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[The Portuguese version of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale -- I. Linguistic adaptation, semantic validation, and reliability study].

BACKGROUND: The Toronto Alexithymia Scale, namely in its revised version (TAS-20), is nowadays widely used and certainly the most well validated measure of alexithymia; allowing to recognize three distinct aspects of the construct. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to assess reliability and validity of a Portuguese translation; proceeding in this first part, to the semantic validation and confirmatory structural analysis of the questionnaire, as well as to the analysis of the internal coherence of this structure, and of its reliability in what concerns time stability. Just to later examine validity related aspects as described in a second paper. METHODS: Fist of all translation and substantiation were properly made as described according with commonly used procedures. Thus resulting in a questionnaire subsequently applied to three distinct populations: university students (N = 468), outpatients attending a routine general practice consultation (N = 50), and patients with inflammatory bowel disease (N = 74). RESULTS: Despite some traceable instability while replicating the original model, confirmatory factorial analysis somehow allowed disclosing the three originally described factors. Nevertheless also resulted some differences susceptible to later being discerned among the factors in what concerns their internal coherence: the questionnaire as a whole is highly reliable, and the same goes for factor 1, in any of the studied samples; less steady results among different groups were found regarding factors 2 and 3. However the test-retest stability brought to evidence, in any of the considered groups, an excellent reliability in all aspects: global score and integrating factors. CONCLUSION: With these sound psychometric properties of the instrument under scrutiny, the observed cross-cultural variations result as minor, while also considering the aimed comparability in the context of a vast amount of alexithymia studies carried out all over the world.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1992

[The future of linguistic groups in Quebec: balances and options].

"During the 1981-1986 period, the balance between demographic phenomena was such that the proportion of francophones in the population tended to increase in Quebec. In this article, we project the 1981-1986 situation and other scenarios to see the impact of increasing immigration on the proportion of francophones in Quebec. The results suggest that there is an antinomy between an increase of the total population and an increase of the proportion of francophones. Thus, the policy of the provincial government to accept 55,000 immigrants per year would probably lead to a decrease in the proportion of francophones in Quebec." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Acculturation↗
PubMed1992

[Linguistic orientation of allophones in Montreal].

"The 1986 census shows that Montrealers whose mother tongue is neither English nor French assimilate to English rather than French at the same rate as [in 1971]. However, divergent trends underlie this overall stability. While the Montreal-born prefer English even more massively than in 1971, French has progressed just as markedly among immigrants, though there is a visible return to English among the latest arrivals." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Acculturation↗