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PubMed1992

Relative intensity of muscular contraction during shivering.

The intensity of cold-induced shivering, quantified by surface electromyography (EMG) and then expressed as a function of the maximal myoelectrical activity (integrated EMG) obtained during a maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), was examined in this study in individuals classified by body fat. In addition, the relationship between shivering and metabolic rate (MR) and the relative contribution of various muscle groups to total heat production were studied. Ten seminude male volunteers, 5 LEAN (less than 11% body fat) and 5 NORM (greater than 15% body fat) were exposed to 10 degrees C air for 2 h. EMG of six muscle groups (pectoralis major, rectus abdominis, rectus femoris, gastrocnemius, biceps brachii, and brachioradialis) was measured and compared with the EMG of each muscle's MVC. A whole body index of shivering, determined from the mass-weighted intensity of shivering of each muscle group, was correlated with MR. After the initial few minutes of exposure, only the pectoralis major, rectus femoris, and biceps brachii continued to increase their intensity of shivering. Shivering intensity was higher in the central muscles, ranging from 5 to 16% of MVC compared with that in the peripheral muscles, which ranged from 1 to 4% of MVC. Shivering intensities were similar in the peripheral muscles for the LEAN and NORM groups, whereas differences occurred in the trunk muscles for the pectoralis major and rectus abdominis. The whole body index of shivering correlated significantly with each individual's increase in MR (r = 0.63-0.97).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The medial periareolar approach to submuscular augmentation mammaplasty under local anesthesia.

The medial approach to submuscular augmentation mammaplasty under local anesthesia begins with a medial periareolar incision around one-half or more of the areola. A subcutaneous tunnel is made toward the medial breast border, avoiding mammary ducts and sensory nerves to the nipple. The breast is reflected laterally, exposing a patch of pectoralis major muscle. A submuscular pocket is then created beneath portions of the pectoralis major, rectus abdominis, external oblique abdominis, and serratus anterior muscles, after which the implant is inserted and the muscle, dermis, and skin are closed sequentially. The periareolar incision allows for favorable scars without compromising the access or exposure necessary for accurate implant placement. Complete muscle coverage of the implant should contribute to a lower rate of capsular contracture. With a medial submuscular approach, nipple sensation is rarely altered, and revisions, if necessary, can be done through the same incision, still under local anesthesia, for increased safety, economy, and convenience. The medial approach to breast augmentation is a highly versatile, safe, and consistent method of achieving excellent results in breast augmentation in terms of scar, symmetry, and softness.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Muscle metabolism and meat quality of Pectoralis from turkeys treated with postmortem electrical stimulation.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of electrical stimulation (ES) on muscle metabolism and breast meat quality in turkeys. Thirty-six turkey hens were either ES at the neck in a saline bath (570 V, 450 mA, AC, 60 Hz, 2 s on 1 s off for 10 pulses) or used as unstimulated controls. One breast fillet from all carcasses was harvested at 2 h postmortem. The opposite fillet was harvested from the ES carcasses at 8 h postmortem and from the unstimulated controls at either 8 or 24 h postmortem. All fillets were sampled at time of deboning for expressible moisture, pH, R-value, gravimetric fragmentation index (GFI), and sarcomere length. The remainder of the fillet and the samples for GFI and sarcomere length were aged on ice until 24 h postmortem. After aging, fillets were analyzed for cook loss and shear value. Color was measured at time of deboning and at 24 h postmortem. Electrical stimulation accelerated rigor mortis development as indicated by significantly lower pH values and higher R-values at 2 h postmortem when compared to control fillets. The pH and R-values of the 2-h ES treatment were not significantly different from the 8-h ES, 8-h controls, or the 24-h controls. Fillets from carcasses that were ES and deboned at 2 h had significantly longer sarcomeres than the 2-h controls; however, there were no significant differences between the 2-h ES and the 8-h ES treatments, 8-h controls, or the 24-h controls. Although ES accelerated muscle metabolism at 2 h postmortem, it had no effect on shear value, expressible moisture, cook loss, GFI, L*, or a* color values. These results suggest that this postmortem ES system would not benefit turkey processors.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

MR imaging assessment of the pectoralis major myotendinous unit: an MR imaging-anatomic correlative study with surgical correlation.

