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PubMed2000

[Mechanisms of myofascial pain].

The aim of this paper is to review available data and current hypotheses concerning myofascial pain syndrome pathophysiology and implications for clinical practice. A muscular hypothesis has been proposed for episodic and chronic tension headache as well as for myofascial syndrome and fibromyalgia. These different syndromes may be compared as, besides their frequent combination, they have common features characterized by spontaneous pain, painful points, and lack of objective findings. They must be distinguished because each has its own diagnostic criteria. Pressure algometry appears to be a reliable method for assessing pressure sensitivity in myofascial pain. Pressure pain is not specific to tension headache and can be observed in other chronic headaches. It has not been demonstrated that the trigger points of fibromyalgia are specific in idiopathic cases. It is difficult to find an electrophysiological investigation which is specific for myofascial pain. For daily practice, the clinical approach with interview and examination remain the advisable attitude. Pathophysiological hypotheses help in better understanding of referred pain by sensitization of nociceptive central pathways according to the Ruch convergence projection theory (1965), modified by Mense in 1994. These theories do not however provide an explanation of the primary muscular mechanisms. Implications for myofascial pain patient management is discussed.

Facial Muscles↗
PubMed2000

[Steinert's myotonic dystrophy: severe neonatal form with unknown family history].

UNLABELLED: A child with severe generalized hypotonia and respiratory insufficiency, with an unknown positive family history for Steinert's disease, is referred. We want to point out the importance of correct anamnesis and of physical examination during pregnancy to suspect and diagnose rare and incurable fetal pathologies. CASE REPORT: The child was born after caesarean section. Polyhydramnios and decreased fetal movements were noticed during pregnancy. At birth, the baby presented asphyxia (Apgar 4/6) and respiratory insufficiency: he was then intubed. He received assisted ventilation for 37 days. At the physical examination, the child appeared hypotonic, hyporeflexic, without sucking reflex, with arthrogryposis and ligament laxity. On first day, chest X-ray showed paralysis of the right hemidiaphragm. His mother presented with hypotonia of the facial muscles, lid drop, light muscular weakness, positivity to neostigmine test: we then assumed that the baby was affected by transient neonatal myasthenia gravis and neostigmine was carried on. Anyway, the general conditions of the baby didn't improve. We were able to establish diagnosis of Steinert's disease (a form of muscular dystrophy with autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance) after some other examinations (negativity of acetylcholine receptor antibodies, elevation of creatine kinase level, myopathic pattern on electromyography). Gene DMPK alteration was documented with a molecular genetic test.

Female↗
PubMed1997

[An inquiry on the normal value of Chinese' ENoG and the influencing factors].

The normal value of the ENoG of 172 facial nerves from 86 Chinese has been estimated with the method of regulating the strength of stimulating current. It showed that the CAPs of the Chinese' ENoG were of normal distribution. The mean of ampitudes was 3.94 +/- 1.02 mV. The coefficient of variation was 25.8%; The mean of latencies was 3.18 +/- 0.42 ms. The coefficient of variation was 13.2%. The variance from age to age, sex to sex and side to side were not significant. It was concluded that the interpretation of ENoG should be based on the fact that the CAP obtained from one certain subject was symmetrical between the opposite sides. The effecting factors which influenced the ENoG of normal facial nerve were also discussed in this paper.

Action Potentials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Orbicular eye reflex (R3) and the valsalva manoeuvre].

INTRODUCTION: Different kinds of tests have been devised to evaluate the autonomic nervous system, including the changes in heart rate and arterial blood pressure after carrying out Valsalva s manoeuvre. However, to date, the behaviour of the three responses to the orbicular eye reflex during this manoeuvre was not known and this was the reason for carrying out our study. POPULATION AND METHODS: We evaluated 12 neurologically normal persons before and after doing a Valsalva manoeuvre by studying the orbicular eye reflex using the method of Kimura and recording the three responses: R1, R2 and R3. RESULTS: The late results (R3) of this reflex, but not those of short (R1) or medium (R2) latency were significantly modified whilst the manoeuvre was carried out (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of the gamma motor neurones during this inspiratory manoeuvre, which are also related to activity of the facial muscles, seems to be the mechanism most likely to explain the findings during the practice of BREATH (Blink reflex autonomic testing in humans). Studies which evaluate only the first two responses to this reflex whilst the manoeuvre is carried out should not be taken too seriously since they may lead to dangerously erroneous conclusions.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Dracula's teeth syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a patient with facial pain, ipsilateral facial dystonia, and phantom supernumerary teeth, beginning after resection of hypertrophic gums. She had familial sensorineural deafness. BACKGROUND: Atypical cranial dystonia subsequent to dental procedures is associated with facial pain, dysesthesias, or phantom phenomena, but not with phantom supernumerary teeth. Patients with migraine are susceptible to experience cephalic phantom phenomena after dental procedures. Wynne syndrome is a hereditary autosomal dominant disorder characterized by congenital sensorineural deafness and supernumerary teeth. METHODS: Clinical examination, computerized tomography of paranasal sinuses and facial bones, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, cranial electrophysiological testing, and electroencephalogram. RESULTS: A 52-year-old woman with history of migraine without aura for 40 years exhibited focal right facial involuntary tonic contracture accompanying chronic severe pain over the same area after gum resection. She reported a daily sensation of having two extra upper canine teeth pressing on her tongue, simulating vampire's ("Dracula's") teeth. She had high-frequency bilateral sensorineural deafness. Her computerized tomography studies, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and cranial electrophysiological testing were normal. CONCLUSION: This patient with chronic migraine had atypical cranial dystonia beginning after a dental procedure. Her dystonia was complicated by the unusual phenomenon of phantom supernumerary teeth. This condition may be misdiagnosed as atypical or psychogenic facial pain when facial dystonia is localized or subtle and is, therefore, confused with an idiosyncratic gesture or habitual spasm. Her signs and symptoms are reminiscent of Wynne syndrome.

