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PubMed1987

Some blood genetic markers in the Korkus of Central India.

A sample of 102 individuals from the Korkus tribe, an Australoid race inhabiting Central India, was studied for the distribution of haemoglobin and ten red cell enzyme types. Polymorphism was observed in G6P dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, adenylate kinase and glyoxalase I types and in phosphoglucomutase subtypes. The lactate and malate dehydrogenases, glucose phosphate isomerase and superoxide dismutase systems were monomorphic. A single case of HbAS was observed. The Korkus were found to have GdA+; lower frequencies of pa, AK2, GLO1 and PGM2+ were observed in the Korkus in comparison to other related tribes and caste Hindus of the same region.

Enzymes↗

PubMed1992

Genetic structures in the population of Veneto.

The genetic structures of the population residing in the provinces of Venice and Rovigo in the Veneto region at the north of the Po delta in Italy was studied in 1,210 individuals residing in 18 sampling areas, using the phenotype and gene frequencies of 7 red cell enzymes: acid phosphatase (ACP1), esterase D (ESD), glyoxalase I (GLOI), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM1), and phosphoglycollate phosphatase (PGP). For the analysis of the distributions of phenotype and gene frequencies, standardized variance and kinship profiles were used. It was found that the genetic differentiation within each province is low, and that only two systems, GPT and PGP, are significantly different between the two provinces. The samples studied seem to belong to a mainly homogeneous population.

Erythrocytes↗

PubMed1983

[Electrophoretic polymorphism in Erythrocebus patas].

Variations were observed at the prealbumin-2, carbonic anhydrase-I, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase-II and adenylate kinase loci in Erythrocebus patas subspecies pyrrhonotus. But the level of heterozygosity was very low compared with those of the different African monkey species studied by the same electrophoretic analysis. The reasons for this low variation are discussed with regard to ethological and genetic structure characteristics of the group studied.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Differentiation, dedifferentiation, and apoptosis of smooth muscle cells during the development of the human ductus arteriosus.

Differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is characterized by several molecular transitions. As differentiation proceeds, proteins of the cytoskeletal and contractile apparatus, such as alpha-smooth muscle actin, smooth muscle myosin, calponin, and heavy caldesmon, and the expression of the membrane-related protein smooth muscle phosphoglucomutase-related protein increase, whereas the expression of other proteins, such as fibronectin splice variants with extradomains A (EDA) and B (EDB), decreases. In this study, we investigated the differentiation of the SMCs of the ductus arteriosus during the development of intimal thickening. Ascending and descending aortas of the same age were used for comparison because these vessels lack intimal thickening. In the fetal ductus arteriosus, a relatively early differentiation of the contractile apparatus was observed compared with the ascending and descending aortas. EDA and EDB expression was already low, being similar in the ductus and descending aorta and even lower in the ascending aorta. In the neonatal ductus, SMCs of the media and outer intima were well differentiated and comparable with SMCs of the ascending aorta. Dedifferentiated SMCs, with a low expression of cytoskeletal and contractile proteins and a high expression of EDA and EDB, were found in regions in the inner intima that show features of progression of intimal thickening and in areas of cytolytic necrosis in the media. With a technique using in situ end labeling of DNA fragments, we found extensive apoptosis in the area of cytolytic necrosis and to a lesser extent in these areas of the inner intima. In conclusion, SMCs of the fetal ductus arteriosus have an advanced differentiation of the contractile apparatus compared with the adjacent aorta. Reexpression of fetal characteristics is seen in a number of cells in inner intima and media of the neonatal ductus arteriosus. The finding of apoptosis in these areas suggests that dedifferentiation and apoptosis are associated processes that may play a role in vascular remodeling.

Aorta↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Wildlife genetics and disease: allozyme evolution in the wild boar (Sus scrofa) caused by a swine fever epidemy.

Enzyme polymorphism at 42 loci was compared before and after a major epidemy of swine fever in wild boars from northern Vosges (France). No change was observed in the 38 monomorphic loci, but allele frequencies at the phosphoglucomutase locus PGM-2* changed significantly. Possible causes for this observation are discussed, and it appears that PGM-2 locus could be a genetic marker of resistance to this viral disease.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1976

Action of growth hormone on erythropoiesis: changes in red blood cell enzyme activities in growth-retarded patients with and without growth hormone deficiency.