OBJECTIVE: MR imaging is the optimal imaging technique to study the normal and abnormal conditions of the pectoralis major muscle and tendon unit. The purpose of this study was to use MR imaging to provide an anatomic survey of the normal pectoralis major tendon and its insertion and to compare these findings with surgically proven cases of rupture. CONCLUSION: MR imaging shows the normal pectoralis major myotendinous unit has low signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images. Reliable anatomic landmarks for visualization and examination of injuries to the muscle and myotendinous unit include the quadrilateral space, or the origin of the lateral head of the triceps, as the superior boundary and the deltoid tuberosity as the inferior boundary of the intact tendon of insertion. Failure to visualize a normal insertion within these boundaries should prompt a dedicated search by the radiologist for rupture and retraction of the tendon medially.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of chronic heat exposure and protein intake on growth performance, nitrogen retention and muscle development in broiler chickens.

The respective effects of ambient temperature, dietary crude protein and feed intake were investigated in finishing chickens and the consequence of protein supplementation under high temperature conditions was analysed in particular. Heat-related reduction in growth was associated with decreased nitrogen retention (-30 or -35% according to the diet), which could not be explained by the observed lower feed intake alone. Tissue samples performed in 5- to 6-week-old chicks showed varying effects of heat according to the muscles studied: at 32 degrees C, the proportion of Pectoralis major muscle (in percentage of body weight) appeared slightly reduced (reduction lower than 10%), whereas the proportion of two leg muscles were increased (+10 to +15% for the Sartorius muscle; +5% for the gastrocnemius muscle). At 32 degrees C, providing a high protein diet significantly (P < 0.05) increased weight gain and feed efficiency, and slightly improved whole body protein deposition.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2002

[Treatment of residual obstetrical brachial plexus palsy with tendon transfer].

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the results of the correction of adduction and internal rotation deformities of the shoulder associated with residual obstetrical brachial plexus palsy (OBPP) by the transfer of latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles to the rotator cuff. METHODS: In order to correct adduction and internal rotation deformities associated with residual OBPP, 10 patients (7 males, 3 females; mean age 8.1 years; range 4 to 19 years) underwent transfer of the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles to the rotator cuff and lengthening of the pectoralis major tendon with Z-plasty. The right and left extremities were affected in seven and three patients, respectively. Involvement of the C5-C6 nerve roots was detected in four, and C5-C6-C7 nerve roots in six patients. In two patients with a positive Putti sign, axillary roentgenograms showed posterior subluxation of the humeral head, and magnetic resonance and computed tomography scans revealed type III glenohumeral deformity. Functional evaluations were made using a 5-point scoring system proposed by Mallet. The mean follow-up was 23.6 months (range 5 to 42 months). RESULTS: Postoperatively, the mean abduction and external rotation were 134.5 degrees (range 95 degrees to 170 degrees ) and 70 degrees (range 45 degrees to 90 degrees ), respectively. The mean global abduction score was 4, external rotation score was 4.2, and the scores assigned to the ability to move hand to the neck and mouth were 3.5. Of two patients with type III glenohumeral deformity, whose ages were four and 19 years, abduction and external rotation were 150 degrees and 45 degrees in the former, 135 degrees and 70 degrees in the latter, respectively. CONCLUSION: The transfer of the latissimus dorsi and teres major tendons is a necessary procedure to restore external rotation and abduction functions of paralysed shoulders. Compared to other techniques employed, it offers obvious advantages in terms of ease and cost, as well.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[Correction of soft tissue defects of the head and neck with a cutaneo-muscular flap from the greater pectoral muscle].

