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PubMed1999

Differences in cognitive complexity of adolescents with foreclosed and achieved identity status.

The purpose of this study was to assess whether the complexity of the self-concept differs based on identity status in late adolescence. Adolescents in the achieved status have a strong sense of identity that has emerged following an intense period of exploration. Adolescents in the foreclosed status also have a strong sense of identity, but they have never been through a period of exploration. It was expected that adolescents in the achieved status would have more complex self-concepts than those in the foreclosed status. 62 university students were classified into the achieved or foreclosed identity status based on their scores on the Extended Version of the Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status-2. They then completed a trait sort to measure the complexity of their self-concepts. Complexity scores were calculated based on the H statistic, an index of dispersion derived from information theory. The results were as expected. Possible structural changes underlying the process of developing identity are presented, and the usefulness of structural self-concept models for studying development of identity is examined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Psychologic functioning in 8- to 16-year-old cancer survivors and their parents.

This study presents data on psychologic adjustment (self-concept, depression, locus of control, family environment, and parental distress) for a sample of 8- to 16-year-old long-term cancer survivors (n = 138) and their mothers, and for a sample consisting of a matched group of healthy children (n = 92) and their mothers. The null hypothesis of no group differences between survivors and control subjects was tested with respect to these variables. It was hypothesized that survivors with severe late effects would have poorer self-concepts, a more external locus of control, and more depressive symptoms than children with no or mild-to-moderate late effects. The children completed the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale, the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale, and the Children's Depression Inventory. Mothers completed the Family Environment Scale and the Derogatis Stress Profile. The majority of former patients are functioning within normative limits on these standardized measures, although their scores were lower than those in the comparison group. One-way analyses of variance on the dependent measures indicate that the children with severe medical late effects have a poorer total self-concept, more depressive symptoms, and a more external locus of control than those with no or mild-to-moderate late effects. Therapies for childhood cancer are now well standardized and many long-term deleterious effects are known, so children at risk can be identified readily and steps taken early in treatment to prevent or mitigate future psychologic problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Construct validation in adolescents of the brief current form of the Parental Bonding Instrument.

We have reported elsewhere the development of a brief version of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), which we have called the Parental Bonding Instrument-Brief Current form (PBI-BC), for use in survey research in adolescent samples. It was shown in that report that PBI-BC retained the factor structure of the original instrument. The structure remained stable in adolescents' ratings of their mothers and their fathers. Given the evidence of a relationship between the dimensions from the original scale and psychopathology, it was expected that the PBI-BC would be similarly related to measures of psychopathology, namely, that there would be a set of positive correlations between the perceived parental bonding styles of high control and low autonomy-giving and measures of pathology, with a negative relationship between pathology and perceived parental styles of high care and low rejection. In addition, the present study explored the relationships between perceived parental styles and bipolar positive and negative self-concept measures, with the expectations that high control and low autonomy would be associated with more negative self-concept and that high care and low rejection would be associated with more positive self-concept. The results generally confirmed these expectations, suggesting that the brief instrument has adequate construct validity and would be particularly useful as a brief index in studies of adolescents.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2003

The experience of sexuality for individuals living with multiple sclerosis.

Little is known of the experience of sexuality among people living with multiple sclerosis (MS). This Roy Adaptation Model-based study focused on identifying the experiences of sexuality reported by individuals living with MS. A qualitative, naturalistic case study method was employed. Five women and three men diagnosed with MS were interviewed by telephone three times over a period of 1 year. The telephone interview guide consisted of a series of structured questions. Analysis of the telephone interview transcripts revealed three themes. The theme, "How I Feel About My Appearance", reflected elements of the Roy model physiological, self-concept, role function and interdependence modes. The theme, "I Have Feelings About My Sexuality", reflected the self-concept and interdependence modes, and the theme, "Sexuality For Me Has Both Negative and Positive Emotions", reflected the self-concept and interdependence modes. The small sample size precludes generalization of the results to all individuals living with MS. Nurses and other health care providers need to recognize that sexuality is an important issue for individuals with MS. Researchers should continue to examine experiences of sexuality in a larger sample of individuals with MS and also should begin to examine the effects of nursing interventions, such as support groups and individual counselling, on feelings about sexuality in individuals with MS.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Exploring relationships between college students' learning styles and motivation.

