2-Sin 2 and the increased risk for NPC that was previously demonstrated in Singapore Chinese. The results support the previous interpretation that the histocompatibility locus A genotype of importance in NPC predisposition is the A2-Sin 2 haplotype. The histocompatibility locus A-linked, genetically determined NPC risk is common to Asian Chinese from at least three geographic locations.

Asian People↗
PubMed1983

The susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Singapore to antimicrobial agents--studies on changes in susceptibility patterns over the years.

The results of antibiotic MIC determination on gonococci isolated in Singapore over several years were studied. 53.6% of the strains isolated in 1981 had penicillin MIC values of 0.5 microgram/ml or more. The implementation of a control programme was followed by an increase in the susceptibility of the gonococcus to penicillin, ampicillin and tetracycline. An outbreak of PPNG occurred in 1978 while the control programme was on. In the initial period the PPNG was less susceptible to tetracycline, kanamycin and spectinomycin than the non-PPNG. Later on, as the PPNG was subjected to the same antibiotic selective pressures as the non-PPNG, the differences were less obvious. Following the use of kanamycin as a front-line drug, the percentage of PPNG isolated was stabilized.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

An outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Singapore.

Epidemiological studies were carried out during an extensive outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus A 16 in Singapore in 1981. Most of the cases were concentrated in densely populated public housing estates, and the morbidity rate was highest in children under 5 years of age. The mean secondary attack rate for children under 12 years of age was 76.7% compared with an overall rate of 31.3%. The incubation period ranged from 1 to 7 days. Factors favouring the transmission of infection within a household included sharing of household and personal articles with the index case. The disease was mild and self-limiting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

An epidemic of cockles-associated hepatitis A in Singapore.

An epidemic of serologically confirmed hepatitis A occurred between May and September 1983 in Singapore. The vehicle of transmission was traced to raw and partially cooked cockles, Anadara granosa, which had been imported from places with no sanitary control on the production. Strict controls on imported cockles are warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Thalassaemia in Singapore: problems and solutions.

The genetic basis for alpha and beta thalassaemias and for HbE-thalassaemia is described, as the management of these diseases requires a sound knowledge of genetic mechanisms. It is estimated that there are at least 150,000 of the 2 1/4 million population of Singapore who possess one of the three abnormal genes, and in South-East Asia, approximately 55 million are carriers of these genes. The treatment of the severe cases leaves much to be desired. Bone marrow transplantation could provide a new approach to the treatment for beta thalassaemia major. Prevention is the ultimate solution to these problems in this part of the world, and primary and secondary modes of prevention are discussed especially the role of prenatal diagnosis of the severe forms of haemoglobinopathies. Foetal blood sampling has its problems. Improvements in methods of prenatal diagnosis include using restriction enzymes for gene mapping from cell samples obtained by amniocentesis or from chorionic villi trophoblastic cells.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Multiple primary cancers in Singapore 1968-1978.

The Singapore Cancer Registry has, since its inception, adopted very strict criteria for the registration of multiple primary cancers. This report covers 121 cases registered from 1968 to 1978, which works out to a proportion of 0.5% of all persons with cancer. The strict criteria has ruled out all second primaries in multicentric foci in the same organs or in bilaterally paired organs, thus accounting for the very small number. There were significantly more females, but no significant differences among the three major ethnic groups. The females were generally younger at first diagnosis (mean 54 years) compared to the males (mean 60 years). The time-interval between diagnoses ranged from 0 to 20 years, with the median at 3 years, the interval being longer in younger patients. Interesting site associations include the kidney-bladder and cervix-lung combinations.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Cancer incidence in Singapore by occupational groups.

Population-based registration of all cancer cases diagnosed in Singapore began in 1968. While most of the basic demographic and clinical data collected are reasonably adequate and accurate, the item on occupation is quite unsatisfactory. Most notifying practitioners either do not state the patient's occupation or use general terms that do not indicate any particular environmental exposure. In spite of the difficulties, some notifications do contain specific information on the occupation. For the period 1968-1977, analyses on cancer incidence in occupational groups were confined to Chinese males aged 35-64. Due to the lack of relevant population data, relative risks were based on the Standardised Relative Proportional Risk (SRPR), standardised for age, dialect group and place of birth. Managers and clerical workers seem to have high SRPRs for cancer of the large bowel, but low SRPRs for cancer of the lung and oesophagus. High SRPRs for lung and oesophagus are seen in some groups of manual workers (e.g., bricklayers, carpenters, transport equipment operators and labourers not otherwise specified). There is also a high SRPR for skin cancer among farmers.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

An epidemiological study of lung functions and hearing acuity in Singapore firemen.

This study was conducted on 506 firemen in Singapore. Interviews, pulmonary function tests and audiometry were conducted. With regard to pulmonary function, the results showed that forced vital capacity (FVC) increased up to the age of 25-30 years for both Chinese and Malays. Both FVC and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1.0) increased with standing height over the whole age range studied. The mean values of FVC and FEV1.0 were higher in Chinese. It was also found that the FEV1 of the subjects in the study showed a greater decline in rate with age than other workers studied by the authors previously. The hearing threshold of 83 fire fighters showed a prominent upward shift of 6-8 KHz at ages 20-30. This upward shift was more pronounced in the right ear. The implications of the findings are discussed and a comparison with results of other similar studies in other countries is made.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts in Singapore 1977-1982.

In Singapore, the treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts consist of detoxification, recuperation and orientation, indoctrination, physical training and work programme. This is followed by a Day Release Scheme to bridge the gap between the strict disciplinary regime and the free environment of the outside world. The addicts are given the opportunities to pursue academic studies. Two review committees monitor their progress. There has been a significant decrease in the total number of admission from 7084 in 1977 to 2043 in 1982. Over this period, there appears to be a drop in the number of youths recruited into drug abuse. At the same time, more and more of those who have been previously treated are coming into the drug scene.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Reference values for 24 biochemical constituents of children in Singapore.

