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Microscopic postmortem changes in kidneys of the domestic fowl.

Eighty-four male white leghorn chickens were killed by CO2 gas to determine the type, rate, and sequence of postmortem microscopic changes in the kidneys of dry and wet intact carcasses. They were held at 29 or 18 C with 50% relative humidity for different times postmortem. Microscopic postmortem changes in the different segments of the nephron underwent a different rate and sequence of cellular changes. Cellular changes occurred earlier at 29 C than at 18 C and earlier in chickens not wetted with detergent solution. The decrease in body temperature of wetted chickens over dry chickens was significant (P less than 0.05). The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) underwent the earliest postmortem changes, followed by the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), collecting tubule (CT), medullary loop (ML), medullary collecting duct (MCD), and glomerulus. The PCT, DCT, and thin and thick segments of the ML underwent a sequential nuclear change of chromatin margination, progressive shrinkage, pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis. Nuclei were pyknotic if cytoplasmic changes were severe. Primary karyorrhexis was the predominant feature of collecting tubules and ducts. As early as one hour after death, some PCT cells of all kidney sections were pyknotic, emphasizing that immediate tissue fixation was necessary for critical evaluation. By 9 and 18 hr postmortem, PCT of dry and wet chickens, respectively, held at 29 C had pyknotic and karyorrhectic nuclei with slight karyolysis and moderate to marked cytoplasmolysis that extended until 36 hr. At this time, DCT were hardly distinguishable because of loss of basophilia. Karyorrhectic nuclei were already evident in collecting tubules and ducts. At 48 hr postmortem, all tubular cells were non-nucleated with homogeneous, acidophilic cytoplasm. Basement membranes no longer stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). Erythrocytes were pyknotic with unstained cytoplasm. Pyknotic glomeruli were first observed at 9 hr postmortem in dry chickens and 12 hr in wet chickens. Histologic appearance of dry chickens at 9 hr and wet chickens at 18 hr when held at 29 C was similar to that of dry chickens at 12 hr and wet chickens at 24 hr when held at 18 C, with minor differences in some tubular changes. At 18 C, pyknotic glomeruli appeared by 6 hr in dry chickens and 24 hr in wet chickens. Widespread bacterial invasion was noted at 72 hr in dry chickens and at 96 hr in wet chickens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The effect of Escherichia coli endotoxins on the concentrations of corticosterone and growth hormone in the plasma of the domestic fowl.

The intravenous injection of chickens aged six to 11 weeks with Escherichia coli endotoxins (serogroups O111 and O78) produced a large increase in the plasma corticosterone concentration which was maximal (five to 10-fold) after 1 h and still evident after 8 h. It did not vary with the dose over the range 0.1 to 2 mg/kg and was smaller than that produced by adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) (20 iu/kg). A decrease in growth hormone concentration was detected between 1 and 2 h after endotoxin administration in six- to seven-week-old birds, this change being opposite to that which occurs in man.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1980

The effect of Escherichia coli endotoxins and adrenocortical hormones on plasma enzyme activities in the domestic fowl.

The intravenous injection of endotoxins isolated from Escherichia coli serogroups O111 and O78 (2 mg/kg) increased the activities of aspartate transaminase and lactate and sorbitol dehydrogenases in the plasma of six- to 11-week-old chickens during the next 24 h. These changes were compared with those produced by adrenocorticotrophic hormone and beta-methasone and were attributed to tissue damage involving the liver followed by increased enzyme synthesis which may have been induced partly by adrenocortical hormones. Further evidence of liver damage was provided by a fall in the activity of cholinesterase. The alkaline phosphatase activity gave no indication of cholestasis.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1980

Response of caeruloplasmin to Escherichia coli endotoxins and adrenal hormones in the domestic fowl.

The injection of chickens with Escherichia coli endotoxins immediately produced a 50 per cent rise in plasma caeruloplasmin activity which was attributed to the release of the protein from liver cell. This was followed by a fall in activity, which was probably due to a fall in activity, which was probably due to a stabilising effect of adrenocortical hormones on the cell membranes, and then by a five-fold increase. The results of experiments with cycloheximide, adrenocorticotrophin, beta-methasone and reserpine indicated that the third phase of the response reflected increased synthesis in the liver which was partly induced by adrenal hormones. It increased with the dose and was not elicited by the particulate nature of the toxin preparation or by its lipid and polysaccharide components.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1978

Electron microscope observations on the ovarian follicle of the domestic fowl during the rapid growth phase.