Cuspid↗
PubMed2001

Hemifacial myohyperplasia: description of a new syndrome.

Hemifacial hypertrophy is a rare condition characterized by unilateral enlargement of all tissues of the face. We describe three patients who exhibit hemifacial hyperplasia of the muscles of facial expression with no other organ system involvement. These three cases, in addition to six other cases identified in the literature, describe a unique constellation of characteristics that place these patients into a distinct syndrome. We suggest that the term "hemifacial myohyperplasia" be used to describe this specific and unique condition.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Facial hemispasm].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Ear Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multidisciplinary diagnosis and management of orofacial pain.

Dentistry has enjoyed a remarkable period of technological and scientific growth over the past several decades. With the increase in life expectancy, the number of individuals seeking dental care also has escalated. One of the most common reasons for seeking care is because of pain and/or dysfunction, usually involving the teeth or periodontal tissues. However, musculoskeletal, vascular, and neuropathic causes of orofacial pain occur frequently. The need to understand pain and all of its ramifications is of utmost importance in diagnosis and case-specific, evidence-based management of conditions afflicting the masticatory system. This article reviews current concepts with regard to the multiple etiologic and/or perpetuating factors now thought to be associated with myogenous and arthrogenous orofacial pain. Important distinctions between acute and chronic pain are discussed. The rationale for consideration of multidisciplinary evaluation and management is highlighted.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Myasthenia and thymoma in a seven year old girl].

INTRODUCTION: Myasthenia is an autoimmune disease, being generalized muscular weakness, with important participation of facial muscles, a prominent feature. Signs of muscular fatigue arise, worsened by exercise and alleviated by rest. Clinical symptoms are less marked before noon, and get worse as the day advances, through the afternoon and evening. A clear relationship between myasthenia and thymic abnormalities does exist, being glandular hyperplasia and tumours the commonest underlying pathologic findings. Initial treatment is based on anticholinesterase drugs and steroids. Non respondents should be treated with immunoglobulins, immunosuppresses, plasmapheresis and surgical removal of the thymus, according to the symptoms control. CASE REPORT: We present the case of a seven years old girl with generalized muscular weakness, worsening through the day, being the diagnosis of myasthenia confirmed by the high level of acetylcholine antireceptors antibodies and the neurophysiologic study. Imaging study of the mediastinum showed a thymic mass located in the right lobe. CONCLUSION: It is therefore most important to rule out these conditions when myasthenia is suspected.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Electrodiagnosis of peripheral facial paralysis. Significance of stimulation tests--detection].

Electroneurography at present constitutes an indispensable method for the investigation of peripheral facial paralysis. It should be carried out at an early stage, in the form of three successive examinations at 3 day intervals. If decompression is necessary, it should theoretically be carried out during the first 15 days, before destruction of nerves, which is a feature of sequelae, can take place. Electroneuronography appears to be, for this purpose, on a par with histology. The authors urge that patients suffering from from facial paralysis should be referred to O.-R.-L. departments right from the start and not when all other methods of treatment have been tried, often with reprehensible empiricism, and found unsuccessful.

Electric Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Tic syndrome].

