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PubMed1998

Endothelin-1 gene expression in blood vessels and kidney of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), L-NAME-treated SHR, and renovascular hypertensive rats.

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), renovascular hypertensive rats [two-kidney one clip Goldblatt (2-K 1C) and 1-K 1C], and SHR treated with the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), do not respond to endothelin (ET) receptor antagonists with a decrease in blood pressure. However, treatment with ET receptor antagonists has shown some beneficial renal and coronary effects in SHR. In this study we examined tissues from SHR, L-NAME-treated SHR, 2-K 1C, and 1-K 1C, using in situ hybridization with a specific rat preproET-1 cRNA probe to evaluate preproET-1 mRNA abundance in blood vessels, heart, and kidneys. Grain density was similar in SHR and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats in all tissues examined. L-NAME-treated SHR showed increased grain density vs. SHR in endothelium of aorta and of small coronary arteries and in kidney glomeruli, but not in renal or mesenteric arteries. 2-K 1C presented increased grain density in coronary arteries and in glomeruli of the unclipped but not the clipped kidney vs. glomeruli of control rats. 1-K 1C rats exhibited increases in preproET-1 mRNA relative to unilaterally nephrectomized control rats in endothelium of aorta and in mesenteric and coronary arteries, but not in renal arteries or glomeruli. None of the hypertensive models studied showed detectable evidence of myocardial overexpression of preproET-1 mRNA. Therefore, tissue-specific enhancement of ET-1 expression may underlie ET-dependent functional alterations and may explain the beneficial effects of ET receptor antagonists in the coronary circulation or in the kidney in some hypertensive models, but not in SHR.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Low dose L-NAME reduces infarct volume in the rat MCAO/reperfusion model.

In a variety of recent studies, inhibitors of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis have ameliorated neuronal injury during permanent focal cerebral ischemia, suggesting that NO may contribute to ischemic damage. In other studies, however, these inhibitors increased infarct volume during permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). One complication in these studies was that high-dose NO synthase inhibitors increased mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by 20-30 mm Hg. Thus, it is possible that variations in the effects of NO synthesis inhibitors on infarct volume could be related to effects of these inhibitors on MAP and cerebral perfusion during or after ischemia. The present study compared the effects of control (Ringer's lactate solution) versus low-dose NO inhibition (0.1 mg/kg bolus followed by 0.01 mg/kg/min) on cerebral infarct volume using L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) administered during a 1-h baseline period, 3-h of MCAO, and 2 h of reperfusion in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Infarct volume was determined using the TTC (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) method performed 5 h after onset of occlusion. L-NAME reduced infarct volume by 55%. In the control group (n = 7), infarct volume measured 116 +/- 4 (SEM) mm3 which was 29 +/- 1% of the left hemispheric volume (400.5 +/- 0.3 mm3). In the L-NAME group (n = 7), infarct volume measured 53 +/- 8 mm3 which was only 13 +/- 2% of the left hemispheric volume (400.4 +/- 0.5 mm3).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of a non-name-based HIV reporting system in San Francisco.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate a non-name-based HIV reporting system. METHODS: A population-based study of the accuracy of a set of non-name codes and a prospective study of a laboratory-initiated HIV surveillance system conducted at a county hospital (site 1) and a health maintenance organization (site 2). Participants were persons reported with AIDS in San Francisco and patients with a positive test result for HIV antibody, p24 antigen, viral load, or a CD4 count at the study sites. RESULTS: Proper match rate was 95% for records with complete codes and records with at least 50% of the codes. Proper non-match rate was 99% for records with all code elements and 96% for records with at least 50% of the elements. Completeness of reporting was 89% (site 1) and 87% (site 2). Median number of days between test and receipt of test report at the health department was 9 days at site 1 and 7 days at site 2. During 1999, 78% of HIV-infected patients at site 1 and 87% at site 2 had an HIV-specific laboratory test. CONCLUSIONS: A non-name-based laboratory reporting system for HIV is feasible.