Plasty of defects of head and neck by a flap with musculus pectoralis major is described. In 20 patients the substitution of the defects was fulfilled simultaneously with the main operation. In 12 patients it was performed within 2-12 months. The method described gives a valuable substitution of lack of the soft tissues resulting from oncological operations, gives good cosmetic results and shortens the period of staying at the hospital.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed1997

Existence of parvalbumin and biochemical characterization in quail and pigeon skeletal muscles with different fiber type compositions.

The localization of parvalbumin was determined in skeletal muscles with different fiber type compositions from quails (Coturnix japonica) and pigeons (Columba livia) by sandwich ELISA. The biochemical profiles of these muscles were evaluated by the assay of total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity as well as the LDH isozymes for anaerobic metabolism, and by the analysis of myoglobin for aerobic metabolism. The quail fast posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) with a lower myoglobin content and higher LDH activity or M-type isozyme pattern was assessed as containing primarily fast-twitch glycolytic and oxidative-glycolytic (FG/FOG) fibers, and the mixed sartorius (SA) in quails and pigeons was shown to be composed mostly of FOG fibers because of the intermediate myoglobin content and LDH activity or H/M-type isozyme pattern. Parvalbumin, which functions as a relaxing factor in the fast-twitch fibers, was present in PLD and SA in significant amounts, whereas it was undetectable in quail anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and pigeon latissimus dorsi (LD) which contain exclusively slow-tonic (ST) fibers with the lowest LDH activity or predominant H-type isozyme characteristics. The pectoralis superficialis (PS) and pectoralis profundus (PP) muscles from quails and pigeons seem to consist mostly of FG/FOG fibers because of the highest myoglobin contents and LDH activities or M-type and H/M-type isozyme patterns. Despite fast-twitch fiber compositions, parvalbumin was absent from these pectoralis muscles. The tetanic contraction induced in avian fast-twitch pectoralis fibers during flapping flight might be independent of a function of parvalbumin as a relaxing factor.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Management and prevention of cardiovascular hemorrhage associated with mediastinitis.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the causes of cardiovascular hemorrhage associated with mediastinitis and to review recommendations for prevention and treatment. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Mediastinal debridement with immediate or early coverage using healthy, vascularized tissue has lead to greatly reduced morbidity and mortality for patients with mediastinitis. Myocardial hemorrhage has been anecdotally reported. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Over a 36-month period, 7 patients developed massive cardiovascular bleeding after undergoing debridement for poststernotomy mediastinitis. Causes included puncture or erosion by a sternal edge in three and tearing at the myocardial-sternal interface in four. RESULTS: Five patients survived and remain infection-free at an average of 24 months of follow-up. In these patients, ventricular defects were closed with pledgeted sutures and muscle transposition was used concomitantly to reinforce the repair. This involved a slide of the left pectoralis major muscle and turnover of the right pectoralis in three patients, bilateral sliding in one patient, and bilateral pectoralis and an omental flap in one patient who required additional coverage of the lower mediastinum. CONCLUSIONS: When a patient who has undergone mediastinal debridement shows evidence of significant bleeding, we recommend application of pressure for control of hemorrhage, expeditious return to an operating room with available cardiopulmonary bypass, and immediate muscle coverage with healthy, well-vascularized tissue. Finally, early sternectomy might largely prevent this life-threatening complication.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Unilateral absence of the thoracic part of the trapezius muscle.

The absence of some muscles, such as pectoralis major, serratus anterior and quadratus femoris have been described, however the absence of trapezius, either in isolation or in association with other structures, is not often observed. In this case study, we present a case of partial absence of the left trapezius muscle in an adult black male cadaver, which had a large aponeurosis replacing the ascending fibres and some of the transverse fibres of the muscle. Histological analysis showed the presence of a few muscle fibres in the aponeurosis. From a functional viewpoint, it is possible that this individual would have had difficulty in moving his shoulder, especially during flexion, abduction and circumduction of the arm.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Surgical treatment of pectoralis major rupture in athletes.