Reference values are essential for interpretation of biochemical data on patients. Due to various problems, such values could not be obtained for the local paediatric population. This study was carried out to establish reference values for 24 biochemical constituents using blood specimens obtained from 352 Singapore children who were assessed to be free from any disease that may affect the values. For a number of biochemical constituents, reference values were also calculated for the different age groups. These values are compared with the local adult values established by the same methods.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗
PubMed1984

Road traffic accident casualties in Singapore (with special reference to drivers and front seat passengers).

In 1981, there were 43,142 road traffic accidents in Singapore resulting in 12,755 casualties with 273 deaths. The fatality rate is calculated at 6.79 per 10,000 vehicles, a figure that is high when compared with developed countries but low in comparison within the surrounding region. Various measures have been taken by the Government to lower this figure; by education, legislation, persuasion and law enforcement. The latest legislation is the seat belt law. The result of a survey on the effect of this has shown an appreciable reduction in injuries sustained.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Denial of passports to drug offenders in Singapore.

In order to curtail illicit drug trafficking, drug offenders are not allowed to leave Singapore for a specified period of time ranging from 2 to 15 years, depending on the gravity of the offence. Offenders who have committed certain drug offences, as specified in this article, are not allowed to possess passports. The Immigration Department maintains a register of drug offenders, on the basis of which it refuses to issue a passport to a person who has a drug offence record. The appeal against such a decision is referred to the Central Narcotics Bureau, which, given extenuating circumstances, may authorize the issuance of a passport for a restricted and defined period of time.

Crime↗
PubMed1983

The influence of sex, race and dialect on peptic ulcer and non-ulcer dyspepsia in Singapore.

A consecutive series of 2,277 patients presenting for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was analysed. The following groups of patients were studied with reference to sex, race and dialect groups: those presenting with dyspepsia but no haemorrhage, those presenting with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage, those with non-ulcer dyspepsia, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. Males out-numbered females in all diagnostic groups. Male and female Malays were under-represented in all diagnostic groups when compared to the Singapore population. Amongst female Chinese, there was an excess of Cantonese patients and an under-representation of Teochew patients in most diagnostic groups. These dialect differences were not remarkable amongst male Chinese. The possible reasons for these differences and their significance are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The Singapore General Hospital Cardiac Rehabilitation and Health Enhancement Programme 1979-1983.

The Singapore General Hospital Cardiac Rehabilitation and Health Enhancement Programme has taken in 148 patients since its inception in 1979. The programme initially admitted post myocardial infarction patients but has expanded to include those with coronary by pass surgery. In 1982 the programme developed a health enhancement and preventive cardiology role by taking in participants at high risk--hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. There has been no exercise prescription related deaths during the exercises.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Stroke rehabilitation--Singapore experience.

A total of 1310 cases of cerebrovascular disease with neurological deficit admitted for rehabilitation at the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, during the past 10 years (1973 to 1982) are collected and analysed. Those cases due to head injury or brain tumours are excluded from this study. 763 (58.24%) were males and 547 (41.76%) were females. 48.24% were above the age of 60, and there was almost an equal distribution of left and right hemiplegics (642 left hemiplegics and 615 right hemiplegics), with 53 having bilateral stroke. 77.25% of the cases were caused by cerebral thrombosis. 808 (61.68%) cases had hypertension, and 298 (22.75%) cases suffered from diabetes mellitus. After rehabilitation, 89.01% of the cases were ambulant with or without aids or appliances, and 91.91% were either fully independent or partially independent in self-care activities. 95.8% of the patients stayed less than three months in hospital, and 48.09% were able to go home within the first month of hospitalisation. Out of 668 cases who were working before the onset of stroke, 338 (50.60%) could return to gainful employment after their discharge from the hospital.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1982

Medical progress in Singapore--a review of the last three decades, 1951-1980.

Graduating in 1951 and up-to-date, I have been engaged in hospital practice. It is appropriate at this juncture, the year of the Silver Jubilee of the Academy of Medicine, to recollect and record the changes and progress of medicine in Singapore, during the last three decades, 1951 to 1980.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed1982

Tuberculosis chemotherapy--developments in Singapore from 1957-1982.

The last 25 years have seen many important developments in tuberculosis chemotherapy in Singapore. Beginning in the 1950s, chemotherapy consisting of streptomycin (S), isoniazid (H) and p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) was introduced at first with 2-drug and later 3-drug combinations (i.e., SPH/PH for a total of 18 to 24 months). In the 1960s, 2 early studies showed that thiacetazone (T) could not be substituted for PAS in standard chemotherapy as it was a more toxic and less potent drug. Routine tuberculosis treatment achieved good results for patients followed up for 5 years after completing treatment. A fully supervised regimen of streptomycin and isoniazid (S2H2) given twice weekly proved to be as effective as a largely self administered regimen of PAS/INH. Ethambutol (EMB) was shown to be effective in the initial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis when combined with isoniazid. In the 1970s, rifampicin (R) was first investigated starting with an intermittent regimen of isoniazid and rifampicin given once or twice weekly. The success of this regimen led to 2 short course studies of 6-month regimens. Rifampicin was given daily for the full duration of 6 months (2SHRZ/HR; 2SHRZ/HRZ; Z = pyrazinamide) or intermittently 3 times a week in the continuation phase (2SHRZ/H3R3; 2HRZ/H3R3; 1SHRZ/H3R3). All the 6 months regimens were highly effective.

Antitubercular Agents↗