A pilot study explored the relationships between learning styles and motivation for a sample of 103 undergraduate and graduate students who completed both the Approaches to Studying Inventory and the Motivation Sources Inventory online. A significant positive but small correlation was found between scores on Surface Apathetic Approach and on Self-concept Internal motivation (r =.32, p< .01). Significant negative correlations were found between scores on Surface Apathetic Approach and on Self-concept External motivation (r = -.32, p < .01), and for Strategic Approach and Self-concept Internal (r =-.37, p<.01). Implications and further research are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

Faecal incontinence in childhood: a multidisciplinary approach including biofeedback.

One hundred and seven children with faecal incontinence were evaluated and managed over a 3 year period by a multidisciplinary team. After initial clinical assessment, evaluation of defaecatory mechanisms (using a balloon model) and assessment of personal-social development and self-concept were undertaken. Management was based on initial bowel evacuation, short-term laxatives, and habit training involving systematic use of positive reinforcement; 69 children received biofeedback conditioning. Idiopathic megacolon with constipation and soiling was the most common finding (98 cases). Other diagnoses included previously undiagnosed neurogenic bowel (three cases), post-surgical and anomalies (four cases), and psychogenic encopresis (two cases). Idiopathic megacolon was characterized by decreased rectal sensation, increased threshold for external sphincter relaxation and an inability to evacuate. Faecal incontinence was associated with an undesirably low social self-concept (70% of the 40 evaluated), but was not related to a delay in development (mean general developmental quotient = 105 +/- 8, for the 35 tested). Family psychopathology warranting referral for family therapy was found in 14 children (13%). The management programme yielded a short-term (3 months) cure rate of 68% and a long-term (12 months) cure rate of 90%, with 10% having continued soiling which varied from occasional to several incidents/week. No significant improvement in self-concept was observed overall, although marked improvements were observed in some children. We conclude that disordered defaecatory dynamics are a major determinant of faecal incontinence in children. Undesirably low social self-concepts but normal developmental ability accompany this condition. Management is facilitated by a multidisciplinary approach, acknowledging the role of both behavioural and physiological components of the problem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Breast forms after mastectomy--patient's issues.

After mastectomy restoration of body symmetry, a very important aspect of coping with daily life, may be achieved either using breast forms that are suspended in a brassière or by a new system in which breast forms are attached by adhesive strips to the thorax walls. The system promises free and easy movement, favourable effects on lymphoedema, and improvements with respect to dressing. Brassières are not necessarily needed. The influence of improved prosthetics on patients' self concept and well-being was investigated. A group of 67 patients after unilateral mastectomy tested custom breast forms and self-adhesive breast forms. Using the Frankfurter Selbstkonzeptionsskalen (Frankfurt Self-Concept Scales), plus additional questions concerning problems after mastectomy, self-concept was assessed before study and after 3 months. Analysis of variance with repeated measures revealed significant differences with respect to the scale Social Contact and Relations (FSKU). Most patients were better satisfied with epicutaneous self-adhesive breast forms. The weight and type of movement of the self-adhesive breast forms were considered natural, and adhesive strips were well tolerated. A total of 78% were able to wear more fashionable clothing. Breast reconstruction became less important for 62%. The new concept of self-adhesive breast forms is an improvement with respect to social and pyschological rehabilitation.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Physical fitness effects on substance abuse risk factors and use patterns.

