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PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale-Self Report and clinical judgment in patients with chronic lung disease.

BACKGROUND: The study assessed the value of the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale-Self Report (PAIS-SR) in determining the psychosocial impact of impairment and disability in patients with chronic irreversible airflow limitation. METHODS: Fifty-six consecutive patients admitted to respiratory rehabilitation were studied. Psychosocial adjustment was measured with the PAIS-SR and was judged separately by two health-care workers on the rehabilitation team. Agreement between the PAIS-SR and the health-care workers was determined using the Kappa statistic. RESULTS: Four subjects did not complete the questionnaire. The data from 52 subjects were analyzed. The mean forced expired volume in one second (FEV1) was 1.2 +/- 0.4 L. The mean age was 66.4 +/- 9.0 years. There was good agreement between the individual assessment of each health-care worker (P < 0.001). There was good agreement between the score on the PAIS-SR and the clinical assessment by each of the health-care workers (P < 0.001). However, there were 10 subjects who identified severe adjustment difficulties that were not recognized by the health-care professionals. CONCLUSION: Although there was agreement between the PAIS-SR and clinical judgment in assessing the psychosocial impact impairment and disability in chronic airflow limitation, the PAIS-SR may identify individuals with adjustment difficulties not recognized by members of the health-care team. The results support the routine use of objective measures to assess the psychosocial impact of chronic airflow limitation.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

Rotation and direction judgment from visual images head-slaved in two and three degrees-of-freedom.

The contribution to spatial awareness of adding a roll degree-of-freedom (DOF) to telepresence camera platform yaw and pitch was examined in an experiment where subjects judged direction and rotation of stationary target markers in a remote scene. Subjects viewed the scene via head-slaved camera images in a head-mounted display. Elimination of the roll DOF affected rotation judgment, but only at extreme yaw and pitch combinations, and did not affect azimuth and elevation judgement. Systematic azimuth overshoot occurred regardless of roll condition. Observed rotation misjudgments are explained by kinematic models for eye-head direction of gaze.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Travel risks in a time of terror: judgments and choices.

Shortly after the 2002 terrorist attacks in Bali, readers of Conde Nast Traveler magazine were surveyed regarding their views on the risks of travel to various destinations. Their risk estimates were highest for Israel, and lowest for Canada. Estimates for the different destinations correlated positively with (1) one another, (2) concern over aspects of travel that can make one feel at risk (e.g., sticking out as an American), (3) worries about other travel problems (e.g., contracting an infectious disease), and (4) attitudes toward risk. Respondents' willingness to travel to a destination was predicted well by whether their estimate of its risk was above or below their general threshold for the acceptability of travel risks. Overall, the responses suggest orderly choices, based on highly uncertain judgments of risks. Worry played a significant role in these choices, even after controlling for cognitive considerations, thereby supporting the recently proposed "risk as feelings" hypothesis. Thus, even among people who have generally consistent and defensible beliefs, emotions may affect choices. These results emerged with people selected for their interest in and experience with the decision domain (travel), but challenged to incorporate a new concern (terror).

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Unraveling the web of personality judgments: the influence of social networks on personality assessment.

Contemporary assessment models have focused on the degree to which self- and other reports of personality description agree in an effort to define consensus and agreement about personality attributes. In general, we believe that analyses of this type of data have been limited in that they tend to focus on both simple models (usually dyad-based) and simple aggregations of data (usually correlations between self- and other ratings). In addition, the behaviors used as stimuli in experimental settings lack the richness of behaviors in natural social settings. Here, we present some ideas from social network models in an effort to influence broader conceptualizations of agreement and consensus in assessment. Social network models provide a more complete description of interpersonal behavior beyond the dyadic level in both laboratory and natural settings. After defining some basic social network concepts, we go on to suggest the applicability of these concepts to personality assessment and, more specifically, to how these models might be used to study self-other agreement and consensus about personality judgments. Empirical data are used to illustrate social network concepts in the domain of personality assessment.

Female↗
PubMed1993

Analyzing consensus in personality judgments: a variance components approach.

Although peer raters of personality traits do tend to agree, the strength of their consensus is often modest. This article focuses on methods for analyzing determinants of consensus. Variance components methods adapted from generalizability theory have some untapped potential for understanding gradations in consensus. The methods allow explicit analysis of how social categories of targets might affect judgments of raters from the same or different social categories. Limitations of the variance components approach are also discussed. The methods are illustrated with artificial data.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Ordinal judgments of numerical symbols by macaques (Macaca mulatta).

Two rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) learned that the arabic numerals 0 through 9 represented corresponding quantities of food pellets. By manipulating a joystick, the monkeys were able to make a selection of paired numerals presented on a computer screen. Although the monkeys received a corresponding number of pellets even if the lesser of the two numerals was selected, they learned generally to choose the numeral of greatest value even when pellet delivery was made arrhythmic. In subsequent tests, they chose the numerals of greater value when presented in novel combinations or in random arrays of up to five numerals. Thus, the monkeys made ordinal judgments of numerical symbols in accordance with their absolute or relative values.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Time pressure and the application of decision rules: choices and judgments among multiattribute alternatives.

