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At least 1,441 records · Page 80Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

[Toward integrated dengue control ].

Dengue is the most important arthropod-borne viral disease, it is characterized by mild symptoms to hemorrhagic manifestations and shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). Dengue and DHF/DSS have become major public health problems worldwide. In the urban areas of tropical and subtropical regions approximately 50 million infections occur annually. In Venezuela the situation is similar to the rest of the Americas. The impact of dengue points out the necessity of very organized and effective control programs. The emergency measures to combat the epidemics have had limited effects. There is not a specific management of dengue infections, no vaccine is commercially available and vector control is one of the alternatives to stop the spread of the disease, but an integral control program is needed, with each population's particularities and the state of epidemic risk in that it is. In the practice, it is to combine the environmental reparation with the changes in the human behavior taken place by the sanitary education and the necessary laws for it, integrated with the biological fight against the vector in the way and more appropriate moment and the chemical control in epidemic situations. This last aspect is fundamental as message of change toward an active attitude and of conscience, without which we can affirm with all security that doesn't exist government neither system of health able to solve this problem.

Aedes↗
PubMed2003

Efficacy of insect parasitoid Dirhinus himalayanus (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) & insect growth regulator, triflumuron against house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: In fly management programme chemicals are extensively used. Combined use of insect growth regulator (IGR) and parasitoids would yield a better reduction in fly density, as exposure of fly larvae to sub lethal dose of IGR enhances pupal duration and thereby increases the exposure time for parasitism. The objective of the present study was to explore the additive effect of both Dirhinus himalayanus, an insect parasitoid and triflumuron, an IGR in controlling house fly, Musca domestica. METHODS: In the field trial the study sites were allocated based on two-way ANOVA performed on one year pre-treatment survey. Parasitoid release and IGR treatment were initiated when the growth rate (lambda) of M. domestica was in an increasing trend. Parasitoids were released at a rate of 6 number/m2 for three months (February-April 2000), whereas IGR was applied at a dose of 10 mg/m2 at fortnightly interval from February to December 2000. Control efficacy was assessed using Mulla's formula. RESULTS: Reduction in puparia density was 59.29, 48.67 and 69.08 per cent respectively in areas, where parasitoids, ICR and combination of both IGR and parasitoids were used. Corresponding figures for adult population were 55.69, 49.71 and 77.14 per cent respectively. The per cent reduction in puparia and adult density was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the experimental areas than in the check. When the per cent reduction in adult and puparia density among different experimental areas was compared, it was observed that the reduction in fly density was significantly higher in the areas, where the combination of both parasitoid-IGR (P=0.00102) and IGR (P=0.03175) were used, while in areas where parasitoid (P=0.06191) were released the reduction in fly density was not significant. Similarly, there was a significant reduction in puparia density in areas where both parasitoid-IGR combination (P=0.0001) or IGR (P=0.002) were used, whereas in parasitoid (P=0.0612) released areas it was not significant. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The results show that the combined use of parasitoid and IGR is effective in reducing puparia and fly density. Therefore, for sustenance of an effective fly control programme, both parasitoid and IGR may be used.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Cloning and characterization of the neutral trehalase gene in Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa102].

The partial fragment of the neutral trehalase (NTL) in Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa102 was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers designed according to the sequences of the NTL in GenBank. The amplified fragment was cloned and sequenced. Based on the known sequence of NTL gene, the 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) were used to amplify the 5' and 3'regions of the NTL cDNA, then the whole cDNA sequence of NTL gene in M. anisopliae CQMa102 was obtained by combining the above sequences and its whole genomic DNA was amplified by PCR. In order to obtain more regulatory information of the NTL, panhandle polymerase chain reaction strategy was used to amplify the 5' flanking sequences adjacent to the known sequence of the neutral trehalase gene. The sequence analysis shows that the DNA sequence is 3484bp in size, includes three introns, and the cDNA sequence is 2385 bp in size, encodes a protein of 737 amino acid residues with a calculated Mr of 83.1kD, in which there is a cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate-dependent phosphorylation consensus site and a putative calcium binding site, which is consistent with a regulatory enzyme. Comparison of this sequence with the NTL of M. anisopliae ME1 in GenBank (GenBank Accession: AJ298019, AJ298020) shows that the nucleotide homology is as high as 93%, and the amino acid homology comes up to 99%. Southern analysis indicated that NTL gene was present as a single copy in this M. anisopliae strain. A single transcript of approximately 2.5 kb was detected by Northern blot analysis. The NTL mRNA was present throughout spore germination in rich medium, but accumulated to its highest level at the early stage of exponential growth. Thereafter, the mRNA level declined at the late stage of exponential growth, but began to show an increase during the stationary phase of growth. A 982bp upstream sequence of NTL was amplified using panhandle PCR method, which contains one stress response element (STRE). The NTL nucleotide sequence and its amino acid sequence have been accessed by GenBank (Accession: AY557613, AY557612).

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Testing effectiveness of selected bio-insecticides for reducing the population of cockroaches (Blattella germanica L.)].