Disease Notification↗
PubMed2004

Red wine polyphenols prevent cardiovascular alterations in L-NAME-induced hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: Red wine polyphenols have been reported to possess beneficial properties for preventing cardiovascular diseases but their effects on hemodynamic and functional cardiovascular changes during inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis have not been elucidated. DESIGN: The effects of the red wine polyphenols, Provinols, on arterial hypertension as well as left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis and vascular remodeling were investigated in rats during chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. Rats were divided into four groups: a control group, a group treated with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (40 mg/kg per day), a group receiving Provinols (40 mg/kg per day) alone or Provinols plus L-NAME. RESULTS: Provinols markedly reduced the increase in both blood pressure and protein synthesis in the heart and aorta caused by chronic inhibition of NO synthesis. Provinols reduced myocardial fibrosis even though it did not affect LV hypertrophy. In addition, Provinols prevented aortic thickening and corrected the augmented reactivity of the aorta to norepinephrine and the attenuated endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine in NO-deficient rats. These alterations were associated with an increase of NOS activity, a moderate enhancement of endothelial NOS expression and a reduction of oxidative stress in the LV and aorta. CONCLUSION: Our results provide evidence that Provinols partially prevents L-NAME-induced hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling and vascular dysfunction via the increase of NO-synthase activity and prevention of oxidative stress. Thus, the beneficial effects of plant polyphenols in prevention of hypertension may result from their complex influence on the NO balance in the cardiovascular system.

Alkadienes↗
PubMed2002

Color naming and the phototoxic effects of sunlight on the eye.

Many languages have no basic color term for "blue." Instead, they call short-wavelength stimuli "green" or "dark". We show that this cultural, linguistic phenomenon could result from accelerated aging of the eye because of high, chronic exposure to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) in sunlight (e.g., phototoxic lens brunescence). Reviewing 203 world languages, we found a significant relationship between UV dosage and color naming: In low-UV localities, languages generally have the word "blue"; in high-UV areas, languages without "blue" prevail. Furthermore, speakers of these non-"blue" languages often show blue-yellow color vision deficiency. We tested our phototoxicity hypothesis in a color-naming experiment, using computerized, colorimetric simulations of Munsell colors as viewed through clear and brunescent lenses. As predicted, our young subjects used "blue" as in English when the simulated lens was clear, but named colors as in tropical languages when the lens was dense. Our within-subjects design precludes a cultural explanation for this result.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Gesturing and naming: the use of functional knowledge in object identification.

Studies using functional imaging show reliable activation of premotor cortex when observers view manipulable objects. This result has led to the view that knowledge of object function, particularly the actions associated with the typical use of objects, may play a causal role in object identification. To obtain relevant evidence regarding this causal role, we asked subjects to learn gesture-color associations and then attempt to identify objects presented in colors denoting functional gestures that were congruent or incongruent with the objects' use. A strong congruency effect was observed when subjects gestured the use of an object, but not when they named an object. We conclude that our procedure constitutes a sensitive measure of the recruitment and causal role of functional knowledge and that this recruitment is not present during object naming. Preliminary evidence, however, indicates that gestures evoked by the volumetric shape of an object do contribute to object naming.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

They call it like they see it: spontaneous naming and attention to shape.

Two experiments explore children's spontaneous labeling of novel objects as a method to study early lexical access. The experiments also provide new evidence on children's attention to object shape when labeling objects. In Experiment 1, the spontaneous productions of 21 23- to 28-month-olds (mean 26;28) shown a set of novel, unnamed objects were analyzed both in terms of the specific words said and, via adult judgments, their likely perceptual basis. We found that children's spontaneous names were cued by the perceptual feature of shape. Experiment 2 examines the relation between spontaneous productions, name generalizations in a structured task, and vocabulary development in a group of children between 17 and 24 months of age (mean 21;6). Results indicate that object shape plays an important role in both spontaneous productions and novel noun generalization, but contrary to current hypotheses, children may name objects by shape from the earliest points of productive vocabulary development and this tendency may not be lexically specific.

Attention↗
PubMed1985

The naming of disoriented letters by normal and reading-disabled children.

Normal and reading-disabled children, 11-13 years old, named the letters F, G and R, presented in normal and backward versions, in varying angular orientations, in left and right visual fields. Both groups were faster at naming the normal than the backward letters, even though mental rotation was evidently not required. The results also offered no support for Orton's theory concerning the interrelations between mirror-image equivalence, hemispheric differences and reading disability. The only measures unrelated to reading itself that discriminated the groups were digit span and a special difficulty among the disabled readers in naming the letter G.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Tactile naming disorder of the left hand in two cases with corpus callosum agenesis.

The authors report two girls with corpus callosum agenesis, with unilateral tactile naming disorder in the left hand. Neuropsychological examinations were performed and tactile perception and naming were studied. The results suggested that tactile naming disorder in both cases could be regarded as a disconnection deficit. Both had daily epileptic attacks and mild or moderate mental deficiency. In these severely impaired children, brain capacity and neural plasticity seem inferior, so classical disconnection deficits might be demonstrated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Consistency of quality assessments in long-term care by the clients, family members and named nurses.

