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PubMed1980

Verbal imitation by Down syndrome and nonretarded children.

Grammatical aspects of the spontaneous repetitions of maternal speech by Down syndrome and nonretarded children were in investigated. Verbal imitations were found to be very similar in grammatical structure for the two groups of children at comparable levels of language development.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Childhood derivatives of high and low reactivity in infancy.

A group of 193 children, classified as high or low reactive to stimulation at 4 months and observed again at 14 and 21 months, were observed at 4 1/2 years of age for behavioral signs of inhibited or uninhibited behavior. Children who had been high reactive were less spontaneous and less sociable than those who had been classified as low reactive, but only a small proportion of children maintained a consistently inhibited or uninhibited phenotype at all ages.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

Maternal behavior and perceived sex of infant.

Eleven mothers interacted with one six-month-old male infant, dresses either as a male or female. Differences were found in overall maternal stimulation and toy handling as a function of perceived sex of the baby. Mothers interviewed reported that treatment of their own infants was not differentiated by sex. Results indicate that mothers behave according to their expectations rather than infant cues, although unaware of their stereotyping.

Attitude↗
PubMed1992

The Mother-Baby Assessment (MBA): an "Apgar score" for breastfeeding.

Communication about breastfeeding among health workers is hampered by the lack of a standardized method of documentation for breastfeeding. Scoring methods previously described by Matthews, Jenks, and Bocar and Shrago focus on the baby's behavior. I am proposing a "Mother-Baby Assessment (MBA) Score," a ten-point assessment of maternal and infant breastfeeding behavior. The assessment system may be used to track the progress of a mother-baby pair as they learn how to breastfeed, and also may be useful in hospital charting, when making referrals, when practicing triage, or when conducting research.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The feeding relationship: problems and interventions.

The feeding relationship is the complex of interactions that take place between parent and child as they engage in food selection, ingestion, and regulation behaviors. Effective feeding supports a child's developmental tasks of homeostasis, attachment, and separation. Feeding of the newborn infant is most successful when parents allow the infant to determine timing, amount, preference, pacing, and eating capability. During the attachment phase, such infant-controlled behaviors allow parents to engage affectively with the child. Successful regulation of state and attachment provides the groundwork for the separation-individuation phase. In feeding, effective parents provide opportunities to explore but also provide structure and limits. Feeding and growth problems often stem from distorted dynamics around feeding, which can be indicative of distorted parent-child interactions. Incidence estimates range from 1% to 2% for severe and prolonged problems to 25% to 35% for common difficulties such as food refusal and "overeating." An evaluation of feeding dynamics should always be made as part of the diagnostic study of a child who is eating or growing inappropriately. To prevent problems in feeding, practitioners may teach and support positive feeding dynamics as part of primary care, refer parents for instruction in positive approaches to feeding, and detect and refer attitudinal and behavioral problems early.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Community-based nutrition education for improving infant growth in rural Karnataka.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a nutrition education intervention designed to improve infant growth and feeding practices. DESIGN: An intervention study using monthly nutrition education delivered by locally trained counsellors targeted at caregivers of infants aged 5-11 months. Comparison of outcomes for 2 groups--one non-intervention group of infants enrolled in 1997 that did not receive the intervention in the first year of life, and an intervention group of infants enrolled 1998-1999 that received the nutrition education. SETTING: 11 randomly selected and 2 purposively selected villages of south Karnataka. SUBJECTS: 138 Infants (n = 69 intervention) aged 5-11 months. METHODS: Families were administered a monthly questionnaire on feeding and child care behavior, and study infants were weighed at this time, using the SECA solar scales, developed for UNICEF. Logistic regression was used to examine differences between intervention and non-intervention infants in infant feeding behavior outcomes. RESULTS: Statistically significant improvement was found in weight velocity for female infants in the intervention group. These infants were also more likely to exhibit at least four positive feeding behaviors--intervention infants had a higher mean daily feeding frequency (more likely to be fed solids at least four times a day (OR = 4.35, 95% CI = 1.96, 10.00), higher dietary diversity (more likely to receive a more diverse diet OR = 3.23, 95% CI = 1.28, 7.69), and were more likely to be fed foods suggested by the counsellors such as bananas (OR = 10.00, 95% = 2.78, 33.3) compared to non-intervention infants. CONCLUSION: Nutrition education and counselling was significantly associated with increased weight velocity among girls and improved feeding behavior among both boys and girls. These results provide further evidence that community-based nutrition programs that emphasise appropriate feeding and care behavior can be used to prevent and address early childhood malnutrition in poor households.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Skin-to-skin contact (Kangaroo Care) analgesia for preterm infant heel stick.

The purpose of the study was to compare a heel stick conducted during Kangaroo Care (skin-to-skin contact) with the mother to a heel stick in a warmer in reducing premature infant physiologic and behavioral pain responses. Twenty-four premature infants in a university-based neonatal intensive care unit were recruited and randomized to 2 sequences: sequence A group received 3 hours of Kangaroo Care (with a heel stick in Kangaroo Care) followed by 3 hours in a warmer (with a heel stick in the warmer). Sequence B group had warmer care and a heel stick (in the warmer) before Kangaroo Care and a heel stick (in Kangaroo Care). Heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, crying time, and behavioral state were measured before, during, and after heel stick. Repeated measures ANOVA and Mann Whitney U statistics were performed. Heart rate and length of crying in response to pain were significantly reduced during Kangaroo Care and the Kangaroo Care heel stick as compared to when infants were in the warmer and had a heel stick in the warmer. Three infants did not cry at all during the Kangaroo Care heel stick; infants slept more during Kangaroo Care than in the warmer. Kangaroo Care positioning before and during heel stick is a simple and inexpensive analgesic intervention to ameliorate pain in stable premature infants.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1992

Tryptophan intake influences infants' sleep latency.