The effects of time pressure on decisions and judgments were studied and related to the use of different decision rules in a multiattribute decision task. The decision alternatives were students described by their high school grades in Swedish, Psychology and Natural Science. The subjects were asked to choose the student they thought would be most able to follow a university program and graduate as a school psychologist. On the basis of earlier findings using the same kind of decision task (Svenson et al., 1990) it was hypothesised that subjects under time pressure would prefer candidates having the maximum grade across all attributes to a greater extent than subjects under no time pressure. Furthermore, it was hypothesised that subjects under time pressure would also focus more on the most important attribute and choose the alternatives being best on that attribute. The results supported these hypotheses.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Lead stimulation effects on reflex blink, exogenous brain potentials, and loudness judgments.

Prepulse inhibition of the reflex blink by a weak stimulus shortly preceding a blink-eliciting stimulus has been described as a sensorimotor gating phenomenon that may protect processing of the first stimulus. To determine how a stimulus configuration that elicits prepulse inhibition also affects exogenous evoked potentials and perceived loudness of the paired stimuli, the three types of response were recorded simultaneously under four conditions: tone pairs of 75-110 dB and 75-75 dB and single control tones of each intensity. Two studies using different intrapair intervals found that blinks and exogenous potentials peaking after 50 ms were smaller for the second tone of pairs than for equal-intensity single tones. Pairing also reduced the loudness of 110-dB second tones, but the loudness of 75-dB first and second tones was unaffected or increased. These effects are discussed in terms of parallel processing of transient, unmodulated information in specific paths, steady-state modulated information in nonspecific paths, and a context-dependent effect on loudness judgments.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1988

Judgments of "normal" and "problem" alcohol use as related to reported alcohol consumption.

We obtained alcohol use data and judgments of individual ("What do you think?") and cultural ("What do people in general think?") norms for normal and problem quantity and frequency of alcohol use, as well as ratings of whether particular alcohol-related behaviors indicated a drinking problem, from 928 adult respondents who were members of Hawaii's five major racial/ethnic groups [Chinese, European (Caucasian), Filipino, Hawaiian/Part-Hawaiian, and Japanese ancestry]. As compared with older survey data (but consonant with recent survey data), Hawaiians have substantially increased in alcohol use, as have Filipinos (if they drink at all; a high proportion are abstainers), and to a lesser extent, Japanese. Chinese remain very low in alcohol use, while Caucasians have relatively decreased in use. Alcohol use norms (especially of own judged normal use) vary across sexes and ethnic groups and are predictors of consumption both within and across groups. Family resemblances are substantial with regard to alcohol use category (present users, former drinkers, abstainers). Among present users, family resemblances are often significant with regard to amount used; resemblances are more substantial between mothers and offspring than between spouses or between fathers and offspring. There were small but significant ethnic group differences in the number of specific behaviors judged to be indicative of a drinking problem, with the groups reporting the highest mean alcohol consumption (Caucasians and Hawaiians/Part Hawaiians) also indicating more behaviors, particularly pathological as opposed to celebratory behaviors, as being problematic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Clock drawing, clock reading, clock setting, and judgment of clock faces in elderly people with dementia and depression.

OBJECTIVES: To assess patient performance on different clock tasks. DESIGN: Group comparisons. SETTING: A hospital-based memory clinic; inpatient and outpatient memory clinic. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with dementia (n=30), patients with depression (n=30), and healthy controls (n=30). MEASUREMENTS: General neuropsychological tests, clock drawing tests, and three additional clock tasks: clock reading, clock setting, and judgment of clock faces (each comprising 12 items). RESULTS: Demented patients differed significantly from the control and depression groups on all clock tasks; controls and depressed patients differed only in the clock-setting task. A comparison between tasks showed that clock setting was the most difficult, which differentiated best between diagnostic groups. Groups differed not only in overall performance scores, but also in error characteristics. CONCLUSION: Overall, study results indicate that clock setting is a sensitive task that may prove to be a valuable tool when screening for dementia.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

On gender role violations and judgments made about euthanasia: a research note.

The impact of perceived gender role violations on the willingness of evaluators to label a deadly act to "end suffering" as euthanasia was explored in two studies. It was predicted that "killing" (even mercy killing) would be perceived as more role contradictory for a female actor than for a male actor. Therefore, it was expected that the deadly actions of a female actor would be judged as less justified (i.e., less likely to be labeled as euthanasia) than the same action committed by a male actor. A total of 486 undergraduates participated in one of two studies. It was found that although perceptions of justification for a deadly act were clearly influenced by whether or not the method of action taken was direct and proactive (commission) vs. indirect and passive (omission), the gender of the actor did not impact differently on the judgments of the participants. Possible explanations and future research directions are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The peer review process: the art of judgment.

Peer review is an essential mechanism for evaluating the judgment and performance of clinical providers. Reasons for conducting physician peer review range from identified quality-of-care concerns to general education. There are a variety of challenges to conducting an effective peer review, including the personal concerns of the peers conducting the reviews. This article reviews the potential uses of physician peer review, its basic methodologies, and challenges to and suggestions for obtaining effective peer review.