A survey has been made of the ultrastructural features of the oocyte surface and its enveloping layers, comprising the theca, the granulosa and the perivitelline layer, during the final growth phase of 'yellow yolk' deposition. The following observations suggest that many macromolecular components of the blood plasma have free access from the vasculature to the oolemma: the fenestrated structure of the endothelium of the thecal capillaries, the intercellular spaces containing several erythrocytes in the theca interna, the 20-30 nm particles in the granulosa basal lamina, the wide spaces between the granulosa cells, and the open meshwork of fibres in the perivitelline layer. Numerous coated pits and vesicles, of 0.25-0.35 micron diameter, in the highly convoluted surface layer of the oocyte provide a mechanism for the incorporation of yolk precursors by pinocytosis. Such large coated vesicles and wide spaces between the granulosa cells are lacking in follicles in the preceding growth phase, which is concerned with the deposition of 'white yolk'. Considerable metabolic activity of the granulosa cells is indicated by their prominent Golgi elements, diverse granules, vesicles and villus processes. Cell junctions at the tips of the macrovilli anchor the granulosa to the oocyte. The theca externa, which provides mechanical support for the oocyte and its vascular and nervous elements, consists of sheets of collagen fibrils and fibroblast-like cells. Microfilaments in these cells may contribute to the contractility of the theca. Groups of interstitial cells associated with nerve fibres are present in the theca interna.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Incidence of salmonellae in domestic fowl in Slovakia from 1971 to 1980].

In flocks with latent infections, 2724 strains of salmonellae (19 serotypes) were isolated from the birds. The following species were represented as follows: S. gallinarum-pullorum (65.08%), S. typhimurium (9.10%), S. bareilly (6.90%), S. enteritidis (2.38%) and S. agona (1.98%). In the foci of salmonelloses 893 strains of salmonellae (19 serotypes) were isolated. The highest representation was found in the S. gallinarum-pullorum (54.20%), S. typhimurium (24.53%), S. bareilly (7.72%), S. choleraesuis (2.29%), S. enteritidis (1.68%), S. infantis (1.54%) and S. anatum (1.23%). Post-mortem examination resulted in recording 15 887 strains of salmonellae (41 serotypes). The following were represented by the largest proportions: S. gallinarum-pullorum (26.62%), S. typhimurium (25.20%), S. bareilly (18.93%), S. infantis (7.20%), S. enteritidis (4.62%), S. agona (3.51%), S. choleraesuis (3.17%), S. anatum (2.19%), S. lille (1.54%) and S. bredeney (1.16%).

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Morphogenesis and histogenesis of the cartilaginous tracheal rings in the domestic fowl (gallus domesticus).

The morphogenesis, histogenesis and growth pattern of the tracheal rings were studied in chick embryos and in chickens up to 4 months of age. The blastemas representing the earliest ring primordia are seen to arise in the embryo in the cranial portion of the tracheal tube on the 10th day of incubation, and to extend rapidly caudalwards. They form first in the anterior wall of the tracheal tube and expand successively laterally and posteriorly. The mesenchymal blastemas that have acquired the shape of complete rings differentiate into precartilage and then into typical hyaline cartilage. During growth, the tracheal rings undergo striking changes in both shape and position. In the embryo, an active growth rate in a craniocaudal direction prevails, and after hatching each ring outstretches cranially and caudally into two long expansions (winglike projections). Moreover, these rings, which in early embryos were regularly aligned in a longitudinal row, are seen to become alternately located with their higher halves on an inner plane and their lower halves on a more superficial plane. Such a peculiar ring displacement on two different planes may reasonably be assumed to obey spatial requirements, since ring growth rate according to a craniocaudal direction is far more vigorous than growth, in the same direction, of the tracheal wall housing them.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The development of pneumatisation in the postcranial skeleton of the domestic fowl.

The development of pneumatisation in the postcranial skeleton has been investigated in a flock of Golden Comet pullets from hatching to 182 days posthatching. The timing of development of pneumatisation in the vertebral column, vertebral ribs, sternum and humerus has been demonstrated. No pneumatisation was encountered in the sternal ribs, os coxae or coracoid. Development of pneumatisation in the coracoid and humerus was also studied in a flock of White Leghorn pullets and cockerels from hatching to 126 days posthatching. In this group, regular pneumatisation of the humerus occurred after the time of onset and the coracoid was frequently pneumatised unlike the Golden Comets. The rate of development of pneumatisation in the humerus was more rapid in White Leghorn pullets than in cockerels and also more rapid than in Golden Comet pullets.