The usefulness was tested of the biological insecticides containing B. thuringiensis available in the market in the eradication of cockroaches. Thuridan was the most effective out of the tested insecticides in reducing the number of the insects. Its higher activity in relation to Thuricide was evident at all tested concentrations. Males were more sensitive than females. On the other hand, no significant response of cockroaches to M-one preparation was noted, since the per cent of dying insects was only slightly higher than in the control group.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The effect of a combined approach to schistosomiasis control on the transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in Xingzi of Poyang Lake area, China.

The impact of a combined approach to schistosomiasis control from 1987 to 1989 and mass chemotherapy from 1992 to 1994 was studied in a rural community in Xingzi county in the northwest corner of Poyang Lake in Jiangxi Province, China. Humans, cattle, buffalo and pigs were known potential reservoirs of Schistosoma japonicum. Transmission occurs during water contact on and around seasonally flooded marshes that are used for grazing, the harvesting of grass and fishing. Humans and livestock underwent yearly selective mass chemotherapy, and snails were eliminated through ploughing and compacting of the marshland in the spring of 1988. Transmission was monitored through the determination of annual re-infection rates in samples of the human population, the annual examination of piles of feces from animals and humans in the marshland, the annual collection and examination of intermediate snail hosts, and the exposure to potentially polluted water and subsequent examination of sentinel mice. Schistosomiasis prevalence among humans and animals declined sharply as soon as mass chemotherapy was implemented. Snail density decreased even before mollusc control was started, possibly indicating a high variability of this indicator. The infection rates of snails and sentinel mice reached zero after a single application of mollusc control. The results underline the importance of single infected water buffalo for the transmission of schistosomiasis. Since the impact stopped for two years (1990-1991), the schistosomiasis prevalence rose quickly. Mass chemotherapy was an effective means to curb the prevalence of schistosomiasis in this area, but the effects were only maintained for one or two years in the marsh zone.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Integrated pest management approach for a new pest, Lacanobia subjuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Washington apple orchards.

Bioassays of Lacanobia subjuncta (Grote and Robinson) larvae established baseline LC50 values and identified the potential of reduced-risk, organophosphate replacement and naturally derived insecticides (eg chloronicotinyls, spinosyns, oxadiazines, insect growth regulators, microbial insecticides and particle films) to control this pest. The toxicities of these products were compared with those of organophosphate, carbamate, chlorinated cyclodiene and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides used in the management of lepidopteran pests in Washington apple orchards. Field trials were conducted comparing candidate insecticides to conventional alternatives. Several new insecticides (eg spinosad, methoxyfenozide, indoxacarb and an aluminosilicate particle film) proved to be effective for the management of L subjuncta. We summarize the goals and challenges of developing an integrated pest management program for new and resurgent pests as insecticide tools continue to change, and propose a hypothesis for the sudden increase in pest status of L subjuncta based on organophosphate tolerances. The role of novel insecticides with unique modes of action in resistance management and the encouragement of biological control are also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Monitoring insect pests in retail stores by trapping and spatial analysis.

Stored-product insects are a perennial problem in retail stores, where they damage and contaminate susceptible merchandise such as food products and animal feed. Historically, pest management in these stores has relied heavily on chemical insecticides, but environmental and health issues have dictated use of safer methods, and these require better monitoring. A monitoring procedure that employs an array of moth and beetle traps combined with spatial (contour) analysis of trap catch was tested in three department stores and two pet stores. The rate of capture increased with the level of infestation but was essentially constant over 4- to 5-d trapping periods. Contour analysis effectively located foci of infestation and reflected population changes produced by applications of the insect growth regulator (S)-hydroprene. The most abundant insects were Plodia interpunctella (Hiibner), Lasioderma serricorne (F.), Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and Cryptolestes pusillus (Schönherr). The results indicate that contour analysis of trap counts provides a useful monitoring tool for management of storage pests in retail stores. It identifies trouble spots and permits selection, timing, and precision targeting of control measures to achieve maximum pest suppression with minimum pesticide risk. It permits managers and pest control operators to visualize pest problems over an entire store, to monitor changes over time, and to evaluate the effectiveness of control intervention. The contour maps themselves, along with records of control applications and stock rotation, provide permanent documentation of pest problems and the effectiveness of pest management procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Population biology aspects of arthropod control].

The present problems of the still predominating chemical control of pests (resistance, side effects) cannot only be compensated by improved active ingredients, formulations, or modes of application. New concepts are of increasing importance. Recent advancements in the field of ecology and genetics of populations are very useful in this respect. Especially the laws of dynamics in abundance and dispersion are of fundamental importance for a selective and effective control. Experiences in population genetics enable us to have a more comprehensive idea of the origin of qualitative alterations in populations, e.g. of resistance. This provides possibilities of derive resistance-preventing measures and test them in the field. To secure a sufficient decrease in abundance without exerting too high a selection pressure in a single direction a scheduled change or a combination of different means of control is desirable, characteristics of the "Integrated Control" or of the "Pest Management".

Animals↗