A tic is an involuntary, sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrrhythmic, stereotyped, motor movement or vocalization. This paper reviews clinical, pathophysiological, epidemiological and treatment issues of tic disorders. The clinical presentation of tic disorders with simple and complex motor or vocal tics is reviewed in detail. The most common psychiatric comorbid conditions, such as personality disorder (PD), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Self-Destructive Behavior (SDB) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are presented too. All forms of tics may be exacerbated by anger or stress, but they are usually markedly diminished during sleep. Premonitory feelings or "sensory experiences", which are distinct from the actual motor or phonic tics and precede the tics, occur in over 80% of tic-patients and in 95% of patients with Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS). The American Psychiatric Association recognizes three types of tic disorders on the basis of clinical criteria: Transient Tic Disorder, Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder and GTS. The diagnostic criteria for these types are described. According to epidemiological data, up to 10% of children have at least somewhere a transient tic disorder. The onset of tics, whether simple or multiple, occurs at approximately 7 years of age. The accepted prevalence figure for GTS is 0.05-3%. Although tics can appear as the result of brain injury, Huntington chorea or encephalitis, they are most commonly idiopathic. Genetic factors appear to be present in many but not in all cases of tic disorders. Autosomal dominant, sex-linked models or semirecessive-semidominant-oligogenic models have been considered. Based on the review of the literature we believe that tic disorders are related to altered neurotransmitter function within the CNS, especially that the functional abnormality is somehow related to dopaminergic mechanism. Several authors have recently investigated the possible role of autoimmune response to streptococcal infection in the pathogenesis of tics. The differential diagnosis of tics is reviewed in detail. Above all tics represent a social disability. The ability to tolerate tics varies greatly from one individual to another, and the need for treatment is better defined by the patient than by the physician. Mild cases do not need be treated. Ideally, management should be multidisciplinary and can range from educative to supportive means or to intricate pharmacological interventions. The major form of treatment of the motor or vocal symptoms continues to be based on high-potency "typical" neuroleptics (tiaprid, pimozide, haloperidol), which induce a wide range of potentially serious side effects. In everyday practice we prefer to start with an "atypical" neuroleptic drug--for example, olanzapin (5-10 mg/day), risperidone or clozapine. Other drugs, such as clonidin or pergolid are widely used but their efficiency is still questionable. SSRIs (sertaline, citalopram, fluoxetin, fluvoxamine) or other antidepressants (clomipramine) have been used in treatment of psychiatric comorbid conditions, too. Botulinum toxin injections have proved useful in tics, targeting at the symptoms of blepharospasm, in neck and facial muscles.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Neuroleptic-induced movement disorders: historical perspectives].

Soon after the discovery of neuroleptics, neurological side effects of the extrapyramidal type were reported. The first description of neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism dates back to the "Swiss Symposium on Chloropromazine" held in 1953. Steck in 1954 vividly described the symptoms in a convincing manner. In 1955, Delay and Denicker, observing the therapeutic efficacy and extrapyramidal activity of two seemingly different compounds as chloropromazine and reserpine, used the term "neuroleptic" to characterize this common property. Two years later they proposed a definition of neuroleptics taking into account therapeutic efficacy as well as side effects. Such a definition was not accepted by American authors who preferred term like "major tranquilizers" and finally "antipsychotics". The meaning of neuroleptic parkinsonism (whether it was a side effect or part of the therapeutic action) had been discussed for a long time. The analogy with the clinical manifestations of Von Economo's encephalitis lethargica was also mentioned. Tardive dyskinesia appeared in the literature in the late 1950's. The first report was made by Schoenecker in 1957 who described bucco-oral movements persisting after the neuroleptics were diminished or discontinued. He concluded that these manifestations were different from the acute extrapyramidal side effects. Two years later Sigwald et al. reported involuntary movements of the tongue, lips and facial muscles which appeared after several years of phenothiazine treatment. In 1960 Uhrbrand and Faurbye described bucco-linguo-masticatory movements sometimes associated with trunk and foot movements. Half of these cases persisted (and a few aggravated) after neuroleptic withdrawal. In others the condition was unmasked by the neuroleptic discontinuation. In 1964 Faurbye et al. proposed the term "tardive dyskinesia" for this extrapyramidal side effect. After an initial description by Druckman et al. in 1962, the term of "tardive dystonia" was first used in 1973 by Keegan and Rajput. The patients described in the early literature were mainly of an advanced age with organic involvement. The first serious epidemiological studies were undertaken in the late 1960's, showing prevalences varying between 0.5 to 65%! Most of the predisposing factors suspected in early studies (cerebral lesions, lobotomy, ECT) were not confirmed in more recent studies that emphasized the role of an older age and a female gender. The interest in tardive dyskinesia varies from one country to another. Perhaps, dyskinesia was more severe and problematic in the USA because of more liberal indications for neuroleptic use, higher doses and smaller choice of neuroleptic medications. Medicolegal aspects have also increased the apprehension of american physicians. Tardive dyskinesia remains an enigmatic phenomenon and a therapeutic challenge. In the future, the possible discovery of antipsychotic molecules devoid of extrapyramidal side effects may discourage the research on these unresolved issues.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Aspects of diagnosis and treatment of the facial nerve neuropathy].

As many as 86 patients with neuropathy of the facial nerve complicated by development of postneuritic muscular contractures were examined. Based on the clinical-and-neurophysiological investigation, findings from rheoencephalography, electroencephalography, echoencephaloscopy, electrodiagnosis of the facial nerve, clinical variants of the facial nerve function return to normal were defined together with causes of development of muscular contractures. Efficiency is shown of use of acupuncture and magnetotherapy combined in treatment of the above trouble.

Acupuncture Points↗