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PubMedDate not supplied

The demography, career pattern, and motivation of locum tenens physicians in the United States.

The objective of this study was to provide a profile of locum tenens providers and their motivation for choosing this practice pattern. The research design used was a cross-sectional mailed survey questionnaire. Participants included the 1662 physicians who accepted at least one locum tenens assignment in 2001 from one physician staffing service. They were asked to complete a 50-element questionnaire; 776 (47 percent) responded. The average age of respondents was 53.0 years. Men represented 70.3 percent of the sample and were significantly older (56.3 years) than women providers who responded (45.3 years). One-third considered a locum tenens practice pattern permanent. Primary care locums were younger than specialists and subspecialists. Female providers were disproportionately practicing in primary care specialties (43.9 percent); 64 percent used locum income as their sole source of support and were frequently (31 percent) motivated by a need for a flexible work schedule. Male locum physicians were weighted toward the subspecialties and were motivated mostly (62 percent) by a desire to continue to practice part time. They used locum income as a secondary means of support (33 percent) or to augment pension and retirement resources (38 percent). A physician workforce from most major specialties and subspecialties and all age groups and career stages fulfills career and economic goals by working in a short-term, temporary employment pattern. Locum tenens appeals to physician providers who desire a healthier, more controllable lifestyle.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Comparative analysis of nicotine dependence and motivation to quit smoking in patients with bronchial asthma or COPD].

The aim of the study was to assess differences in tobacco addiction rate and motivation to quit tobacco smoking in patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The study comprised 384 males from Warsaw and its environs, aiming to quit smoking within the nearest year, without cardiovascular or neoplastic diseases, with at least medium education (17.19). The subjects were qualified into one of three groups: a control group--subjects without pulmonary diseases (n=143), patients with COPD (n=126) and patients with bronchial asthma (n=115). The smoking index (pack-years) was calculated in each group. The tobacco addiction rate was assessed with the Fageström questionnaire, and the motivation to quit smoking with the Schneider test. All data were obtained during individual examinations. The mean smoking index in the study population was 29.0 +/- 20.6 pack-years (control--27.0 +/- 20.6; asthma--25.2 +/- 14.2 and COPD--38.0 +/- 21.4). A high tobacco addiction rate was found in 40.5% of the patients with COPD, 37.1% of the patients with asthma and 30.3% of the subjects from the control group. The differences between the groups were not statistically significant (p>0.05). In the asthmatic group the percentage of subjects with a high motivation to quit smoking was significantly lower (48%) than in the COPD group (74%, p=0.005) and the control group (75%, p=0.002). It was found that patients with COPD significantly more frequently than asthmatics and people without pulmonary diseases need medical assistance in overcoming nicotine addiction.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Factors that could motivate people to adopt safe hygienic practices in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 18 million South Africans do not have access to adequate sanitation. This problem is not unique to South Africa but is a challenge to many developing countries. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this qualitative study was to gain insight and understanding of factors that could motivate people to adopt safe hygienic practices. METHODS: A non-probability purposive sample of 122 participants was drawn from sanitation stakeholder organisations in the Eastern Cape Province. Of these, 74 were male and 48 were female. The mean age of the participants was 40.1 years. The 122 participants were divided into 15 focus groups, each consisting of about eight members. The focus group discussions were conducted using seven guiding questions. Responses were examined and clustered in terms of the primary focus group questions. RESULTS: Regular water supply, provision of sanitation facilities, stakeholder participation and improvement of consumer sanitation knowledge are factors which can motivate people to adopt safe hygienic practices. CONCLUSIONS: There are cultural, educational, economic, institutional, environmental and psycho-social factors that could motivate people to adopt safe hygienic practices.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Psychological motives behind the wish to have children among High School and University students under consideration of female test persons with eating disorders].

OBJECTIVES: The aim was to investigate psychological motives behind the wish to have children among female and male students, with special consideration of females with eating disorders. METHODS: 736 participants (437 women and 299 men) were examined using the "Leipziger Fragebogen zu Kinderwunschmotiven und Einstellungen zum Kinderwunsch" (a questionnaire concerning the motives and attitudes for the wish to have a child). Disturbed eating behaviour was classified with the Eating Attitudes Test. RESULTS: 15.4 % of the students showed a low, 39 % a medium and 45.6 % a high wish to have children. The subscales "Desire for emotional stabilization" as well as "Social stereotypes" had the highest and "Fear of material impairment" and "Personal restriction" the lowest correlation with the wish for a child. Women with anorectic eating disorders displayed a significantly lower desire for children than students with normal eating patterns or women with a bulimic tendency. CONCLUSIONS: The psychological motives examined here contributed highly to the explanation of variance concerning the wish to have children. The results for women with eating disorders indicate that primary ambivalences concerning the wish to have children may be involved in the pre-clinical stadium of eating disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Helping patients with risky health behaviors: some suggestions for motivational interviewing].

