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PubMed2005

Humans can consciously generate random number sequences: a possible test for artificial intelligence.

Computer algorithms can only produce seemingly random or pseudorandom numbers whereas certain natural phenomena, such as the decay of radioactive particles, can be utilized to produce truly random numbers. In this study, the ability of humans to generate random numbers was tested in healthy adults. Subjects were simply asked to generate and dictate random numbers. Generated numbers were tested for uniformity, independence and information density. The results suggest that humans can generate random numbers that are uniformly distributed, independent of one another and unpredictable. If humans can generate sequences of random numbers then neural networks or forms of artificial intelligence, which are purported to function in ways essentially the same as the human brain, should also be able to generate sequences of random numbers. Elucidating the precise mechanism by which humans generate random number sequences and the underlying neural substrates may have implications in the cognitive science of decision-making. It is possible that humans use their random-generating neural machinery to make difficult decisions in which all expected outcomes are similar. It is also possible that certain people, perhaps those with neurological or psychiatric impairments, are less able or unable to generate random numbers. If the random-generating neural machinery is employed in decision making its impairment would have profound implications in matters of agency and free will.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

A rational approach to psychological testing of adults with mental retardation.

Intelligence (IQ) tests and scales of adaptive behavior are typically used to evaluate adults with mental retardation. Personality tests and instruments designed to measure behavior problems and psychopathology are also used. Repeated IQ testing is common but not useful for adults. Adaptive behavior scales and measures of psychopathology do appear useful, although the latter are relatively new and not widely used in clinical practice. Tests requiring skilled language responses are not useful for people with severe and profound disabilities. The problem of administering the tests is addressed by interviewing people who are knowledgeable about the person being evaluated; this method is limited by the actual knowledge of the person interviewed. Neuroimaging, still in the research stage, may be especially relevant in the future.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Examiner effects in adoption studies of intelligence.

To test the hypothesis that examiner differences influence family correlations in adoption studies of intelligence, data from two recent adoption studies were reanalyzed as a function of whether the same or different examiners tested both members of a pair. While each study yielded trends suggesting examiner effects on correlations, results of the two studies were directly counter to each other. Our conclusion is that examiner effects are not yet predictable and, overall, cannot be demonstrated to bias adoption studies of intelligence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Reserve capacity of the elderly in aging sensitive tests of fluid intelligence: a reanalysis via a structural equation modelling approach.

In the last decade there has been a growing interest among developmental psychologists to investigate whether the cognitive performance of older adults can be improved by means of training programs. A number of cognitive training studies involving aging sensitive abilities of fluid intelligence have been performed with healthy older adults (Willis et al. 1981; Baltes et al., 1984/1986). In this paper we reanalyse data from Baltes et al. (1986) concerning the ADEPT Induction, ADEPT Figural Relations, Induction Standard and the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices Tests. In contrast to the above study, where the data analysis was based on a MANOVA approach, usually carried out when experimental data were gathered, this discussion implements an approach to change measurement for which the structural equation of different aspects of change in means as manifested in the moment matrices. The results here confirm these by Baltes et al. (1986), and suggest conclusions concerning change in means over time in the experimental and control groups, which are not implied by their study.

Aged↗