Combining assessments by the clients, their family members and named nurses of the quality of long-term care leads to a more comprehensive picture of the quality of the service. Clients should be the primary source of information, but particularly when they are not able to express their opinion, other sources of assessment are needed. This study describes and compares the consistency of quality assessments of long-term institutional care for the elderly made by the client (n = 312), his/her family member (n = 312) and the named nurse (n = 312). Data were gathered in 2002 from service houses, nursing homes and health centres. The consistency of the assessments made by the different groups of respondents was measured by frequency distributions, the weighted kappa coefficient and exact agreement. Frequency distributions differed significantly between the respondent groups in almost every item. Family members were more critical in their assessments than the other two groups. The consistency of assessments was highest with regard to the items 'contact with significant others' and 'medication'. In general the consistency of assessments, measured by weighted kappa, was rather low, but it was fair for 'clothing' (clients/family members) and 'privacy' (clients/named nurses and family members/named nurses). The occurrence of the option 'not applicable' to certain items was quite high, but varied somewhat between the three respondent groups. The results of this study support the viewpoint that comprehensive information gathering from family members and named nurses is useful, but they should not replace clients' assessments.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Utility of the Boston naming test in predicting ultimate side of surgery in patients with medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy.

PURPOSE: Confrontation naming tasks have long been presumed to be sensitive to left temporal dysfunction and, consequently, are frequently used in the evaluation of surgical epilepsy patients. Despite wide and frequent use, few studies have examined the utility of confrontation naming tasks in individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHODS: The current study examined the presurgical Boston Naming Test (BNT) performance of 217 right-handed adult patients with intractable TLE (left, 108; right, 109) to determine the utility of this measure in predicting ultimate side of surgery. RESULTS: The results support the clinical utility of the BNT in determining ultimate side of surgery and suggest that the BNT has incremental validity over and above presurgical delayed memory and intelligence scores. This relation was found to be moderated by Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), age at seizure onset, and duration of epilepsy. The use of a logistic regression equation to predict side of surgery revealed that prediction of left temporal surgery was best among patients with low BNT scores, high FSIQs, and late age at seizure onset. In contrast, right temporal surgery was best predicted among patients with high BNT scores, low FSIQs, and short duration of epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the clinical utility of the BNT in the preoperative evaluation of candidates for TLE surgery and highlights the importance of examining potential moderating variables when making predictions about side of surgery. This study further provides clinicians with a regression equation that can be used to predict side of surgery in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Differences in functional magnetic resonance imaging activation by category in a visual confrontation naming task.

OBJECTIVE: Cortical processing involved in seemingly similar tasks may differ in important ways. The authors mapped cortical regions engaged in a commonly performed picture naming task, seeking differences by semantic category. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used during presentation of standardized line drawings in 18 healthy right-handed female participants, comparing living versus nonliving entities. During visual naming, across categories there was strong activation of left frontal (BA45/47), bilateral temporo-occipital junction (BA19), and inferior temporal regions (BA36/37). Activation of right inferior temporal cortex (BA19 and BA37) was greater during naming of living versus nonliving category items. No category differences in activation strength in the left temporal lobe were observed. The authors conclude that visual semantic operations may involve visual association cortex in the right temporal lobe in women.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gorlin-Goltz: what's in a name?

This paper describes the clinical features of two very distinct syndromes with similar names: Gorlin-Goltz and Goltz-Gorlin Syndromes. A case report is presented that highlights the differences between these syndromes. To avoid errors in diagnosis because of the similarity in names, the authors caution that, based on additional information now available, the preferred names should be Focal Dermal Hypoplasia syndrome for Goltz-Gorlin syndrome and Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma syndrome for Gorlin-Goltz syndrome.

Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome↗
PubMed1995

Callosal disconnection syndrome and knowledge of the body: a case of left hand isolation from the body schema with names.

A patient is described who presented with a disturbance of body cognition confined to the left side of the body. She showed difficulties in naming the left fingers and in moving the named left fingers. She also showed great difficulty in pointing to named parts of the body with her left hand. Earlier in the course of the disease she showed a personification phenomenon of the left hand. Brain MRI showed involvement of the entire corpus callosum, probably due to occlusion of a branch of the anterior cerebral artery. It is speculated that this syndrome is caused by disconnection of the right hemisphere from the left hemispheric body schema.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed2001

Identification without naming: a functional neuroimaging study of an anomic patient.