Helping patients modify risky health behaviors, including cigarette smoking, at-risk alcohol use, sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diet, is a common and sometimes frustrating task. Motivational interviewing was developed from the notion that simple advice usually does not lead to behavioral change and may be even misperceived by patients. Based on active listening and an empathic attitude, some principles of motivational interviewing may be easily adapted to a primary care consultation. These principles facilitate positive, relaxed and constructive atmosphere for behavior change discussions and have been associated with promising results. This article presents key concepts of motivational interviewing such as ambivalence, resistance and stages of change, illustrated with practical examples.

Health Behavior↗
PubMed2005

[Alexithymia and depression: relationship to cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence and motivation to quit smoking].

The aim of the study was to examine an alexithymia score and depression among people smoking cigarettes and also to examine association between alexithymia, depression and smoking index, nicotine addiction, the motivation to quit smoking. The study comprised 46 people from Warsaw and its environs, without pulmonary, cardiovascular or neoplastic diseases, with at least medium education. The subjects were qualified into two groups: group I (n = 22) - subjects who had never smoked cigarettes, and group II - currently smoking (n=24). The total alexithymia score and scores of alexithymia subscales: difficulty in identifying feelings (TIE), b) difficulty in communicating feelings (TOU), c) externally oriented thinking (OSM) were assessed with Toronto Alexi. thymia Scale 20 (TAS-20). Beck Depression Inventory (Scale) (BDI) was used to evaluate presence and intensification of depression symptoms. The tobacco addiction rate was assessed with the Fagestrom questionnaire, and the motivation to quit smoking with the Schneider test. All data were obtained during individual exami. nations. The mean alexithymia score in the nonsmokers group was 38.6+/-8.8, in the smokers group: 46.6+/-13.0. The differences between the groups were statistically significant (p=0.02). Both difficulty in identifying feelings (TIE) and difficulty in communicating feelings (TOU) scores were significantly higher in the smokers (TIE p=0.01; TOU p=0.03). There were no differences in externally oriented thinking. It was found that people smoking cigarettes had a significantly higher level of intensification of depression symptoms than the controls. There was not any correlation between the total alexithymia score and depression symptoms or smoking index, the degree of nicotine addiction, the motivation to quit smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[The motivation for mental patients' attending industrial medical clinics].

In order to define the possibilities and approaches to the humanization and democratization of labour rehabilitation of mental patients, to reveal and consider individual requirements constituting each patient's personality, a study was made of the motives of attending the treatment and industrial shops (TIS) by them and preferable types of labour activities. Use was made of special formalized maps devised for the given study purposes. All the possible motives of attending TIS and preferable labour activities were registered in those maps as was an objective assessment of the output per man-hour. 221 patients were examined. The results of the examination were assessed in accordance with distribution of the patients by the clinical parameters. The hierarchy of the motives and preferences and output per man-hour depended on the patients' clinical characteristics. Still, it has been established on the whole that attending TIS, 91% were willing to work, 85% to change the environment, 70% to speed up the discharge, 65% to enhance the treatment efficacy, 45% to communicate with new people, 33% to earn money. 46% of the patients reported to work passively, under the influence of persuasions. 71% preferred performing collective work, 68% unsophisticated, 63% very simple work without any responsibility, 53% mobile, 51% sedentary, 49% physical, 32% complicated, 25% individual, 7% intellectual. Only 85% of the patients attending TIS worked. The highest productivity was recorded in patients with borderline mental disorders, the lowest in patients with actual psychotic disorders.

Efficiency↗
PubMed2006

Tobacco consumption and motives for use in Mexican university students.

