Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Population Programs”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,441 records · Page 80Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[The Epidemiologic Observatory and the Epidemiology Service: the Campania Region experience].

As an effect of recent Laws, epidemiology will be more and more involved in the assessment of goals in Public Health and policy making, so that the debate about structure and placing of epidemiological function is more than ever actual. In this view, the route of epidemiology in Campania Region is explained, with a detailed description of the history and laws as well as of the structure and functions of both central and local units in charge of epidemiological function; weaknesses and strengths of the current system are fully examined and an hypothesis for an organizational model in the next future is formulated.

Certification↗
PubMed2003

Interaction of hemoglobin E and several forms of alpha-thalassemia in Cambodian families.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe hematologic and molecular characterization of the interaction of hemoglobin (Hb) E and several forms of alpha-thalassemia causing complex thalassemia syndromes in two Cambodian families as well as to establish a rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for simultaneous detection of Hb Constant Spring (CS) and Hb Pakse' (PS). DESIGN AND METHODS: Using PCR and DNA sequencing, the alpha- and beta-globin genotypes were examined. Clinical and hematologic data were assessed. A multiplex asymmetric allele-specific PCR for differential diagnosis of HbCS and HbPS was developed and validated. RESULTS: Eight genotypes including heterozygous HbCS, heterozygous HbPS, double heterozygous HbE/HbPS, double heterozygous HbE/alpha-thalassemia 2, triple heterozygous HbE/alpha-thalassemia /HbPS, homozygous HbE/alpha-thalassemia 2, compound alpha-thalassemia 2/HbCS and a hitherto undescribed compound HbCS/HbPS were found in these two families. Genotype-phenotype relationships are discussed and successful application of a multiplex PCR system for differential diagnosis of HbCS and HbPS is described. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: The interaction of several globin gene abnormalities in Cambodian families emphasizes the high frequencies of thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies. Identification of HbPS suggests that this mutation might be common and underestimated among South-east Asian populations. A simplified PCR assay for simultaneous detection of HbCS and HbPS would facilitate characterization of these genotypes in both the clinical setting and population screening programs in the region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Stroke--risk factors and primary prevention].

The five major risk factors for stroke are hypertension, smoking, diabetes, atrial fibrillation and physical inactivity. All of these are amenable. In addition, although hypercholesterolemia is not strongly associated with stroke in epidemiological studies, primary prevention with statins provides a modest reduction of stroke risk. Unchanged population levels of blood pressure in Sweden over the last two decades are accompanied by constant stroke incidence rates. The single most cost-effective preventive action is detection and treatment of hypertension in the elderly. Antismoking advice and anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation and other cardiac sources of embolism also have favourable effects relative to costs. There is a dearth of successful population-based programs to prevent stroke.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1992

AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: implications for health education.

This paper reviews the current epidemiologic status of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on what is currently understood about the distinctive features of heterosexual transmission in young men, women, and children. Epidemiologic data show that AIDS is transmitted primarily through heterosexual vaginal intercourse. Heterosexual transmission is highlighted both as the principal mode of spread of AIDS in east, central, and southern Africa and as the primary focus for AIDS education and control of the epidemic. The transmission of AIDS, like that of other sexually transmissible diseases, results from sexual behaviors that are rooted in social and cultural values that are not easily changed. The primary risk factors--including multiple sex partners, prostitution, and unprotected intercourse--are examined. The perceived obstacles to control of the epidemic include unfavorable government reactions to the epidemic, poor public knowledge, prevailing sexual attitudes, and reluctance to use condoms. These and other immediate and competing risk factors like unemployment and poverty combine to complicate the task of AIDS education.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Etiology and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.

An increasing bulk of evidence suggests that type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease with a strong immunogenetic background. 1st-degree relatives of type 1 diabetic patients, especially HLA-identical individuals, bear an increased risk to develop the disease. The autoimmune reactions are pronounced at the onset of disease where an infiltration of islets with T and B lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages can be observed. Autoreactive T lymphocytes play a crucial role among effector mechanisms which finally lead to a selective destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Disease-specific autoantibodies (Ab) include cytoplasmic islet cell Ab (ICA), islet cell surface Ab (ICSA), Ab to the 64KD islet cell protein and Ab to insulin (IAA). As ICA can be detected months or years before the onset of clinical disease, testing of individuals at risk or population screening programs can help to recognize subclinical insulitis. High titers of ICA and high levels of IAA, as measured by radioimmunoassay, indicate a high risk for progression to type 1 diabetes. A blunted first phase insulin response in the i.v. glucose tolerance test is the most sensitive sign of an irreversible metabolic deterioration. It is likely that immunotherapy at a prediabetic state will be more efficacious than its initiation after the clinical manifestation of diabetes. However, the appropriate immunotherapeutical strategies are yet to be worked out.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed2004

Update: adverse events following civilian smallpox vaccination--United States, 2003.

