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PubMed1982

Maternal causal attributions at hospital discharge of high-risk infants.

Interviews were conducted at hospital discharge with mothers of 43 infants with severe perinatal complications posing risks to development. Information gathered included mothers' beliefs about the causes of the infant's medical problems, expectations of caretaking difficulties, and self-reported mood on the Profile of Mood States. Of the various demographic characteristics studied, only maternal parity was related to causal attributions, with mothers of later-born infants more likely to blame themselves and mothers of first-born infants more likely to blame others and to attribute the infant's condition to chance. Mothers who blamed others reported greater mood disturbance and greater anticipated caretaking problems than did mothers who attributed the infant's condition to a maternal behavior during pregnancy. These findings were discussed in relation to studies of attributional processes and coping with misfortune.

Attitude↗
PubMed1995

Concern: spurious or real.

This paper is about a group of patients who appear to show excessive concern for their objects, reflecting a combination of a real wish for reparation alongside an attitude of hostility and superiority towards the object. Detailed clinical examples from two patients are used to illustrate a certain combination of characterological defences in these patients who have been severely deprived, and overcompensate for this experienced deprivation by the expression of excessive concern for an object that is simultaneously experienced as hostile and frustrating. Side by side with the partial achievement of the depressive position there is an early 'take over' of the breast, in which the infant 'becomes' the breast and shows behaviour which is in part a fake of a very concerned mother. The paper includes a discussion of some of the technical problems in dealing with such patients, and stresses the need for distinguishing between what is real and what is false; it suggests that what is required is a balanced or 'two handed' approach, in which there is firm handling of the manic or pretentious 'take over' together with a sympathetic understanding of the underlying vulnerability of these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Postpartum mental disorders.

As many as 85 percent of women have some type of postpartum mental illness. Puerperal mental difficulties may have an adverse effect on the relationship between a mother and her newborn. The three categories of postpartum mental illness are the "blues," depression and psychosis. Postpartum blues is a mild, transient disorder that may be a variant of normal maternal behavior following delivery. Depression and psychosis in the postpartum period cannot clearly be distinguished from the same disorders occurring at other times of life, but they respond to traditional modes of therapy.

Depression↗
PubMed1995

Effects of monoisoamyl meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate on arsenite-induced maternal and developmental toxicity in mice.

The therapeutic efficacy of monoisoamyl meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate (Mi-ADMS), on arsenite-induced maternal and developmental toxicity was evaluated in the pregnant mouse. Sodium arsenite (12 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into Swiss mice on day 9 of gestation, whereas Mi-ADMS was given subcutaneously at 0.25, 5, 24, and 48 hr after arsenite exposure. Amelioration by Mi-ADMS of arsenite-induced maternal and embryofetal toxicity was assessed at 23.8, 47.5, and 95 mg/kg/day. Controls received 0.9% saline with or without arsenite. Cesarean sections were performed on gestation day 18. In the positive control group (treated with arsenite only), 20.8% of the pregnant animals died, whereas 37.5% of the dams were carrying completely resorbed litters. No arsenite-induced maternal lethality was seen following treatment with Mi-ADMS at 23.8, 47.5 and 95 mg/kg/day. Also, administration of the drug at these doses significantly reduced the embryolethality, as well as the incidence of some skeletal variations provoked by sodium arsenite. Although based on these findings, Mi-ADMS might be suggested as a potential antidote to prevent the arsenite-induced maternal and developmental toxicity, due to their reduced toxicity compared to Mi-ADMS, DMSA and DMPS would probably be more advisable for pregnant women exposed to arsenite.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Oxytocin and the molecular basis of monogamy.

Previous studies in rats have implicated central oxytocin (OT) pathways in the onset of maternal behavior, female sexual receptivity, and the response of the pups to social separation. However, the rat is not ideal for studying effects of OT on attachment as rats fail to form selective, enduring social bonds. To study male-female pair bonds, our laboratory has focused on a microtine rodent, the prairie vole, which is monogamous and highly affiliative. Adult prairie voles form pair bonds after mating (with prolonged, repeated bouts of copulation). As mating releases OT in several species of mammals, we hypothesized that this release was important for pair bond formation in the prairie vole. Central administration of an OT antagonist (but not a V1 antagonist) prevents pair bonding without interfering with the mating behavior. Moreover, central infusion of OT (but not vasopressin, AVP) facilitates pair bonding n the absence of mating. In males, it is AVP (not OT) that appears necessary for pair bond formation. The pattern of OT (and AVP) receptor distribution in the prairie vole brain is entirely distinct from the pattern observed in the closely related non-monogamous montane vole. OT receptors (OTR) in these two species show virtually identical kinetics, specificities, and cDNA sequences (RNA from parturient uterus). In current studies, we are screening genomic libraries from prairie and montane voles to determine if species differences in OTR promoters account for the strikingly different patterns of regional expression in brain. These studies should ultimately provide insight into a neuroendocrine mechanism for pair bond formation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The significance of perinatal alcoholization and its withdrawal in the development of late cognitive disorders in rats].

To study the effect of perinatal alcoholization and its withdrawal on cognitive functions of rats, 25% ethanol solution was administered intragastrically: (1) over the whole period of the rat pregnancy in a dose of 5 g/kg/day; (2) from the Ist day of pregnancy to the 7th day after genera in a dose of 5 g/kg/day; (3) from the Ist day of pregnancy to the 2nd day after genera in a dose of 5 g/kg/day; and then in daily decreased doses (by 1g/kg) to the 7th day. A less pronounced increase in the rat mass and disturbances in maternal behavior (eating up the descendants) was observed for all alcoholization regimes. Alcoholization inhibited the eye opening, but did not affect the body mass increase and elementary inborn reflexes of descendants during the first three weeks of life, whereas in adult male descendants alcoholization deteriorated the ability to training and memory on the "open field" model and bilateral avoidance response. The cognitive disorders in descendants were more pronounced after abrupt withdrawal of ethanol directly after the birth and were minimal after gradual withdrawal of alcohol.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Maintenance of hypothalamic GnRH release during lactation in the rat: a push-pull perfusion study.