Air↗
PubMed1983

A histochemical and electron microscopic study on the collagen of nerves in the domestic fowl.

The collagen in the endoneurium is present as argyrophilic reticular fibres, which show up as thin, weakly birefringent greenish fibres when studied by aid of the Picrosirius-polarization method, and are composed of loosely arranged thin collagen fibrils. The epineurium consists of thick non-argyrophilic collagen fibres, which display a strong birefringence of red or yellow colour when studied by the aid of the Picrosirius-polarization method, and consist of closely packed thick collagen fibrils. These characteristics strongly suggest that the reticular fibres in the endo- and perineurium are composed mainly of collagen Type III, whereas collagen Type I predominates in the epineurium. The fact that these observations on birds are consistent with the descriptions available in the literature for fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals, argues in favour of the existence of a uniform structural pattern of collagen distribution that is a general phenomenon in vertebrate nerves.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Ultrastructural study of the developing blood capillaries in the pineal gland of the domestic fowl.

The ultrastructure of the pineal gland capillaries in chick embryos of 7, 14 and 19 days of incubation and in three month chicks has been analyzed. The results show that vascular primordia are detectable among the pineal developing vesicles on the 7th incubation day. Significant maturative changes in the capillary wall (flattening of the endothelial cells, appearance of pores, narrowing of the perivascular spaces and formation of the endothelial basement lamina) take place during the last days of the embryonic life and are concluded only after the hatching. Relationships between the vasculogenetic and the morpho-histogenetic processes in the pineal body, and some differences in the maturative changes of the vascular wall of the pineal and other chick embryo endocrine glands, have been briefly discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effects of castration, with and without testosterone replacement, on leg bone integrity in the domestic fowl.

Studies were conducted to assess the effects of castration on leg bone integrity of male White Leghorn chickens. Eighteen 5-week-old males were randomly allocated to 3 groups: group 1--intact controls, group 2--castrated, and group 3--castrated and subsequently treated with testosterone (T)-filled Silastic capsule implants. Body weight and plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone, androgens, and total calcium were measured in each bird at intervals throughout the experiment. Subsequently, radiographs were performed upon the tibiotarsus-tarsometatarsus region of the left limb of birds from the 3 treatment groups at 7, 35, and 47 weeks of age and assigned a score of 1 to 3 (1 = normal; 3 = greatest pathologic change). Analysis of radiologic scores indicated that at 35 and 47 weeks, castrated birds (group 2) had a mean score significantly greater than that of control birds (group 1). The abnormality was typified by hyperossification with exostoses in the ossified tibial cartilage and lateral calcaneal ridge. In contrast, radiologic scores from individual T-implanted castrated birds (group 3) at 35 and 47 weeks were more variable, but the mean score was not statistically different from that of the control group. We conclude that the depression of circulating concentrations of sex steroids, by castration, in young male chickens results in hypercalcification of the tibiotarsus-tarsometatarsus region of the limb. This effect appears to be mediated directly or indirectly by T or a metabolite of T.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The organum vascolosum laminae terminalis of the domestic fowl: a Golgi and ultrastructural study.

The organum vascolosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) of the fowl was studied both with the aid of the rapid Golgi method and at ultrastructural level. Small and medium-sized isodendritic neurons were observed after silver impregnation of the OVLT. Their processes often run towards the great number of blood capillaries of the organ. Small bipolar neurons were intermingled between isodendritic elements. A peculiar ultrastructural finding of the OVLT neurons was the presence of a variable amount of dense-core vesicles 90-150 nm in diameter in their cytoplasm. Numerous nerve fibers and terminals surrounded neurons, glial cells and capillaries of the OVLT. These terminals were classified into 3 main types according to the diameter of dense core vesicles observed in them. Statistical evaluations of the populations of dense core vesicles confirmed this subdivision. Type 3 terminals had ultrastructural features of monoaminergic endings, whereas type 1 and 2 terminals were probably peptidergic fibers. Neurohaemal contacts were observed. between terminals with large dense core vesicles (type 2) and blood capillaries of the OVLT.

Animals↗