During January 24-December 31, 2003, smallpox vaccine was administered to 39,213 civilian health-care and public health workers in 55 jurisdictions to prepare the United States for a possible terrorist attack using smallpox virus. This report updates information on vaccine-associated adverse events among civilians vaccinated since the beginning of the program and among contacts of vaccinees, received by CDC from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) during August 9-December 31.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed2003

Progress and challenges toward poliomyelitis eradication in Indonesia.

Poliomyelitis is one of few diseases that can be eradicated. The virus cannot survive outside the body and effective vaccine is available to protect children and stop transmission. Today, there are 3 million children each year saved by the oral polio vaccine (OPV) and globally the reported cases have declined from 50,000 to 7,000 in 1999. At present, 20 countries may remain at risk of continued transmission, mostly in Africa and Asia. In the region of SEARO, wild poliovirus is still transmitted in India, Nepal and Bangladesh. Efforts to eradicate polio had been made in Indonesia, through a four-pronged strategy; routine immunization, National Surveillance Days (NIDs), surveillance of Acute Onset of Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) cases, and supplementary immunizations. No polio cases have been detected in Indonesia since 1995, but some problem will remain until the whole SEARO region is certified polio-free. Filling the immunization gap and revitalizing the AFP surveillance program are among the highest priority activities.

Health Plan Implementation↗
PubMed2004

[What vaccination has brought].

The vaccines have improved obviously and constantly the struggle against infectious diseases. When the immunisations have been well applied some diseases fell down dramatically: i.e. diphtheria, poliomyelitis and smallpox which was eradicated. Actually some efficacious vaccines as measles or rubella vaccines could eliminate the diseases. Nevertheless in many developed countries the immunisation coverage is not properly reached and the diseases are always circulating, with a shift of age towards adults, with more severe diseases or new epidemiology (i.e. pertussis). However measles have been eliminated from some countries as Finland, Sweden, United States. The adverse events of vaccines are nowadays enhanced and discourage immunisation among some doctors or patients. The benefit-risk ratio has to be made very clear to avoid a lack or a denial of immunisation after false fears about risk of some vaccines. An improvement of surveillance and of correct information is highly required.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed2002

Glaucoma arrives on managed care's doorstep.

Popular new prostaglandins, prostamides, and alpha2 agonists have brought about higher utilization, while their expense has produced a new cost driver in managed care organizations. The recent appearance of competitive products within these drug classes has offered patients, health plans, and physicians new treatment options.

Drug Costs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of rubella antibodies among schoolgirls in Sana'a, Republic of Yemen.

To determine the prevalence of rubella antibodies and age of exposure to rubella among Yemeni schoolgirls, we studied the sera samples of 323 female students (age range 11-21 years; mean age 16.26 +/- 1.89 years) drawn from three schools in Sana'a. All samples were screened for rubella IgG antibodies using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and, if negative, for IgM in order to exclude the possibility of recent exposure. Of 323 sera, 296 (91.64%) were positive for rubella IgG. All IgG negative sera were also IgM negative. Comparable antibody prevalence was observed in all age groups. The prevalence of rubella IgG among Yemeni schoolgirls is high, with most becoming immune between the ages of 11 and 21 years. Although the age of exposure seems to be < or = 13 years, further investigation is needed to confirm this.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Some characteristics of the HIV epidemic in Morocco.

The first case of AIDS in Morocco was declared in 1986 and since then the number of AIDS cases has steadily increased. According to the Ministry of Health, the cumulative number of AIDS cases in December 2002 was 1085. HIV in Morocco is acquired mainly through heterosexual intercourse. Individuals aged between 30 and 39 years and in the regions of Marrakech and Agadir have been the most affected. Monitoring of the trend of the epidemic by sentinel surveillance surveys indicates that Morocco is still a low prevalence zone, since prevalence among pregnant women is less than 1%. The estimated number of HIV-infected people in Morocco is around 15 000. It is not clear why the epidemic here has not evolved as it has in the sub-Saharan countries where it is spreading at an alarming rate. Late introduction of HIV-1 subtype B in Morocco, which is relatively less transmissible, circumcision and reduced risk behaviours of Muslims may explain this. Nonetheless, because prevalence has increased in recent years, unless preventive measures are strengthened, the HIV epidemic will worsen in Morocco.

Adult↗