The activity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator during lactation was assessed by direct determination of GnRH levels impinging upon the pituitary gland. Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted on day 15 of pregnancy with a push-pull perfusion cannula directed to the anterior pituitary. All implanted animals showed normal parturition, maternal behavior and lactation. Push-pull perfusions were performed in 15 rats suckling 11.0 +/- 0.8 pups (range 4-15) on day 7-20 of lactation and repeated on diestrous 1 after weaning in some of the same animals. GnRH content of the samples was assayed by RIA. GnRH pulses were clearly detected during lactation. Mean GnRH secretion rate was 1.9 +/- 0.3 pg/10 min (chi +/- SE, range between 0.5 and 3 pg/10 min) and interpulse interval was 37.5 +/- 1.7 min (range between 27 and 50 min). There was a significant decrease of about 19% in the interpulse interval after weaning. There was no significant difference in GnRH pulse amplitude nor in GnRH secretion rate between lactation and diestrous. These results demonstrate that nursing does not suppress the GnRH pulse generator in the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Forensic implications and medical-legal dilemmas of maternal versus fetal rights.

The purpose of this paper is to review the issue of fetal rights from primarily a legal perspective, with consideration of morals and professional ethics. The practice of medicine is fraught with numerous bioethical dilemmas. These dilemmas often leave the physician wondering if he has made the correct decision. A physician's morals and professional ethics may influence his or her decision in resolving bioethical dilemmas. The case example is a 34-year-old female with a 41-week intra-uterine pregnancy. The mother was refusing induction of labor. Without the labor induction, the fetus may die. Despite this risk, the mother desired to pursue a vaginal delivery. The AMA's ethics state that a competent, pregnant mother's wishes should prevail and the court should not be involved unless there are unusual circumstances. The mother in the case example was competent and informed consent was provided. Case law does not specifically address the dilemma of the case example. However, there is case law regarding court-ordered cesarean sections which reveals different opinions. The difference in court opinion encompasses the relative degree of weight given to the fetus's right to be born healthy and alive versus the mother's privacy rights. Some courts describe this "balancing test," whereas others state that the mother's privacy rights prevail unless there are exceptional circumstances, which will be extremely rare. The fetus has acquired rights in other areas of the law; for example, abolishment of the intra-family immunity doctrine and the definition of murder in most states. In considering the legal arena of fetal versus maternal rights, a decision tree is presented to assist physicians in assessing cases of a pregnant mother refusing medical treatment. There is no precise demarcation in assessing fetal and maternal rights. The greater the degree of fetal viability, the greater degree of fetal rights. Consideration must also be given to the relative degree of invasiveness to the mother for the proposed procedure; the more invasive, the greater degree of maternal rights. Each case must be evaluated on an individual basis and the decision tree can assist a clinician with this process.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Correlations between antepartum maternal metabolism and newborn behavior.

We suggested that antepartum maternal metabolism may affect later cognitive and behavioral function of progeny by impacting on developing brain cells in utero. This study reports on the observed relationships between serial characterizations of maternal fuels during pregnancy and Brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment scale ratings of offspring from 73 well-controlled pregestational diabetic patients, 112 gestational diabetic patients, and 24 nondiabetic patients. After controlling for the effects of premature birth on the Brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment scale, significant correlations were found between second- and third-trimester glycemic regulation (hemoglobin A1c and fasting plasma glucose levels) and three of four newborn behavioral dimensions of the Brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment scale. In each case, as maternal glucose increased, the newborns' Brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment scale responses were poor. Results were not substantially different when gestational and pregestational diabetic patients were analyzed separately, nor can they be attributed to various perinatal events (neonatal asphyxia, hypoglycemia) or differences in socioeconomic status or ethnicity. The presence of fuel-related neurobehavioral deficits in neonates of diabetic mothers suggests that such infants start their interactions with care givers from a modified base.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1999

Maternally directed orienting behaviors of newborn rats.

We observed an organized repertoire of behaviors performed by newborns of the laboratory rat when placed under suspended artificial surfaces simulating various properties of the awake dam's ventrum. Pups traveled and wriggled, turned on their sides and upside down, ventroflexed and probed into the surface while on side or upside down, and audibly barked, all in a state of heightened behavioral arousal. Within 48 to 72 hr after birth, these behaviors generally increased with the addition to the simulation of more maternal features, including the texture of the dam's ventral fur and odor, separately and in combination. In addition, the behaviors were intensified by 18 hours of maternal deprivation. The possible functional relations among the components of this repertoire, which we refer to as "maternally directed orienting and proximity-seeking behaviors," and between these behaviors and nipple attachment and suckling, are discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

Relation between maternal characteristics and child behavior ratings. Implications for interpreting behavior checklists.

The present study examined the extent to which mothers' ratings of their psychological distress, marital adjustment, and negative life events were related to maternal ratings of child behavior problems. Data were collected from mothers of 110 children (ages 2 to 12 years) who were referred to a pediatric clinic for a variety of common behavioral concerns. Maternal psychological distress and marital adjustment were significantly correlated with mothers' ratings on a child behavior checklist. Maternal psychological distress also accounted for a significant amount of the variance in maternal child behavior ratings over and above that accounted for by fathers' ratings of the same behaviors. Given that maternal characteristics co-vary significantly with reports of child behavior problems, pediatricians should interpret findings derived from child behavior rating scales within the overall family context.

Adaptation, Psychological↗