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Although 67Ga imaging has been widely used in the diagnosis of malignant and inflammatory diseases, its uptake in the stomach has been reported in the literature mainly in gastric lymphoma and carcinoma. As shown by this report, intense gastric uptake of the radionuclide may be seen not only in malignancy, but also in gastritis, and even in the stomach without known disease. Perhaps, the benign gastric uptake of 67Ga deserves more emphasis in the literature. Our findings would suggest that gastroscopy and biopsy are not necessarily indicated solely because of the gastric concentration of 67Ga.
Most pyogenic liver abscesses appear to be 'not' in a 67Ga-citrate study; rarely, a 'warm' or 'cold' area may also be seen. We present a patient with a pyogenic liver abscess that had both 'cold' and 'hot' areas in the 67Ga-citrate study. This striking finding is probably related to the different stages of evolution of the abscess.
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An infant with suspected soft tissue infection of the knee was studied by 67Ga-scintigraphy. In addition to knee and hip joint increased activity, heart uptake was also demonstrated prior to the development of clinical signs of endocarditis. The early detection and treatment resulted in satisfactory clinical resolution.
67Ga imaging was used in a group of 13 untreated patients with documented South American blastomycosis in an attempt to obtain additional information on the site and extent of the lesions. All diagnoses were confirmed by demonstration of the fungi in the lesions or body fluids. Serologic tests were performed on all patients. 67Ga imaging was correlated with X-ray in all patients, and with bone imaging when bony lesions were suspected. 67Ga imaging was positive for all lesions detected on chest X-ray and by clinical evaluation. More importantly, lesions clinically unsuspected and missed by other diagnostic techniques were shown on 67Ga imaging: bony and hepatic lesions in three patients; a brain lesion in one patient and parotid gland involvement in five patients. There was good agreement between 67Ga imaging and clinical and laboratory data, scintigraphy being more sensitive. Follow-up studies after specific therapy demonstrated decreased uptake in the lungs and other sites. 67Ga imaging is a useful tool for detection of suspected and unsuspected lesions of blastomycosis and to evaluate the response of the disease to specific therapy.
The effect of incorporation of cholesterol (CH) into liposome membranes on the delivery of 67Ga encapsulated in liposomes to tumors was studied. The changes of the blood clearance of liposomes, liposome stability in serum and liposome uptake by the liver and spleen were also examined. Liposomes were prepared from distearoylphosphatidylcholine with various amounts of CH. It became clear that large amounts of CH (above 33 mol%) dramatically enhanced liposomal delivery of 67Ga to sarcoma 180 solid tumor in mice. Large amounts of CH increased the liposome stability in serum and decreased liposome uptake by the liver and spleen after intravenous injection, thus prolonging the blood clearance of liposomes. These observations suggested that the large delivery of 67Ga by CH-rich liposomes resulted from the extended retention and increased amount of liposomes in the circulation, caused by the incorporation of large amounts of CH. Small amounts of CH decreased liposome stability and hastened blood clearance, but had little effect on 67Ga delivery to the tumor. CH-rich liposomes showed high tumor uptake, with high tumor to blood and tumor to tissue ratios of 67Ga. It is anticipated that 67Ga-carrying liposomes will be an excellent tumor imaging agent for clinical use, provided that a correct choice of CH content is made.
Oleothorax was largely used for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, before the advent of specific chemotherapy. Although the method was dis-continued more than 30 years ago, late complications do occur. We report here a case of a painful oleothorax that took up 99mTc-MDP and 67Ga-citrate.
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The distribution of 67Ga citrate at 24 h post injection has been studied in the normal tissues of the mouse, rat and dog; 13 transplantable mouse tumours and 7 rat tumours have also been examined. The total activities of four lysosomal enzymes, aryl sulphatase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase and cathepsin-D were measured as well as the incorporation of thymidine-3H and leucine-14C ad indicators of DNA and protein synthesis. The results show a close correlation between 67Ga uptake and lysosomal enzyme activity in the tumours studied, which is an extension of the same relationship for normal tissues. It is suggested that the reported correlation between the uptake of 67Ga and the rate of cellular proliferation is secondary to the primary function of the lysosome in the localisation of the nuclide, lysosomal enzyme activity also being enhanced in situations of increased metabolic activity. A similar relationship appears to occur following administration of 111IN-Bleomycin and 99mTc-Citrate.
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Cardiac accumulation of 67Ga was noted in a 45 year old black female with a history of fever and shortness of breath. Cardiac 67Ga uptake has been uncommonly cited and we report such a finding in a case of Cox sackie B viral pericarditis.
Following a study of the main factors involved in the 68-Ga labelling of human serum albumin microspheres (H.S.A.M.), especially methods of production and preparation of active solution and conditions of radioelement fixation on the protein support, the practical details of a fast technique (60 min) based on the process described by Hnatowich are presented. This method gives high labelling yields (93 +/- 3%), and after washing of the microspheres leads to a radiopharmaceutical product almost without free 68Ga (less than 2%). The spheres ready for use carry a total radioactivity corresponding to about 35%, including decay, of the activity originally recovered in the generator eluate and to more than 98% of that, found in the final suspension. The labelled product is sterile, non-pyrogenic and non-toxic. When it is injected in animals by left ventrical catheterization the uptake rates in the heart, lungs, spleen, left kidney and right kidney are similar to those observed with reference 85Sr-labelled carbonized microspheres. This radiopharmaceutical, easy to prepare and having excellent biological and nuclear properties, seems ideally suited for the scanning of organs by position emission tomoscintigraphy.
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