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PubMed1985

The effects of Anemonia sulcata toxin II on vertebrate skeletal muscle.

Some effects of the sea anemone toxin, ATX-II, on vertebrate skeletal muscle have been described. At a concentration of 1 X 10(-7)-1 X 10(-6)M, ATX-II caused a sodium-dependent depolarization of the muscle fibres of the rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus, of the mouse soleus and extensor digitorum longus and of the chicken posterior latissimus dorsi. The muscle fibres of the frog sartorius were insensitive to the toxin. Action potentials generated by direct stimulation were prolonged by ATX-II, but the degree of prolongation was variable. Chicken posterior latissimus dorsi muscle fibres were most sensitive in this regard, and mouse extensor digitorum longus were least sensitive. Both denervated and immature muscle fibres were more sensitive to ATX-II than mature innervated muscle fibres. The sensitivity to ATX-II declined rapidly as muscle fibres matured. In some muscles, the prolongation of the action potential was enhanced by repetitive stimulation, but not by the passive depolarization or hyperpolarization of the muscle fibres. The actions of ATX-II could be reversed by washing in all but the innervated soleus of the mature rat.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1988

Peripheral input to L4 neurons whose activity is modulated by neck rotation.

We studied, in decerebrate cats, peripheral input from the ipsilateral hindlimb to L4 neurons whose activity was modulated by neck rotation ('neck-modulated neurons'). Most neurons received convergent input from muscle, cutaneous and mixed nerves. In about half the neurons muscle input consisted of short-latency group I or group II excitation or inhibition, with group II effects far more frequent. Such synaptic actions were produced almost entirely by stimulation of quadriceps or sartorius. In the other neurons muscle afferents produced only late, diffuse excitation or inhibition, with thresholds usually in the group III range.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Intracellular free Mg2+ concentration in skeletal muscle fibres of frog and crayfish.

The free intracellular Mg2+ concentration ([Mg2+]i) was investigated in frog sartorius and crayfish phasic and tonic skeletal muscle fibres, using a new Mg2(+)-sensitive microelectrode based on the ionophore ETH 5214 [Hu et al. (1989) Anal Chem 61:574-576]. In Ringer solution containing 0.5 mmol/l MgCl2, the mean [Mg2+]i of the frog muscle fibres was 1.3 mmol/l. In phasic crayfish muscle fibres, [Mg2+]i was about twice as high (mean 3.5 mmol/l) as in tonic fibres (mean 1.5 mmol/l), measured in van Harreveld solution containing 1.2 mmol/l MgCl2. Long-lasting (3-12 h) incubation of frog skeletal muscle fibres in Na(+)-free solution produced a reversible increase of [Mg2+]i by a factor of about 1.7. A tenfold rise of extracellular Mg2+ led to an increase in [Mg2+]i in the presence as well as in the absence of Na+. In these experiments, mean [Mg2+]i values of 3.2 mmol/l were never exceeded. Thus, [Mg2+]i remained at least 60 times lower than predicted from a passive distribution across the cell membrane. The results suggest the existence of a Na(+)-dependent and a Na(+)-independent Mg2+ extrusion mechanism, which is regulated by actual Mg2+ concentrations.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Body and muscle growth of domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in breast muscle.

Growth characteristics of breast (pectoralis) muscle of male Large White hybrid turkeys were described using the von Bertalanffy model and Huxley's allometric growth analysis, and the cellular maturation process of breast muscle was studied by examining the relationship between the timing of appearance of myosin heavy chain isoforms and circulating levels of thyroid hormones. The inflection points at which the maximum growth rate occurred were estimated to be 112 days for the body weight and 159 days for the breast-muscle weight. The allometric growth coefficient for pectoralis muscle, relative to the whole-body growth, was 1.23 and significantly greater than those of the gastrocnemius, sartorius, latissimus dorsi and extensor digiti muscles during the first 12 weeks posthatch. Myosin was prepared from pectoralis muscle of turkeys at ages ranging from 15 days of incubation (embryos) to 308 days (adult), and embryonic, neonatal and adult isoforms of myosin heavy chain were detected by monoclonal antibodies in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In turkey embryos, the embryonic myosin heavy chain isoform appeared by 22 days of incubation. The transition from embryonic isoform expression to neonatal isoform expression was noted shortly after hatch, and the transition from neonatal to adult was initiated at 7 days posthatch and was nearly completed by 28 days posthatch. The circulating thyroxine concentration rose and fell markedly around the time of hatch and fluctuated within the range of 11 to 19 ng/ml. The triiodothyronine concentration fluctuated within the range of 5 to 7 ng/ml after hatch and started to fall at 14 days posthatch to reach the adult level of 3 to 5 ng/ml.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Somatosensory unit input to the spinal cord during normal walking.