Fifteen red cell enzyme activities of growth-retarded patients with and without growth hormone (GH) deficiency were investigated before and after GH administration. The 15 enzymes were Hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase, glucose phosphate, isomerase, phosphofructokinase, fructose diphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphae dehydrogenase, triosephosphate isomerase, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate mutase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, enolase, pyruvate kinase, glycose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase, glutathione reducase. Sixty-six subjects were studied: 30 normal control subjects (group N) and 36 patients (aged 5-23 years) with short stature. Complete endocrine evaluation showed 21 (group I) to have GH deficiency (10 patients with isolated GH deficiency) and 15 (group II) to have normal hypothalamic and pituitary function except for two patients with a moderate hypothyroidism. Both had been receiving thyroid hormone treatment for a long time before our studies. All 36 patients were treated with 2 mg human growth hormone intramuscularly for 7 days. Before GH treatment no significant difference was observed between hematologic data in group I (GH deficiency) and group II (no GH deficiency). After GH therapy there was a significant increase in reticulocyte count in both groups of patients with short stature. The mean pretreatment value in group I was 1.294% +/- 0.084 (SEM); the mean post-treatment value was 2.081% +/- 0.287 (SEM)< P less than 0.005. The mean pretreatment value in group II was 1.0% 0.184 (SEM); the mean post-treatment value was 1.407% +/- 0.193 (SEM), P less than 0.01. In group II (no GH deficiency) mean pretreatment erythrocyte enzyme activities were not significantly different from those activities observed in normal control subjects (group N). However, in patients who lacked GH, the pretreatment activities of five red cell enzymes (glucose phosphate isomerase, triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate mutase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase) were significantly decreased before GH administration compared with the values in normal control subjects...

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Genetic and non genetic factors in the outcome of diabetic pregnancy.

In insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, maternal Phosphoglucomutase genotype is a predictor of fetal macrosomia much more important than quality of metabolic control during pregnancy. In gestational diabetes and in non insulin-dependent diabetes, on the contrary, the most important predictor is the metabolic control of diabetes.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed2002

Identification of Fusarium species by isozyme analysis.

Cellulose-acetate electrophoresis (CAE) was used to investigate isozyme polymorphisms among different isolates of Fusarium cerealis, F. culmorum, F. graminearum and F. pseudograminearum. After initial testing of 18 enzymes in three buffer systems for activity and resolution of bands, 12 proved to be appropriate for analysis of the full sample set. Comparing the different electrophoretic types (ETs), adenylate kinase (AK), NADP dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP GDH), peptidase B (PEP B), peptidase D (PEP D) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) proved to be diagnostic for at least one species examined. However, only PEP D was useful alone as a marker to distinguish the four taxa studied providing a rapid and simple CAE based diagnostic protocol.

Electrophoresis, Cellulose Acetate↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Isoenzyme profile as parameter to differentiate pathogenic strains of Entamoeba histolytica in Brazil.

The isoenzyme profiles (IP) of 33 strains of Entamoeba histolytica isolated from patients and carriers of two regions in Brazil (Amazonia and Southeast) were determined. The enzymes phosphoglucomutase, glucose-phosphate isomerase, hexokinase and malic enzyme were considered. IP of the strains was correlated with culture conditions, time of maintenance in laboratory and clinical history of patients. The strains were maintained under polyxenic, monoxenic and axenic culture conditions: 27 polyxenic, 1 polyxenic and monoxenic, 1 polyxenic, monoxenic and axenic and 4 axenic only. The patients were symptomatic and asymptomatic. The symptomatic patients presented either non dysenteric (NDC) or dysenteric colitis (DC), associated or not with hepatic abscess (HA). One patient presented anal amoeboma (AM). The analysis of IP for isolates maintained in polyxenic culture showed non pathogenic IP (I) for strains from carriers and patients with NDC, while the strains isolated from patients presenting DC, HA and AM resulted in isolates II or XIX pathogenic IP. This parameter was not able to differentiate strains from carriers from symptomatic patients when these strains were found in axenic or monoxenic culture. All these strains displayed pathogenic IP (II), demonstrating the inability of this parameter to classifying for virulence since it showed identical IP for strains isolated from carriers or symptomatic patients.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Genetic diversity and genetic exchange in Trypanosoma cruzi: dual drug-resistant "progeny" from episomal transformants.

Extensive characterisation of Trypanosoma cruzi by isoenzyme phenotypes has separated the species into three principal zymodeme groups, Z1, Z2 and Z3, and into many individual zymodemes. There is marked diversity within Z2. A strong correlation has been demonstrated between the strain clusters determined by isoenzymes and those obtained using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles. Polymorphisms in ribosomal RNA genes, in mini-exon genes, and microsatellite fingerprinting indicate the presence of at least two principal T. cruzi genetic lineages. Lineage 1 appears to correspond with Z2 and lineage 2 with Z1. Z1 (lineage 2) is associated with Didelphis. Z2 (lineage 1) may be associated with a primate host. Departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium indicate that propagation of T. cruzi is predominantly clonal. Nevertheless, two studies show putative homozygotes and heterozygotes circulating sympatrically: the allozyme frequencies for phosphoglucomutase, and hybrid RAPD profiles suggest that genetic exchange may be a current phenomenon in some T. cruzi transmission cycles. We were able to isolate dual drug-resistant T. cruzi biological clones following copassage of putative parents carrying single episomal drug-resistant markers. A multiplex PCR confirmed that dual drug-resistant clones carried both episomal plasmids. Preliminary karyotype analysis suggests that recombination may not be confined to the extranuclear genome.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

The association of genetic markers and malaria infection in the Brazilian Western Amazonian region.