Increased tobacco consumption, especially among adolescents and females, has been observed recently in Mexico. The goal of this study is to describe tobacco consumption and motives for use among university students. A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed using data provided by 282 students aged 15-24 studying at the University of Guadalajara's University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS). A validated online survey was applied. The study was voluntary, anonymous, and confidential; 65.5% of respondents were 20-24 years of age (65.4% were females). Students in the upper-middle socioeconomic level comprised 64.5% of respondents; 22.3% of students had smoked during the previous month, and 22% felt a deep need to smoke during the past year. The motives for smoking varied. Dealing with problematic emotional behavior was the reason given by 75.6% of smokers; 20.7% of smokers claimed their smoking was a reasoned action, as they had healthy friends who smoked. Motives for not smoking also varied; that smoking was harmful was cited by 47.7% of respondents. The view that smoking was a problematic form of behavior was held by 46.2% of nonsmokers; 29% of students had no access to cigarettes. No differences in response frequencies were found between males and females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Serotonin uptake inhibitors: effects on motivated consummatory behaviors.

Within the context of the role of serotonin (5-HT) in motivated behavior, the authors examine the effects of 5-HT uptake inhibitors on the regulation of motivated consummatory behavior. Emphasis in this field has for the most part focused on the consistent observation that treatment with these agents attenuates voluntary ethanol drinking behavior in both rats and humans. There has been extensive speculation that the underlying mechanism of the decrease in ethanol intake induced by 5-HT uptake inhibition may involve a modulation of ethanol's reinforcing properties. However, increasing evidence indicates that food consumption and fluid intake are also attenuated by these compounds. In addition, it has been shown that morphine, amphetamine, cocaine, and nicotine self-administration, as well as intracranial self-stimulation, are all decreased following 5-HT uptake inhibition. These observations support strongly the notion that the effects of these agents are global in nature and not specific to any single consummatory behavior. They also suggest that 5-HT uptake inhibition may result in nonspecific modification of motivated behavior in general.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Food motivation in patients with alimentary obesity].

A total of 150 patients with alimentary obesity, stage I-IV, were investigated. The control group was represented by 60 clinically normal subjects with normal body mass. The state of their food motivation was studied by the questionnaire method and with the aid of figure scale. It has been established that food motivation of obese patients acquires features of a dominant factor in the central nervous system activity, that determines both sharp activation of food behavior under the influence of stress, and effective release of psychoemotional stress after food intake. The degree of food motivation expression in obese patients is subjected to specific diurnal fluctuations with a maximal increase in the evening, thus evidencing peculiarity of diurnal rhythmic activity of the neuroendocrinal system and energy metabolism in alimentary obesity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Oligopeptides in the organization of feeding motivation: a systemic approach.

The role of oligopeptides in the organization of feeding motivation is reviewed, with various peptides being shown to determine different aspects of the systemic organization of feeding. Several oligopeptides are essential for the transformation of the metabolic need for food into a motivational state or desire for food. Others enable the dominant feeding motivation to be translated into a behavioural response. Special oligopeptides are involved in the evaluation of the degree of satisfaction of the need for food.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Age migraine and achievement motivation related? A psychophysiological study of responses to real-life achievement stress in young headache sufferers.

Achievement motivation and its physiological correlates were studied in 37 young migrainous headache sufferers (30 females and 7 males) and in 37 matched controls. Temporal and digital pulse amplitude, the EMGs of the m. frontalis, anterior temporalis and corrugator supercilii, heart and respiration rate, head temperature and electrodermal activity were measured during an adaptation session, an examination and an intelligence test. An abnormal response in the temporal artery, which was present in the migrainous headache sufferers, was not associated with achievement motivation. But the latter was positively associated with a high skin conductance level, a greater number of spontaneous skin conductance responses (SCRs) during the examination and a lower digital pulse amplitude in both the migrainous headache and control groups. Higher sympathetic activity in subjects with high achievement motivation was interpreted as an indication of greater mental effort and is a possible contributory factor to an attack in those with migraine.

Achievement↗
PubMed1990

Motivational control of instrumental performance following a shift from thirst to hunger.