Chronic recording techniques in freely walking cats have been used to sample unitary activity from most large myelinated afferent classes. Cutaneous mechanoreceptors are highly sensitive and generate regular activity patterns predictable from their modalities. Knee joint afferents can fire briskly midrange locomotory movements but appear to be influenced by factors other than joint angle. Golgi tendon organs generate activity consistent with sensitivity to active muscle tension. Muscle spindle afferents do not appear to conform to any single functional pattern for all muscles. It is suggested that degree and rate of stretch are sensed by spindles (possibly under dynamic fusimotor bias) in extensor muscles which normally undergo isometric or lengthening contractions whereas rapidly modulated static fusimotor activity is employed to preserve spindle activity during the rapidly shortening contractions of flexor muscles. Both patterns may be represented in different spindles of bifunctional, biarticular muscles such as rectus femoris and sartorius.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Muscle hydatidosis. 15 cases].

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyse the epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of muscle hydatidosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included a series of 15 patients with hydatic muscular cysts operated on in our service over an eight year period. Five cysts were superficial and ten were deep. Patients were predominantly young adults (10 cases); M/F sex ratio was 2/1. Clinical signs included atypical pain, particularly for the deep localizations, and tumoral formations, particularly for superficial localizations. Diagnosis of muscle hydatidosis was made in some patients seen for complications or systematic search for another localization. A second hepatic localization was found in 5 cases and a splenic localization in one. Sonography provided the diagnosis in all cases although the exact localization could not be determined. A CT scan was performed in half the cases. Localizations included the diaphragm 7 cases, psoas 3 cases, and buttock, triceps, sartorius, anterior tibial and intercostal muscles 1 case each. RESULTS: Surgical treatment was the same for all abdominal localizations, although different access routes were used. Partial pericystostomy was the basic procedure and gave excellent results. One case was complicated by a crural nerve lesion that recovered spontaneously. Recurrence in the diaphragm occurred in two cases and was successfully treated surgically two years later. One patient died due to acute liver failure subsequent to multiple cysts which had destroyed the entire liver.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Organization of lumbosacral motoneuronal cell groups innervating hindlimb, pelvic floor, and axial muscles in the cat.

In a study on descending pathways from the nucleus retroambiguus (NRA) to hindlimb motoneurons (see accompanying paper), it appeared impossible, using data from the literature, to precisely determine which muscles were innervated by the motoneurons receiving the NRA fibers. This lack of data made it necessary to produce a detailed map of the lumbosacral motoneuronal cell groups in the cat. Therefore, 50 different muscles or muscle compartments of hindlimb, pelvic floor and lower back were injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in 135 cases. The respective muscles were divided into ten groups: I, sartorius and iliopsoas; II, quadriceps; III, adductors; IV, hamstrings; V, gluteal and other proximal muscles of the hip; VI, posterior compartment of the distal hindlimb; VII, anterior compartment of the distal hindlimb; VIII, long flexors and intrinsic muscles of the foot; IX, pelvic floor muscles; and X, extensors of the lower back and tail. The L4-S2 segments were cut and incubated, and labeled motoneurons were counted and plotted. A new method was developed that made it possible, despite variations in size and segmental organization between the different cases, to compare the results of different cases. The results show that the spatial interrelationship between the hindlimb and pelvic floor lumbosacral motoneuronal cell groups remains constant. This finding enabled the authors to compose an accurate overall map of the location of lumbosacral motoneuronal cell groups. The general distribution of the motoneuronal cell groups is also discussed in respect to their dorsoventral, mediolateral, and rostrocaudal position within the lumbosacral ventral horn.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Electrical properties of frog skeletal muscle fibers interpreted with a mesh model of the tubular system.

