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PubMed1994

["A male view?" Texts on feminism film theory].

The author traces the course taken by psychoanalytically oriented feminist film theory from its beginnings in the late seventies. She situates its origins in the Anglo-American debate about the exclusion of female subjectivity from the cinema and the new awareness of the problem of the cinematic mise-en-scène of the gaze, of "visual pleasure". First, massive criticism was levelled at the exclusively male/patriarchal gaze of the viewer, then emphasis centred around the specifically female gaze as a category in aesthetic theory. Ultimately, psychoanalytic feminist film theory has turned its attention to films for women, melodrams and early movies in an attempt to capture the respective historical forms of female subjectivity that they reflect.

Drama↗
PubMed1994

[Androgen insensitivity syndrome--testicular feminization--Morris syndrome. A surgical procedure in cases when a testis is found during herniotomy in a girl].

The androgen insensitivity syndrome is uncommon, but still the most frequent male pseudohermaphroditism. It is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by androgen receptor defectiveness of various intensity. In the state of complete insensitivity, the male karyotype 46-XY develops a female gender with bilateral testes. Inguinal hernia is a common clinical presentation for a young child with complete androgen insensitivity. Thirty-five to forty percent of those with Morris syndrome come out with incarcerated hernias containing a testis, some even pass unnoticed at elective herniorraphy on apparently normal infant girls. It is recommended to perform orchiectomy when a testis is found during surgery. Subsequently the patient should be referred to major centres for further and thorough surveys.

Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome↗
PubMed1996

Feminization of hepatic cytochrome P450s by nominal levels of growth hormone in the feminine plasma profile.

The feminine profile of continuous growth hormone secretion was restored at various concentrations to hypophysectomized, thyroxine-supplemented female rats to determine the minimum signaling concentrations of the hormone required to maintain female-like expression levels of gender-dependent hepatic cytochrome P450s (P450s). Rat growth hormone was infused by intraperitoneally implanted osmotic minipumps, and the resulting circulating concentrations and profiles were determined by radioimmunoassay of serially collected plasma samples. Restoration of feminine growth hormone profiles at 3% of physiological concentration completely suppressed male-specific CYP2C11, CYP2C13, CYP2A2, and CYP3A2. Although significant levels of female-dependent isoforms were expressed at this growth hormone concentration, their full expression required, somewhat higher plasma concentrations of the hormone; CYP2A1 and 5 alpha-reductase were increased to normal female levels with only 6-12% of physiological concentrations of the hormone, normal expression levels of CYP2C12 required approximately 12-25% physiological hormone levels, and CYP2C7 required approximately 25-50% of the normal growth hormone profile to attain female-like expression levels. When determined, protein and specific catalytic activities were in agreement with mRNA levels, supporting the conclusion that growth hormone regulates gender-dependent expression of P450 isoforms by transcription initiation. There was little effect of gender, hypophysectomy, or growth hormone replacement on CYP2C6, growth hormone receptor, and growth hormone-binding protein mRNAs. In contrast, insulin-like growth factor-1 mRNA was sexually dimorphic (male > female), virtually disappeared after hypophysectomy, and was restored to female-like levels with plasma growth hormone concentrations equaling 12-25% of normal. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of nominal growth hormone concentrations (undetectable by available radioimmunoassay) in an otherwise feminine plasma profile to maintain female-like expression levels of gender-dependent P450s.

3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1996

Testicular feminization syndrome diagnosed in an elderly patient at surgery. A case report.

A case of Morris' syndrome in which the diagnosis has been realized only in old age is reported. A 69 year-old patient, with female external genitalia and secondary sexual characteristics, was referred to us with a diagnosis of a mass in the right inguinal region. Her personal history was based on a primary amenorrhoea, which was unsuccessfully investigated since she was adolescent. At the age of 63, during surgery for a left inguinal hernia realized in another hospital, a testis-like mass with the spermatic cord was casually found. During our hospitalization, a surgical removal of the right inguinal mass was performed, and the histologic examination showed the presence of a dominant sclerohyalin testicular tissue without evidence of seminal epithelium and sparse focuses of Leydig cells hyperplasia. Besides, the determination of gonadotropins and sex hormones yielded an increased production of LH, FSH, estradiol, testosterone and androstenedione. A cytogenetic analysis showed a 46, XY karyotype. The diagnosis realized only in old age has compelled the patient to live all her life, from sexual maturity, with indecision and doubt, and without a clinical explanation of fundamental utility even from the psychological point of view. Finally, in our patient the absence of cytologic aspect of malignant transformation in the removed testes in a six years period, seem fortuitous. It is always necessary to consider Morris' syndrome among the possible diseases causing primary amenorrhoea in the clinical evaluation of young phenotypic female patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Masculinizing and feminizing syndromes caused by functioning tumors.

Steroidogenic tumors are derived from cells of male and female reproductive tracts, adrenal glands, central nervous system, and, to a lesser degree, from the liver and pituitary gland. The symptoms caused by these tumors are related to their secretory products. Because enzymatic pathways are shared by both adrenal- and gonadal-derived tissues, and the conversion of some of these steroids occurs in the adipose tissue, positive identification of many lesions cannot be based on peripheral blood hormone levels alone, but require complex protocols to improve diagnostic accuracy. Furthermore, these tumors often are smaller than the size limit of conventional imaging modalities and thus demand more precise imaging techniques. Although diagnosis and localization may be challenging, the rewards of a positive prognosis, with complete reversal of symptoms, are more likely to occur with early detection and treatment. This article is a review of the clinical syndromes associated with pediatric steroidogenic tumors; suggested strategies to facilitate their diagnosis, localization, and treatment are provided.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed1997

[The testicular feminization syndrome--a report of 9 cases].

We present the data of analysis of 9 cases (girls and young women) aged 14 to 20 years, with syndrome of testicular feminisation. The patients were diagnosed and treated at the departments of Paediatric and Adolescent Gynaecology and of Gynaecological Endocrinology at the University Ob. & Gyn. hospital in Sofia. The diagnosis was based on the clinical picture, karyogram and radioimmunoassay of gonadotropic and sex hormones. Described were some data as family history, clinical picture, from of the disease, appearance, genital and hormonal status, and histodiagnosis of the removed gonads. Out of nine, primarily diagnosed as a syndrome of testicular feminisation girls and women one ws with an incomplete from, in another further investigations evoked a suspicion of Swyer syndrome (a 14-years-old girl, on whom surgical treatment due to big gonadoblastoma was performed, she died a year later). One patient also developed an ovarian tumour, in six we performed gonadectomy. One patient did not come for any treatment. The differential diagnosis with some relatively rare syndromes, as well as the treatment of this patients were discussed.

Adolescent↗