Formula-fed infants have depressed plasma tryptophan concentration relative to human milk-fed infants. Because tryptophan alters sleep-waking patterns in adults, a study was designed to determine whether additional dietary tryptophan could elevate plasma tryptophan concentrations of formula-fed infants to concentrations characteristic of human milk feeding and whether differences in plasma tryptophan or the ratio of plama tryptophan to the sum of the other plasma large neutral amino acids (tryptophan:LNAA) were of behavioral significance. Infants were fed a formula (13 g protein/L; whey:casein, 34:66) containing either 0, 294, 588 or 882 mumol/L of added tryptophan. Infants fed human milk or commercial formula (15 g protein/L; whey:casein, 18:82) were included for comparison. In formula-fed groups, plasma tryptophan was directly related to tryptophan intake (r = 0.46, P less than 0.0005). Infants fed commercial formula or the formula without added tryptophan had lower (P less than 0.001) plasma tryptophan compared with infants fed human milk. Only the infants fed the highest tryptophan formula had significantly higher plasma tryptophan:LNAA ratios than the other experimental groups, and these ratios were similar to those of infants fed human milk. The plasma tryptophan:LNAA ratios, not plasma tryptophan concentrations, were predictive of differences in the infants' sleep latency; infants fed formula containing the highest tryptophan had sleep latencies of 18.7 min, significantly shorter (P less than 0.05) than those of infants fed formulas containing less added tryptophan (27.7 min). Feeding infants formulas differing in tryptophan concentration produced differences in sleep latency, which could influence neurobehavioral developments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1981

State of awakeness during visual fixation in preterm infants.

To demonstrate the presence of discriminable awake states in preterm infants, facial behaviors and visual fixation to a single patterned stimulus were recorded. Five healthy preterm infants born at a mean of 29 weeks' gestation were followed from 30 to 35 weeks' postmenstrual age. Behaviors (eye openness, movements, mouthing, and vocalizations) were recorded simultaneously with visual fixation measured by the corneal reflection technique. Test time was determined by the duration of time the infant remained awake before crying or closing eyes. The presence of both quiet awakeness and drowsiness was demonstrated. Younger infants spent more time in drowsiness, whereas older infants had more quiet awakeness. Visual pattern fixation was observed as early as 30 weeks. Fixation time increased with increasing postmenstrual age. More fixation was observed during quiet awakeness than during drowsiness.

Eye Movements↗
PubMed1995

Behavioral and physiological response during feeding in infants with congenital heart disease: a naturalistic study.

Twenty mother-infant dyads, ten with congenital heart disease (CHD) and ten controls, were studied during a naturally occurring feeding episode. Heart and respiratory rate data from a Hewlett Packard Infant Monitor were recorded on a computer while the feeding was videotaped for later scoring. No significant relationship was found between potent disengagement cues and changes in either heart or respiratory rate during feeding. However, the presentation of subtle disengagement cues were observed to be significantly more frequent among infants with CHD. A wide range of individual differences were noted in presentation of disengagement cues and heart and respiratory rates in both groups. No discernable pattern of heart rate or respiratory rate increase or decrease related to subtle or potent disengagement cures was found in either the infants with CHD or the healthy controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Does violence beget violence? A critical examination of the literature.

Critically examines the "violence breeds violence" hypothesis broadly defined. Organized into seven sections, the literature review includes (a) the abuse breeds abuse hypothesis; (b) reports of small numbers of violent/homicidal offenders; (c) studies examining the relationship of abuse and neglect to delinquency, (d) to violent behavior, and (e) to aggressive behavior in infants and young children; (f) abuse, withdrawal, and self-destructive behavior; and (g) studies of the impact of witnessing or observing violent behavior. A detailed discussion of methodological considerations and shortcomings precedes the review. The author concludes that existing knowledge of the long-term consequences of abusive home environments is limited and suggests that conclusions about the strength of the cycle of violence be tempered by the dearth of convincing empirical evidence. Recommendations are made for further research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Hemispheric specialization in infant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): evidence for a relation with gender and arousal.

The current study extends previous documentation of behavioral asymmetries in hand-to-mouth, self-consoling behaviors of infant chimpanzees. The underlying source of lateralized hand-to-mouth, self-calming behavior was investigated by comparing individual differences in neonatal arousal levels, regulatory ability, and motor performance with individual differences in the degree of laterality at 3 months. Asymmetrical hand-to-mouth, self-calming behaviors at 3 months of age were significantly related to general arousal at 2 days of age (i.e., the Range of State cluster scores measured by the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale). Simply stated, chimpanzees with a right-hand bias in hand-to-mouth behavior exhibited lower arousal at 2 days of age compared with nonright-handed individuals. The only item of the Range of State cluster to distinguish subjects was irritability: Right-handed subjects were less irritable. Previously, a trend was reported with respect to sex differences in the laterality of hand-to-mouth behavior. With the greater number of subjects in the present study, we found that females exhibited a significantly greater right-hand bias for hand-to-mouth behaviors (12 of 13) than did males (9 of 15). We conclude that neonatal arousability, and not regulatory capacity or motor performance, predicts the degree of laterality found in hand-to-mouth, self-calming behaviors in 3-month-old chimpanzees. These data are discussed from the standpoint of early pari-parturitional or intrauterine factors affecting lateralized development.

Animals↗