Thirsty rats were trained to press a lever for either a sucrose solution or saline before performance was tested in extinction while the animals were either hungry alone or experiencing both hunger and a sodium appetite. Reinforcer-specific motivational control was observed in that the animals trained with the sucrose solution pressed more than those trained with the saline when they were tested hungry, but not when they were tested under combined hunger and sodium appetite. In order to assess the role of a Pavlovian incentive process in this effect, thirsty animals received non-contingent pairings of one stimulus with the sucrose solution and another with saline in the second experiment. In an extinction test the sucrose stimulus augmented lever pressing relative to the saline stimulus when the animals were hungry, but not when they were thirsty. In the subsequent experiments the contribution of the Pavlovian process was equated by giving concurrent training with both incentives. Lever pressing and chain pulling were reinforced concurrently, one with the sucrose solution and the other with saline, while the animals were thirsty. Once again, the animals pressed more in extinction if this action had been trained with the sucrose solution rather than the saline, but only if they were hungry rather than thirsty. Thus, instrumental performance across a thirst-to-hunger shift can also be controlled by an instrumental incentive process. The direct engagement of the instrumental process by this motivational shift contrasts to the absence of such control following a hunger-to-thirst transition (Dickinson & Dawson, 1987a), a fact attributed to the asymmetrical motivational interactions produced by water and food deprivation.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Performance deficits on tests of problem solving in alcoholics: cognitive or motivational impairment?

This study tests the hypothesis that the performance deficits of alcoholics on tests of problem-solving abilities are due to impairment in motivation. The Conceptual Level Analogy Test and the Levine Hypothesis Test were administered to 40 sober middle-aged male alcoholic and 30 nonalcoholic individuals in a 2 x 2 [Group (alcoholic, nonalcoholic) by Monetary Incentive (incentive, no incentive)] between-subjects covariance design. The motivational manipulation was a performance-contingent monetary incentive. On the Levine test alcoholics performed less well than nonalcoholics but there were no incentive effects. On the analogy test, surprisingly, alcoholics did not differ from nonalcoholics in performance (probably due to the feedback necessitated by use of a performance-contingent incentive) although incentive effects were found across groups. However, there were no significant Group by Incentive interactions on either test or on self-report questionnaires of subjective states (e.g., effort expended) experienced during the tests. Thus, no evidence was found to support the impaired motivation hypothesis. The cognitive hypothesis remains as the most credible hypothesis to account for the performance deficits of alcoholics on tests of problem-solving ability.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Motivation of patients to stomatological care].

The discussion is presented on certain factors influencing the motivation of the patients to undergo stomatological treatment. They included: 1. Increasing positive motivation to treatment: striving to alleviate pain caused by decayed tooth, realization of aims not related to health, cultural aspects. 2. Motivating treatment avoidance: fear of pain connected with the treatment, consequence of low availability of dentists in Poland unconscious anxiety connected with: violation of bodily integrity of the patient, manipulation in particularly important oral area, stomatologist's domination over patient.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1989

[Why do they enroll in nursing school? A study of the motivations of the enrollments in the School for Professional Nurses of Veneto Province].

A longitudinal investigation developed in the Regione Veneto has focused on the motivations which lead 2,500 young people per year to choose the nursing school and on the information on the school and the profession which are available for them. The ground motivations which seem to guide to choice appear to be mostly of the idealistic-humanitarian type, while the image of the nursing profession shares the characteristics of a low professional and social role. The investigation has also explored the motivations which lead 15% of the candidates to leave the school very early on, and provides a profile of those characteristics of the Regional Schools which are judged by the young candidates as positive or negative.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

[Neuronal activity of the ventromedial hypothalamus in motivated, emotionally positive and negative states].

In unrestrained rats, neuronal activity of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) was studied in fasting, satiation and motivational-emotional states induced with electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and VMH. Three types of nervous cells were distinguished. The 1st-type neurons decreased their firing rate in satiation and revealed no obvious tendency in response to LH and VMH stimulation. The 2nd-type neurons enhanced their firing rate in satiation, were inhibited under motivational and emotionally negative stimulation effects. The 3rd-type neurons showed no response to either satiation or motivational states induced with LH stimulation, and were activated in emotionally negative states.

Action Potentials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dependence of the electrical activity of the amygdaloid complex on motivation level and emotional status in the dog].

On the basis of spectral analysis of prolonged realizations (hundreds of seconds) of electrosubcorticograms of the amygdalar complexes of three dogs, the effect of increase in power of amygdalar rhythmic activity was found, at the change of motivation level in conditions of dominance of alimentary or defensive motivation independently of its kind. Resonance characteristics of the system responsible for the generation of the given rhythm remain unchanged; this allows to explain the increase of the spectral peak by the rise of the inflow of afferent impulse activity to the amygdala. At presence of competitive motivations no summation of their influences is observed; a more complex effect on the rhythm arises in the amygdala.

Amygdala↗