Almost all individuals (182) belonging to an Amazonian riverine population (Portuchuelo, RO, Brazil) were investigated for ascertaining data on epidemiological aspects of malaria. Thirteen genetic blood polymorphisms were investigated (ABO, MNSs, Rh, Kell, and Duffy systems, haptoglobins, hemoglobins, and the enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glyoxalase, phosphoglucomutase, carbonic anhydrase, red cell acid phosphatase, and esterase D). The results indicated that the Duffy system is associated with susceptibility to malaria, as observed in other endemic areas. Moreover, suggestions also arose indicating that the EsD and Rh loci may be significantly associated with resistance to malaria. If statistical type II errors and sample stratification could be ruled out, hypotheses on the existence of a causal mechanism or an unknown closely linked locus involved in susceptibility to malaria infection may explain the present findings.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Isoenzyme analysis of Arthrobotrys, a nematode-trapping fungus.

Extraction and isoenzyme analysis of four isolates of Arthrobotrys including A. musiformis, A. robusta and A. conoides were conducted. Among the 14 enzymes studied by starch gel electrophoresis, using morpholine-citrate as gel/electrode buffer, the following nine enzymes showed interpretable banding patterns: alpha-esterase, fumarase, hexokinase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase, malate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and phosphoglucoisomerase. All isolates studied displayed typical isoenzyme phenotypes for each species. Two isolates of A. conoides differed in their alpha-isoesterase banding patterns, but no differences were observed for the other enzymes. The assay was satisfactory for enzyme extraction and resolution of Arthrobotrys and could be used in future taxonomic and genetic studies of this organism.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Interpopulation variability among Panstrongylus megistus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from Brazil.

Comparisons were made among Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister) from three areas of Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais, and Santa Catarina), where populations differ with regard to their degree of association with human dwellings. The following characters were studied: morphology of the eggs and the male genitalia; morphometry of the head and thorax; isoenzyme profile; enzymatic activity of the alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH); and cytogenetics. In general, differences were observed in the weight, diameter, and length of the egg among Bahia, Minas Gerais, and Santa Catarina populations. Differences were not observed in the architecture of the egg exochorion. The size of the median process of the pygophore of the male genitalia of individuals from Bahia differed from the other two populations. The Minas Gerais population presented the largest number of denticles in the endosome process. The morphometry of the head and thorax differentiated Santa Catarina from the Bahia and Minas Gerais populations. Phosphoglucomutase (EC 5.4.2.2., PGM) was the only enzyme out of 11 that showed polymorphism; the population from Minas Gerais was most polymorphic, whereas the population from Santa Catarina was monomorphic. Study of the alpha-GPDH activity and cytogenetics did not reveal differences among the three populations. Analysis of all the characters studied together with information on these three populations from previous publications allowed a phenogram to be constructed. Two distinct groups were evident, one represented by Santa Catarina and the other by Bahia and Minas Gerais. Considering the greater variability of the Minas Gerais and Bahia populations, we propose the inclusion of these states within the area of origin of P. megistus.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Copper tolerance in fathead minnows: I. The role of genetic and nongenetic factors.

Swim performances of male and female fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) from three different suppliers were determined before and after an 8- to 9-d exposure to 175 microg/L copper (Cu). The reduction in swim performance (delta) due to the Cu exposure varied widely among individual fish, but was surprisingly consistent from one supplier to the next and between males and females. Genetic analysis of the individuals revealed significant correlations between delta and genotypic variation at the glucosephosphate isomerase-1, phosphoglucomutase-1, and lactate dehydrogenase-2 enzyme loci. Based upon delta, the most Cu-resistant fathead minnows were bred together, as were the most Cu-susceptible individuals and two groups of unselected minnows. Larvae produced by each group of adults were subjected to a survival test. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for larvae produced by Cu-resistant adults was significantly greater than the LC50s for the control groups. Surprisingly, the LC50 for the larvae produced by Cu-susceptible adults was also significantly greater than the LC50s for the control groups, but not significantly different from the larvae produced by Cu-resistant parents. While Cu tolerance has a genetic component in fathead minnows, the Cu tolerance of larval fish appears to be influenced by nongenetic as well as genetic factors.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Population genetic structure and tolerance to dioxin-like compounds of a migratory marine fish (Menidia menidia) at polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated and reference sites.