Accreditation↗
PubMed2005

Detection-theoretic analysis of same-different judgments for the amplitude discrimination of acoustic sinusoids.

Three methods were applied to determine which decision model best accounted for same-different judgments about the amplitude of acoustic sinusoids. The methods were (1) analysis of the shape of the receiver operating characteristic; (2) analysis of an observer's decision space; and (3) a correlation method based on the conditional-on-single-stimulus procedure. In one experiment, observers rated their confidence that a pair of 1-kHz sinusoids was drawn from the same or from different sets. The two sets had identical Gaussian distributions of decibel amplitudes, but their mean amplitudes differed by 3 dB. The differencing model, in which observers base their decision on the absolute difference between the two observations, accounted for the data better than the independent-observation model, in which observers compute independent likelihood ratios for each observation. A second experiment added to every trial an interval that contained a 1-kHz sinusoid whose amplitude equaled the grand mean of both stimulus sets. Despite this additional information, which is needed to adopt the independent-observation model, the differencing model again better accounted for the data.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1982

Paired comparison judgments of relative intelligibility in noise.

Normal hearing and hearing impaired subjects listened alternately to continuous discourse processed by pairs of binaural hearing aids. In each case, they were asked to judge which pair of aids reproduced speech more intelligibly. Twenty-three pairs of aids competed in three elimination tournaments and one round-robin tournament. Speech discrimination tests obtained via each aid served as the criterion measure of the success of the judgments. The results were that the paired comparison procedure produced more reliable rankings than discrimination scores particularly when the difference between aids was small. Concerning validity, the normal hearing subjects identified the aids producing the best discrimination scores very well. Also, they applied confidence ratings to their judgements that were well related to the size of the performance difference between the aids. The hearing impaired subjects also performed well generally but on occasion individuals in this group chose aids that were clearly not best for them or the group.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A comparison of content-masking procedures for obtaining judgments of discrete affective states.

The purpose of this article is to investigate observers' use of acoustic cues to arrive at judgments of the speaker's affective state and to address current methodological limitations. Ninety-nine female undergraduates rated the level of excitement, happiness, and anger of speech stimuli under three content-masking procedures: low-pass filtering, random splicing, and reiterant speech. Each procedure preserves some forms of acoustic information while disrupting or degrading others. As predicted, the content-masking procedures generated bias in observers' affective ratings. Results are discussed in terms of the efficacy of the content-masking procedures and implications for the study of acoustic cues to speaker affect.

Affect↗
PubMed1995

Effect of release time in compression hearing aids: paired-comparison judgments of quality.

Paired-comparison judgments of quality were obtained from 20 hearing-impaired listeners for speech processed through simulated compression hearing aids varying in release time (60, 200, 1000 ms) at three different compression ratios (1.5, 2, 3:1) and for three different background noises (ventilation, apartment, cafeteria). Analysis revealed that the main effect of release time did not have a significant effect on perceived quality. The interaction between release time and noise type was found to be significant. While no significant difference in preference for release times was evident for the ventilation noise, the longer release times (200 and 1000 ms) were preferred for the higher level noises (apartment noise, cafeteria noise). Post hoc testing revealed that the mean preference scores for the 200- and 1000-ms release time were significantly greater than that of the 60-ms release time with the competing cafeteria noise (p < 0.05). Analysis of individual subject data revealed statistically significant preferences that differed from the group mean, suggesting that individualized fitting of this parameter of a compression hearing aid might be warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Preference judgments of artificial processed and hearing-aid transduced speech.

In order to assess the relative importance of various signal processing algorithms and distortions on hearing-aid preference, male and female speech was manipulated in a number of ways and subsequently presented to normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects (the latter having a mild sensorineural high-frequency hearing loss). Signal manipulations were artificial (e.g., filtering, compression, peak clipping, or adding noise) or were actual dummy-head recordings of five different hearing aids. Listeners judged the sounds in a pairwise-comparison format. Their task was to indicate the "hearing aid" they would prefer assuming they had to wear it all day. The data were analyzed with multidimensional scaling techniques; Principal Components Analysis revealed that the first two dimensions on which preference judgments were based, can be interpreted as (1) intelligibility or clarity, and (2) distinction between signal distortion and added background distortion. Furthermore, the results showed that normal-hearing subjects generally preferred the original signal, whereas hearing-impaired subjects were inclined to choose the signals with a high-frequency emphasis. Severe band-pass filtering or low-frequency emphasis were disliked, as was to be expected. Surprisingly, however, a soft background noise (S/N ratio of 25 dB) was often among the least preferred of all signals. The differences in preference between the five hearing aids were small, but consistent. For hearing-impaired subjects, hearing-aid ordering could be accounted for by the amount of low-frequency cutoff; for normal-hearing subjects both high- and low-frequency cutoff played a role. Results of a retest experiment with normal-hearing subjects, about one year later, showed that subjects' criteria remain remarkably stable.

Adolescent↗