The neural correlates of identification and name retrieval have proved difficult to characterise because both occur highly automatically in normal language processing. Thus, although some evidence points to the left anterior temporal cortex (ATC) as a brain region underlying these functions, its relative role in semantic and lexical retrieval processes is still a matter of debate. Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to measure regional cerebral blood flow responses to famous and non-famous visually presented faces and buildings in a severely anomic patient and in six control subjects, while they were performing a same-different matching task. Because the patient was able to identify the stimuli that he could not name, it was possible to investigate whether the left ATC would respond when identification occurred without name retrieval. Both the patient and the controls activated the left ATC when famous stimuli were compared with non-famous stimuli. This result supports the hypothesis of a predominantly semantic function of the left ATC.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Chronic nitric oxide inhibition with L-NAME: effects on autonomic control of the cardiovascular system.

To determine whether increased sympathetic activity contributes to the hypertension induced by chronic exposure to moderate nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition, various indexes of autonomic function were measured in rats given the NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/100 ml, approximately equal to 16 mg.kg-1.day-1) in the drinking water. One week of treatment raised blood pressure (139 +/- 3 vs. 106 +/- 1 mmHg; P < 0.01) and lowered heart rate (319 +/- 4 vs. 379 +/- 6 beats/min, P < 0.01). L-NAME had no effect on cardiac sympathetic tone, but elevated cardiac parasympathetic tone (-73 +/- 4 vs. -56 +/- 7 beats/min; P < 0.05). Depressor responses to ganglionic blockade were greater in L-NAME-treated rats (-50 +/- 5 vs. -34 +/- 5 mmHg; P < 0.05), whereas resting plasma, renal, and adrenal catecholamine values did not differ between groups. Treated rats also showed evidence of reduced baroreflex sympathetic stimulation of heart rate during hypotension and reduced parasympathetic activation during hypertension. Together, these data provide only very limited, indirect evidence that sympathetic stimulation contributes to the hypertension associated with moderate NOS inhibition.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2000

Effects of atropine and L-NAME on cutaneous blood flow during body heating in humans.

We sought to investigate further the roles of sweating, ACh spillover, and nitric oxide (NO) in the neurally mediated cutaneous vasodilation during body heating in humans. Six subjects were heated with a water-perfused suit while cutaneous blood flow was measured with a laser-Doppler flowmeter. After a rise in core temperature (1. 0 +/- 0.1 degrees C) and the establishment of cutaneous vasodilation, atropine and subsequently the NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) were given to the forearm via a brachial artery catheter. After atropine infusion, cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) remained constant in five of six subjects, whereas L-NAME administration blunted the rise in CVC in three of six subjects. A subsequent set of studies using intradermal microdialysis probes to selectively deliver drugs into forearm skin confirmed that atropine did not affect CVC. However, perfusion of L-NAME resulted in a significant decrease in CVC (37 +/- 4%, P < 0.05). The results indicate that neither sweating nor NO release via muscarinic receptor activation is essential to sustain cutaneous dilation during heating in humans.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

L-NAME enhances responses to atrial natriuretic peptide in the pulmonary vascular bed of the cat.

This study investigated the hypothesis that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) responses are mediated by particulate guanylate cyclase in the pulmonary vascular bed of the cat. When tone in the pulmonary vascular bed was raised to a high steady level with the thromboxane mimic U-46619, injections of ANP caused dose-related decreases in lobar arterial pressure. After administration of HS-142-1, an ANP-A- and ANP-B-receptor antagonist, vasodilator responses to ANP were reduced. The nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) enhanced ANP vasodilator responses, suggesting that inhibition of NO modulates ANP responses. L-NAME administration with constant 8-bromo-cGMP infusion attenuated the increased vasodilator response to ANP, suggesting that supersensitivity to ANP occurs upstream to activation of a cGMP-dependent protein kinase. In pulmonary arterial rings, ANP produced concentration-related vasorelaxant responses with and without endothelium. Methylene blue, L-NAME, or N(omega)-monomethyl-L-arginine did not alter ANP vasorelaxant responses. These data show that ANP supersensitivity observed in the intact pulmonary vascular bed is not seen in isolated pulmonary arterial segments, suggesting that it may only occur in resistance vessel elements. These results suggest that ANP responses occur through activation of ANP-A and/or -B receptors in an endothelium-independent manner and are modulated by NO in resistance vessel elements in the pulmonary vascular bed of the cat.

15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5↗