This paper presents the construction, derivation, and test of a mesh model for the electrical properties of the transverse tubular system (T-system) in skeletal muscle. We model the irregular system of tubules as a random network of miniature transmission lines, using differential equations to describe the potential between the nodes and difference equations to describe the potential at the nodes. The solution to the equations can be accurately represented in several approximate forms with simple physical and graphical interpretations. All the parameters of the solution are specified by impedance and morphometric measurements. The effect of wide circumferential spacing between T-system openings is analyzed and the resulting restricted mesh model is shown to be approximated by a mesh with an access resistance. The continuous limit of the mesh model is shown to have the same form as the disk model of the T-system, but with a different expression for the tortuosity factor. The physical meaning of the tortuosity factor is examined, and a short derivation of the disk model is presented that gives results identical to the continuous limit of the mesh model. Both the mesh and restricted mesh models are compared with experimental data on the impedance of muscle fibers of the frog sartorius. The derived value for the resistivity of the lumen of the tubules is not too different from that of the bathing solution, the difference probably arising from the sensitivity of this value to errors in the morphometric measurements.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Muscle MRI in Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy and Bethlem myopathy.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the spectrum of muscle involvement on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in patients with collagen VI related disorders. Nineteen patients with genetically confirmed collagen VI related disorders, 10 with Bethlem myopathy and 9 with Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD), had muscle MRI of their legs using T1 sequences through calves and thighs. In patients with Bethlem myopathy the vasti muscles appeared to be the most frequently and most strikingly affected thigh muscles, with a rim of abnormal signal at the periphery of each muscle and relative sparing of the central part. Another frequent finding was the presence of a peculiar involvement of the rectus femoris with a central area of abnormal signal within the muscle. Patients with Ullrich CMD had a more diffuse involvement of the thigh muscles with relative sparing of sartorius, gracilis and adductor longus. In 8 of the 9 patients with Ullrich CMD, we also observed the peripheral rim of the vastus lateralis and the central area in the rectus femoris observed in patients with Bethlem myopathy. At calf level the results were more variable but a significant proportion of patients with both Bethlem myopathy (8/10) and Ullrich CMD (6/9) showed a rim of abnormal signal at the periphery of soleus and gastrocnemii. Bethlem myopathy and Ullrich CMD patients have distinct patterns of muscle involvement on MRI with some overlap between the two forms. Our results suggest that muscle MR may be used, as an additional tool, to identify patients with collagen VI related disorders. This information is even more important in the patients with a typical Ullrich CMD clinical phenotype but with normal collagen expression of VI in muscle and/or skin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The development of hindlimb motor activity studied in the isolated spinal cord of the chick embryo.

The development of hindlimb motor activity was studied in an isolated preparation of the chick spinal cord. The motor output from lumbosacral segments was characterized by recording the pattern of ventral root and muscle nerve discharge in 6-14-d-old embryos. In addition, the synaptic drive underlying motoneuron activity was monitored electrotonically from the ventral roots. Spontaneous motor activity consisted of recurring episodes of cyclical motoneuron discharge. During development, both the number of cycles in each episode and the intensity of discharge in each cycle progressively increased. Monophasic, positive ventral root potentials accompanied each cycle of motoneuron discharge. Prior to the innervation of hindlimb muscles at stage 26, ventral root discharge was barely detectable despite the presence of large ventral root potentials. Following hindlimb muscle innervation, each cycle of activity was initiated by a brief, intense discharge that coincided with the rising phase of the ventral root potential. In embryos older than stage 30, the initial discharge was followed, after a delay, by a more prolonged discharge. The duration of ventral root potentials was shortest in the stage 26 embryos, but was similar in embryos at stage 29 and older. The developmental changes in the coordination of antagonist activity were documented by recording the pattern of discharge in sartorius (flexor) and caudilioflexorius (extensor) muscle nerves between stage 30 and stage 36. At stage 30 both sets of motoneurons were coactivated during the brief discharge that initiated each cycle. By stage 31 a second discharge occurred in each cycle. The second discharge was delayed in flexor, but not in extensor, motoneurons, which led to an alternating pattern of activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Parallel reflex pathways from flexor muscle afferents evoking resetting and flexion enhancement during fictive locomotion and scratch in the cat.

Reflex actions of muscle afferents in hindlimb flexor nerves were examined on ipsilateral motoneurone activity recorded in peripheral nerves during midbrain stimulation-evoked fictive locomotion and during fictive scratch in decerebrate cats. Trains of stimuli (15-30 shocks at 200 Hz) were delivered during the flexion phase at intensities sufficient to activate both group I and II afferents (5 times threshold, T). In many preparations tibialis anterior (TA) nerve stimulation terminated ongoing flexion and reset the locomotor cycle to extension (19/31 experiments) while extensor digitorum longus (EDL) stimulation increased and prolonged the ongoing flexor phase activity (20/33 preparations). The effects of sartorius, iliopsoas and peroneus longus muscle afferent stimulation were qualitatively similar to those of EDL nerve. Resetting to extension was seen only with higher intensity stimulation (5T) while ongoing flexor activity was often enhanced at group I intensity (2T) stimulation. The effects of flexor nerve stimulation were qualitatively similar during fictive scratch. Reflex reversals were consistently observed in some fictive locomotor preparations. In those cases, EDL stimulation produced a resetting to extension and TA stimulation prolonged the ongoing flexion phase. Occasionally reflex reversals occurred spontaneously during only one of several stimulus presentations. The variable and opposite actions of flexor afferents on the locomotor step cycle indicate the existence of parallel spinal reflex pathways. A hypothetical organization of reflex pathways from flexor muscle afferents to the spinal pattern generator networks with competing actions of group I and group II afferents on the flexor and extensor portions of this central circuitry is proposed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1999

Influence of dietary fat and vitamin E on antioxidant status of muscles of turkey.

