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An account is given of the marital ages, birth and residence distances of marriage partners living in an urban area. Some social group differences were found; non-manual group members marry later and they tend to be more mobile than individuals from the manual group.
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"This article reports findings that have emerged from an effort made at statistically measuring the effects of immigration on the earnings of U.S.-born youth. The presence of immigrants arriving before 1965 has a positive impact on youth earnings. Recently arrived immigrants impact negatively, however. These results are consistent with recent findings that the skill level of immigrants arriving within the last two decades is lower relative to that of immigrants arriving earlier. The results also show that the negative effects diminish as the youth ages, reflecting skill acquisition and job mobility of the young worker into jobs less vulnerable to competition from immigrant workers."
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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to increase the understanding of the alternative exposure metrics and analysis methods in studies applying job-exposure matrices in analyses of health outcomes, the association between crystalline silica and cancer being used as an example. METHODS: Observed and expected numbers of cancer cases during 1971-1995 among Finns born in 1906-1945 were calculated for 393 occupational categories, as defined in the 1970 population census. According to the Finnish Cancer Registry, there were 43 433 lung and 21 444 prostate cancer cases. The Finnish job-exposure matrix (FINJEM) provided estimates of the proportion of exposed persons and the mean level of exposure among the exposed in each occupation. RESULTS: The most comprehensive exposure metric included period- and age-specific estimates of exposure and an estimate of occupational stability, but also remarkably simpler metrics gave significantly elevated estimates of the risk ratio (RR) between 1.36 and 1.50 for lung cancer for occupations with the highest estimated cumulative silica exposure (> or = 10 mg/m3-years), allowing a lag time of 20 years. It proved important to adjust the risk ratios at least for the socioeconomic status and occupational exposure to asbestos. The risk ratios for prostate cancer were close to 1.0 in every model. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the FINJEM-based analysis was able to replicate the well-known association between exposure to crystalline silica and lung cancer. The FINJEM-based method gives valid results, and it can be used to analyze large sets of register-based data on health outcomes.
AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the associations of several smoking variables with socioeconomic status. METHODS: Cross-sectional analyses of data about smoking behaviour and socioeconomic status (education, occupation and neighbourhood income) were performed using baseline data from the Fletcher Challenge-University of Auckland Heart and Health Study (10,529 participants). RESULTS: After adjustment for age and sex, lower educational level was associated with: (1) higher frequency of ever having smoked (65% of participants who had attended secondary school for fewer than two years, versus 43% of participants who had attended university; 2p < 0.0001); (2) lower likelihood of having quit (46% versus 71%; 2p < 0.0001); (3) higher likelihood of being a current smoker (35% versus 12%; 2p < 0.0001); (4) higher tobacco consumption per smoker (13 manufactured cigarettes/day versus 8 manufactured cigarettes/day; 2p < 0.0001); and (5) higher tobacco consumption per participant (1980 cigarette-equivalents/year versus 450 cigarette-equivalents/year; 2p < 0.0001). Similar, but shallower, associations of these smoking variables were observed with occupation and neighbourhood income (with the exception that tobacco consumption per smoker was not associated with neighbourhood income). The socioeconomic gradients of tobacco consumption per study participant with all three socioeconomic indicators were particularly steep among younger participants, men and Maori. CONCLUSIONS: Participants of low socioeconomic status consumed a disproportionately large amount of tobacco. Policies that prevent smoking initiation and promote smoking cessation in low socioeconomic groups are therefore needed. These should include targeting of mass media messages to low socioeconomic groups, public subsidisation of nicotine replacement therapy and higher taxes on tobacco.
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In a longitudinal study of aging, the influence on attrition of age, marital status, education, occupation, distance between a subject's residence and study center, self-health and financial assessment, and method of recruitment was examined. Prospective, follow-up information on the subsequent active/dropout and alive/dead status on the 1088 subjects, who joined the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging during the first twenty years (1958-1977), were studied using a proportional hazards model. Three analyses, each controlling for death in a different manner, produced similar results. The analysis indicates that age, education and distance have the strongest association with attrition (p less than 0.001), while self-health assessment has a lesser association (p less than 0.05). The lowest risk in age, for example, occurs in 40-49.9 year olds with subjects less than 30 having an increased risk of 91% and subjects 70 or older having an increased risk of 189%. Examination of attrition probabilities show that subjects living 500 or more miles from study center, ages 70 and older, with less than bachelors degree, and perceiving their health as average or below have the greatest probability of dropping out-approximately 3-fold greater than the average subject's probability.