In this study, seventy-four adolescents in either a school, community or hospital based drug intervention program received and eight to nine week structured fitness activity class as an integrated element of their respective prevention or treatment program. Prepost assessments indicated significant gains in the field fitness tests of one mile run, 1 minute situp, 1 minute pushup, percent fat and flexibility for the total sample. Based upon prepost change on the one mile run time (less than 1:00) subjects were categorized as improvers (n = 38) and non-improvers (n = 36). Improvers demonstrated a significant increase in the self concept risk factor (Piers Harris Self Concept Scale) and a significant decrease in anxiety and depression risk factors (General Well-Being Scale) compared to the non-improvers. At posttest, the improvers self reported substance use patterns were significantly lower compared to the non-improvers for percentage of the sample who were multiple drug users and alcohol uses per week and were significantly higher for the percentage of the sample demonstrating total abstinence. These findings are suggestive of the usefulness of physical training as a supplemental intervention for adolescent substance abusers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Identity negotiation: where two roads meet.

This article traces a program of research on the interplay between social thought and social interaction. Early investigations of the impact of perceivers' expectancies on the actions of target individuals illuminated the contribution of perceivers to the identity negotiation process but overlooked the role of targets. The research discussed here is based on the assumption that targets play an active role in the identity negotiation process. Specifically, just as perceivers strive to validate their expectancies, targets seek to verify their self-views. The nature and antecedents of the processes through which people verify their self-conceptions as well as the relationship of these activities to self-concept change and self-enhancement processes are discussed. This research suggests that perceivers and targets enter their interactions with independent and sometimes conflicting agendas that are resolved through a process of identity negotiation. The identity negotiation process therefore provides a theoretical context in which the interplay between other-perception and self-perception can be understood.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Promoting sexuality across the life span for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

Sexuality is a human right that is important to all individuals regardless of age, gender, orientation, or developmental level. Sexuality is closely related to a person's self-concept and self-esteem. Individuals with I/DD have a right to sexuality and sexual expression. Nevertheless, persons with I/DD have historically been denied this right, and many structural and attitudinal barriers exist to their healthy sexuality. Paradigms in sexuality education have shifted toward recognizing sexuality as a human right, a major life resource, and an integral part of one's makeup. To broadly address the development of healthy sexuality for individuals with I/DD, the issue needs to be normalized, not ignored or avoided; which means involving parents, staff, and professionals. Working with parents to overcome parental overprotection and social isolation is critical. Parents can provide opportunities for their sons and daughters to network and form meaningful personal relationships, with peers including encouraging association with peers outside of school or work hours.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Relation of depressive symptoms to the structure of self-knowledge in childhood.

Measures of positive, negative, and total self-complexity (or self-concept differentiation), self-compartmentalization, self-reported negative events, and self-reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, and conduct disorder were completed by 4th-, 6th-, and 8th-grade public school students. Measures of self-complexity and self-compartmentalization related positively to depression. Results were consistent across grade level. Controlling for anxiety and conduct disorder did not attenuate these effects. Results for positive and negative self-complexity were essentially equivalent to those for total self-complexity. Interactions between self-complexity and negative event and between self-compartmentalization and differential importance were not significant. The authors propose that self-complexity in childhood constitutes a response to negative self-relevant information sometimes conveyed by negative events. The authors conjecture that self-complexity does not buffer the impact of negative events in childhood but may serve as a buffer later in life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Dementia and dignity: towards a new method of surrogate decision making.

Autonomous decisions are decisions that reflect the self who makes them. Since patients in need of surrogate decision making can no longer enjoy the dignity of being free to express who they are through choice and action, surrogates should strive to, at least, make sure that decisions on behalf of the patient reflects that patient's self. Concepts of the self, then, underlie views about the role autonomy should play in surrogate decision making. Alzheimer's disease (AD) complicates the situation because it is a disease which effects the self and theorists disagree about which aspect of the AD self the decision should reflect. This disagreement has led to a seemingly irresolvable split between those who favor the then self and those who favor the now self. The debate has stalled because while both of these views are attractive, neither seems adequate. That is, neither view is complete because each focuses only on one aspect of a whole self. In this paper, I argue that a good mode of surrogate decision making is one that focuses on the whole self and I offer practical advice concerning how we can begin to think about how such a decision might be made.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Predicting minority students' success in medical school.