The aim of this study was to better understand the effects of more or less unsaturated fat source (tallow/soy oil/rapeseed oil) and/or vitamin E dietary supplementation (200 ppm) on the antioxidant status (at day 1 post-mortem) of turkey muscles [pectoralis major (Pm) and sartorius (S)]. More particularly, when turkeys were fed tallow, supplementation was sufficient to improve significantly the vitamin E status. Feeding rapeseed oil increased the antioxidant enzyme (AOE) activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathion reductase), glutathione concentration, and value from the benzoic acid test. Dietary soy oil increased glutathione peroxidase activity, compared to other dietary fat sources. With tallow, most of AOE activities were lower than with rapeseed or soy oil. Whatever the feeding mode, vitamin E supplementation did not affect the AOE activities, glutathione concentration, or values from the benzoic acid test. AOE activities were always higher in the oxidative S muscle than in the glycolytic Pm muscle. After feeding tallow, 9 days of storage increased TBA-RS and carbonyl contents, whereas the activity of many antioxidant enzymes and the total antioxidant activity (TEAC test and benzoic acid test) decreased.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Capillary spatial pattern and muscle fiber geometry in three hamster striated muscles.

Since most oxygen exchange in muscle is thought to occur by diffusion across the walls of capillaries, it is important to determine the spatial relationship between capillaries and muscle fibers. We have extended the work of Kayar et al. (Microvasc. Res 24: 326-341, 1982) to include other statistical tests that allow one to make stronger statements regarding the spatial pattern. Data for hamsters were obtained from two sartorius, three retractor, and five soleus muscle sections. Distances between all pairs of capillaries, distances between a capillary and its first nearest neighbor for all capillaries, and distances between random tissue sample points and the closest capillary were used to test the spatial arrangement of capillaries. The null hypothesis tested of complete spatial randomness of capillary locations was rejected in favor of a regular alternative in one each of the sartorius and retractor fields and in all five soleus fields. We formulated a geometric model, composed of a space-filling array of identical hexagonal muscle fibers with capillaries placed randomly at the juncture of three fibers or between two fibers, according to the observed relative probability of those occurrences. The model simulations of muscle fibers and capillaries were then analyzed by the same statistical tests used on the histological sections. The findings were similar in both cases, providing confidence that the assumptions of the model were sufficient approximations. The results of this study provide a basis for the placement of capillaries around muscle fibers in mathematical models of oxygen transport in capillary networks.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Activity of interneurons within the L4 spinal segment of the cat during brainstem-evoked fictive locomotion.

Extracellular recordings from interneurons located in the L4 spinal segment were made during fictive locomotion produced by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) in the paralysed decerebrate cat. Only interneurons within the L4 segment which received group II input from quadriceps, sartorius or the pretibial flexor muscle afferents and which had axonal projections to motor nuclei in L7 were selected for analysis. During the fictive step cycle two thirds of these interneurons fired action potentials during the time of activity in the ipsilateral hindlimb flexor neurograms. These cells were also less responsive to peripheral input during the extension phase of the fictive locomotion cycle. The remaining one third of the interneurons examined were not rhythmically active during locomotion. The possible contributions of the midlumbar interneurons to motoneuron activity during locomotion are discussed.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1995

Avulsion fracture of the anterior superior iliac spine presenting as acute-onset meralgia paresthetica.

Avulsion fracture of the anterior superior iliac spine is rare. Most cases occur in adolescents involved in competitive sports or vigorous exercise in which the sartorius and tensor fascia lata muscles are contracted strongly and suddenly against a hyperextended trunk. Patients who sustain this injury usually experience acute pain in the anterior pelvic region. We describe a patient with avulsion of the anterior superior iliac spine who presented with meralgia paresthetica. The symptoms resolved with conservative treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Field potentials generated by group II muscle afferents in the middle lumbar segments of the cat spinal cord.