The present study was conducted to evaluate evidence of genetic adaptation to local contaminants in populations of the migratory marine fish Menidia menidia residing seasonally in reference sites or an industrial harbor contaminated with dioxin-like compounds (DLCs). For this purpose, we compared DLC sensitivity and genetic patterns of populations sampled from sites both inside and outside New Bedford Harbor (NBH; MA, USA), a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site with extreme polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination. Offspring of M. menidia collected from NBH were significantly less sensitive regarding embryonic exposure to the dioxin-like PCB congener 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) than offspring of M. menidia from a reference site. Analysis of 10 polymorphic enzymatic loci indicated little genetic differentiation among populations in the study area. However, genotype frequencies of juveniles from both NBH and an adjacent site in Massachusetts exhibited significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations at one locus, phosphoglucomutase (PGM*). Genetic analysis of survivors of embryonic laboratory exposure to PCB 126 indicated that genotypes at PGM* were related to survivorship. Although a relationship was identified between DLC tolerance and PGM* genotype, regional mixing of M. menidia populations during migration and absence of multigeneration exposure at contaminated sites may limit localized adaptation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1989

Succinate dehydrogenase and synthetic pathways of glucose 6-phosphate are also the markers of the toxicity of orally administered secondary autoxidation products of linoleic acid in rat liver.

In order to find the markers of the toxicity of the autoxidized lipids in the liver, rats were given a lethal amount of secondary autoxidation products of linoleic acid (400 mg/rat/day for 3 days) and then changes in the hepatic metabolic functions were analyzed. A decrease in acetyl-CoA level to half caused by the depletion of CoASH was reported in an associated paper (J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 35, 11-23, 1989). Citrate, isocitrate, and 2-oxoglutarate also decreased to half the level of those of the control group. Reduction in isocitrate dehydrogenase activity was only 25%, while NADH2 and ATP levels remained unchanged. Thus, the reduction in the citrate cycle activity was due to the decrease in acetyl-CoA. The activity of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase was decreased to 1/5. Other appreciable changes were depletion of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate, accumulation of glucose 1-phosphate, reductions in hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, phosphoglucomutase, and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities, and decrease in the NADPH2 level. It was considered that these changes were caused by the depletion of glucose 6-phosphate whose synthetic pathways were abnormal. Therefore, the markers of the hepatotoxicity of secondary products were the changes in the CoASH level and the activities of succinate dehydrogenase and synthetic pathways for glucose 6-phosphate.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Isozyme electrophoresis patterns of the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis from Kimhae, Korea and from Shenyang, China.

An enzyme analysis of the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis from Kimhae, Korea and from Shenyang, China was conducted using a horizontal starch gel electrophoresis in order to elucidate their genetic relationships. A total of eight enzymes was employed from two different kinds of buffer systems. Two loci from each enzyme of aconitase and esterase (alpha-Na and beta-Na); and only one locus each from six enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPD), 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) were detected. Most of loci in two populations of C. sinensis showed homozygous monomorphic banding patterns and one of them, GPD was specific as genetic markers between two different populations. However, esterase (alpha-Na), GPD, HBDH and PGI loci showed polymorphic banding patterns. Two populations of C. sinensis were more closely clustered within the range of genetic identity value of 0.998-1.0. In summarizing the above results, two populations of C. sinensis employed in this study showed mostly monomorphic enzyme protein banding patterns, and genetic differences specific between two populations.

Aconitate Hydratase↗

PubMed1981

Biochemical characterization of Trypanosoma spp by isozyme electrophoresis.

Isozyme patterns of 13 enzymes were compared for cultures of Trypanosoma avium, T. vespertilionis, T cruzi and T. rangeli. The isozyme separation was made by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Each of the species had distinctly migrating isozyme bands for glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD), malic enzyme (ME), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), and malic dehydrogenase (MDH). For other enzymes, two or more species had identically migrating bands. In addition to these interspecific species differences, variability was observed among the strains of T. cruzi and T. rangeli. Among the T. cruzi strains, there were two different isozyme (possibly allozyme) types of the enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), fructokinase (FK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), GOT, MDH and three types of ME. In the T. rangeli isolates two isozyme types for the enzymes ALAT, FK, G6PDH, GOT, ICD, and LDH, were observed. Among the eight strains of T. cruzi studied there were six isozyme types, and among the seven T. rangeli isolates there were four isozyme types. There was an indication that isozyme types were associated with geographical distribution.

Animals↗