Despite recent attention to minority student recruitment and retention, data on predicting the success of minority medical students are scarce. Traditional predictors (college grades and scores on the Medical College Admission Test) have modest correlations with medical school grades and scores on the National Board of Medical Examiners examination for minority students. Nonetheless, admission committees also consider nontraditional variables when selecting minority students. Measures of nontraditional variables seem to assess types of intelligence not covered by traditional means. A system of organizing nontraditional or noncognitive variables into eight dimensions is proposed. The dimensions are self-concept, realistic, self-appraisal, understanding and dealing with racism, long-range goals, having a strong support person, showing leadership, having community involvement, and nontraditional knowledge acquired. Further, assessment should place more emphasis on recognizing and defining problems and on performance rather than knowledge. Combining traditional and nontraditional methods is best in selecting minority students, and sufficiently well developed measures exist in each area to make this a practical recommendation for any admission program.

Achievement↗
PubMed2006

An exploration of the influence of dispositional traits and appraisal on coping strategies in African American college students.

This study explored the correlates of self-reported coping strategies from both an appraisal (e.g., severity, impact, desirability of the event, as well as perceived stress) and a dispositional (e.g., preferred/typical coping style, self-concept clarity, self-esteem, emotion regulation, problem-solving style, anxiety) perspective. Participants were 211 African American undergraduate and graduate students from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. The results indicated that dispositional traits (especially problem-solving style) are associated uniquely with preferred/typical coping styles. The results also provided modest evidence that dispositional traits and subjects' appraisals (e.g., challenge, harm/threat, impact) are predictive of subjects' coping strategies in specific ongoing stressful situations. The general findings from this study appear to mirror research on Caucasian subjects.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Intrapersonal and interpersonal discrepancy among delinquent and nondelinquent girls: a research note.

Delinquent and nondelinquent girls were compared to examine the relationship between delinquency and masculine self-concept. Ratings of self and ideal self were obtained to compute self-ideal discrepancy indices on (a) stereotypically sex-related traits and (b) traits which each subject selected as salient to making interpersonal judgements of women. Ratings were also made of best friend and mother to examine interpersonal as well as intra-personal discrepancy indices. For stereotypic sex-role traits, discrepancy indices for the three comparisons (self-ideal, self-mother, self-best friend) revealed no differences between delinquents and nondelinquents. For personally selected traits, significant differences did appear for self-mother and self-best friend discrepancies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A social psychological perspective on HIV/AIDS and gay or homosexually active Asian men.

This paper employs findings in social psychological research to analyze HIV/AIDS-related issues among gay and homosexual Asian men living in western countries, specifically in Australia. This includes analyses of: (1) the impact of collectivistic cultural ideologies on self-conception and self-esteem; (2) self-identity related to the status of Asians as numerical and status minorities; (3) the existence of stereotypes of Asians in the gay communities and their consequences on individual Asians; and (4) issues related to self-esteem of gay Asian men as determined by their identification with the Asian and/or the gay communities and acculturation to the dominant Australian Anglo-Celtic culture.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Young adults in psychoanalytic psychotherapy: patient characteristics and therapy outcome.

The aims of this naturalistic study are to present patient characteristics and analyse various outcome measures at termination for psychoanalytic psychotherapies with young adults. Patients (n = 134) between 18 and 25 years were included, of whom 92 received individual and 42 group therapy. One third had a self-reported personality disorder. The patients were considerably more troubled than Swedish norm groups at intake and they showed improvement on all outcome measures during therapy. However, the post therapy means did not fully reach the norm group means. The largest positive changes (pre- versus post-therapy) were with respect to the patients' overall health and functioning. Changes were more moderate in self-reported symptoms, self-concept, and self-representation, while changes in interpersonal problems and object representations were small. The results of this study are discussed in the context of advantages and disadvantages of naturalistic versus randomized controlled study designs.

Adaptation, Psychological↗