1. A powerful projection from group II muscle afferents of hind-limb muscles to the 3rd, 4th and 5th segments of the lumbar spinal cord has been demonstrated by focal synaptic field potential recording. 2. Field potentials were found at two locations: one in the dorsal horn (Rexed's laminae IV and V) and the other in the intermediate zone and ventral horn (Rexed's laminae VII and VIII). In the dorsal horn the field potentials were exceptionally large and were evoked only by group II afferents. At more ventral locations, they were smaller and were sometimes preceded by small field potentials evoked by group I afferents. 3. At both locations field potentials could be evoked by stimulation of a number of hind-limb muscle nerves at strengths sufficient to activate group II afferents. However, some nerves consistently evoked more powerful effects than others and the largest potentials were from the nerves to quadriceps, sartorius and to the pretibial flexor muscles (tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus). Activation of articular afferents (from the knee joint nerve) or Pacinian corpuscle afferents (from the interosseous nerve) evoked small field potentials at some locations. 4. In the dorsal horn the latency of the field potentials was so short that they must have been generated monosynaptically. Field potentials in the ventral horn had longer latencies, by 0.5-1.0 ms, but they also appear to have been monosynaptically evoked by slowly conducting intraspinal collaterals. This conclusion is based primarily on the effects of intraspinal stimulation which was found to antidromically activate afferents with the appropriate latencies and thresholds. 5. Evidence is presented that the dorsal and ventral field potentials are generated by afferents whose receptors can be activated by small (less than 100 micron) muscle stretches.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1987

Cat hindlimb motoneurons during locomotion. I. Destination, axonal conduction velocity, and recruitment threshold.

Fine flexible wire microelectrodes chronically implanted in the fifth lumbar ventral root (L5 VR) of 17 cats rendered stable records of the natural discharge patterns of 164 individual axons during locomotion on a treadmill. Fifty-one out of 164 axons were identified as motoneurons projecting to the anterior thigh muscle group. For these axons, the centrifugal propagation of action potentials was demonstrated by the technique of spike-triggered averaging using signals recorded from cuff electrodes implanted around the femoral nerve. The axonal conduction velocity was measured from the femoral nerve cuff records. For 43/51 motoneurons, the corresponding target muscle was identified by spike-triggered averaging of signals recorded from bipolar EMG electrodes implanted in each of the anterior thigh muscles: vastus intermedius, medialis and lateralis, sartorius anterior and medialis, and rectus femoris. For 32/51 motoneurons, the recruitment threshold during locomotion was determined from the mean value of the rectified digitally smoothed EMG of the target muscle measured at the time when the motoneuron fired its first spike for each step. The recruitment threshold of every motoneuron was relatively constant for a given speed of walking, but for some units there were small systematic variations as a function of treadmill speed (range: 0.1-1.3 m/s). Recruitment thresholds were standardized with respect to the mean value of peak EMG activity of the target muscle during 16 s of walking at 0.5 m/s. For 28/51 motoneurons recorded in nine cats, recruitment thresholds (range: 3-93% of peak target muscle EMG) were linearly correlated (r = 0.51, P less than 0.02) to axonal conduction velocities (range: 57-117 m/s). In addition, for seven recorded pairs of motoneurons that projected to the same muscle in the same cat, the recruitment thresholds were ordered by relative conduction velocities. Taken together, these results are consistent with the notion that, in normal cat locomotion up to a medium trot, anterior thigh motoneurons are progressively recruited in an orderly fashion.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1981

A surgical technique for hip disarticulation.

Hip disarticulation is usually elected for malignant bony and soft tissue tumors below the lesser trochanter of the femur. The operation is performed with the patient in a posterolateral position; in the first phase of the procedure the surgeon stands anterior to the patient. After incision of the skin and division of the femoral vessels and nerve, muscles of the anterior thigh are transected off the pelvic bone from lateral to medial starting with the sartorius and finishing with the adductor magnus. Muscles are divided at their origin except for the iliopsoas and obturator externus which are divided at their insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur. The quadratus femoris muscle is identified and preserved, then the flexor muscles are transected at their site of origin from the ischial tuberosity. During the next phase the surgeon is posterior to the patient, and the pelvis is rotated from the posterolateral to the anterolateral position. After completion of the skin incision, the gluteal fascia, tensor fascia lata, and the gluteus maximus muscles are divided and dissected free of their posterior attachments to expose the muscles inserting by way of a common tendon onto the greater trochanter. These muscles are then transected at their insertion on the bone. The posterior aspect of the joint capsule is then exposed and transected. Finally, the sciatic nerve is divided and allowed to retract beneath the piriformis muscle. To close the wound the preserved muscles are approximated over the joint capsule and the gluteal fascia secured to the inguinal ligament over suction drains. The skin is closed with interrupted sutures.

Disarticulation↗