Complete rupture of the pectoralis major muscle, first described by Patissier in 1822, is a rare sports injury. Less than 100 cases have been reported in the literature since 1822. In this study, we describe our surgical technique and summarize our results and experience of the surgical treatment of pectoralis major rupture. Seven athletes (4 wrestlers, 2 handball players, 1 body-builder) were surgically treated in our department from 1981 to 1996. During the follow-up examination, five patients had excellent and two had good results, and six athletes could return to sports activity at their preoperative level. Among our patients we emphasize that of a wrestler, who had suffered an acute rupture, and 3 months after the surgery he won an Olympic gold medal. According to the literature and our experience, we suggest that only surgical repair of the acute pectoralis major rupture will result in both complete recovery and restoration of the full strength of the muscle, essential for active athletes.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Substrate metabolism in seasonally acclimatized American goldfinches.

Concentration of ([Glc]) and turnover (Ro) of plasma glucose, concentration of free fatty acids in plasma ([FFA]), and concentration of glycogen in muscle and liver were measured in freshly captured summer- and winter-acclimatized American goldfinches (Carduelis tristis). These birds were acutely exposed to one of three thermal regimes: 1) "thermoneutral," 30 degrees C in air, 2) "cold," -15 degrees C in air, and 3) "severe cold," 0 degrees C in 79% He and 21% O2. Additionally, the activities of citrate synthase (CS), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD) were measured in pectoralis and leg muscles of winter and summer birds. Ro for goldfinches at 30 degrees C is unchanged between winter and summer, whereas it is 25% lower at -15 degrees C in winter than in summer birds, even though rates of heat production are similar. Additionally, winter animals depleted muscle glycogen at slower rates than summer individuals when exposed to "cold" or "severe cold." [Glc] and [FFA] for each test regime did not vary between seasons. The activity of the beta-oxidative enzyme HOAD is the pectoralis muscle (the main thermogenic tissue) increases by 50% from summer to winter, but the activities of PFK and CS remain essentially constant. We conclude that the ability to restrict carbohydrate use under cold stress is a component of the winter acclimatization process in the American goldfinch. One mechanism which might foster this ability in the increase in beta-oxidative capacity of the flight muscles, permitting a greater reliance on fatty acids by winter animals during cold-induced thermogenesis.

3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Modifications of the musculocutaneous flap from the major pectoral muscle in reconstructive surgery of the head and neck].

Four modifications of a classical pectoralis major myocutaneous flap are presented: the extended flap incorporating anterior rectus abdominis sheath, the peninsular flap used whenever the pedicle cannot be tunnelled under cervical skin, the flap with external pedicle for the longest arc of rotation, and the double-face flap for reconstruction of full-thickness cheek defects.

Head↗
PubMed1997

Interexaminer agreement for applied kinesiology manual muscle testing.

Two trials of the interexaminer reliability of Applied Kinesiology manual testing were conducted. On the first trial three clinicians, each with greater than ten years of experience with muscle testing procedures, tested 32 healthy individuals to estimate their agreement on the strength or weakness of right and left piriformis and right and left hamstring muscles. Significant agreement between examiners was found for piriformis muscles, but little significant agreement was noted when hamstrings were tested. In a second study, the same three examiners tested 53 subjects for strength or weakness of the pectoralis and tensor fascia lata muscles bilaterally. Significant interjudge agreement was found for pectoralis muscles, but no significant concordance could be found when the tensor fascia lata was examined.

Fascia Lata↗
PubMed1998

MR imaging of the augmented breast.

Mammographic evaluation of the augmented breast is challenging, since breast implants obscure significant amount of breast tissue while diminishing the effect of compression. Posttherapeutic scarring can make mammographic interpretation even more difficult. MRI has thus evolved into the modality of choice for diagnosing implant complications as well as detection of primary or recurrent breast cancer in these patient population. The present article attempts to give an overview of the MR findings of different breast augmentation and reconstruction techniques, i. e. prosthetic breast implants, breast reconstruction with autogenous tissue, free silicone injections and fat grafts, and their complications.

Adipose Tissue↗