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At least 1,441 records · Page 80Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Errors in scoring objective personality tests.

Given the paucity of previous research, we examined the occurrence of scoring error on widely used objective personality tests and examined its possible relation to two factors: scoring procedure complexity (SPC) and commitment to accuracy (CTA). We double-checked the scoring of three tests (MMPI, Beck Depression Inventory, Spielberger State/Trait Anxiety Inventory) across three settings. Each of the tests were misscored at a surprisingly high rate in at least one setting, and some such errors altered major interpretive implications. Tests of higher SPC showed greater error rates, but high CTA greatly reduced the occurrence of error across levels of SPC. Unexpected sources of error were also uncovered, such as commercial computer scoring errors and disagreement in scoring standards among test publishers. Practical suggestions for improving scoring accuracy are offered.

Bias↗
PubMed1993

Sinistrality and reduced longevity: Reichler's 1979 data on baseball players do not indicate a relationship.

Halpern and Coren's 1988 results concerning the longevity of sinistral and dextral baseball players have been used to support the idea that sinistrality is associated with reduced longevity. Halpern and Coren stated that they used Reichler's 1979 The Baseball Encyclopedia, which has longevity data through 1978, as their source. Apparent errors in reporting findings from that source suggested the possible value of analyzing Reichler's 1979 data. That analysis indicated findings that did not confirm Halpern and Coren's 1988 findings. Coren, however, related in 1992 that, although Halpern and Coren used Reichler as their source, they considered longevity data only through 1974. We therefore contend that the present findings represent what Halpern and Coren would have found had they considered Reichler's longevity data through 1978. Procedures used to analyze baseball player's longevity and the possible value of and potential problems with an updated baseball study are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A three-sample multiple-recapture approach to census population estimation with heterogeneous catchability.

"A central assumption in the standard capture-recapture approach to the estimation of the size of a closed population is the homogeneity of the 'capture' probabilities. In this article we develop an approach that allows for varying susceptibility to capture through individual parameters using a variant of the Rasch model from psychological measurement situations. Our approach requires an additional recapture. In the context of census undercount estimation, this requirement amounts to the use of a second independent sample or alternative data source to be matched with census and Post-Enumeration Survey (PES) data.... We illustrate [our] models and their estimation using data from a 1988 dress-rehearsal study for the 1990 census conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, which explored the use of administrative data as a supplement to the PES. The article includes a discussion of extensions and related models."

Americas↗
PubMed1992

A comparison of vendor estimates of population and households with 1990 census counts in California.

"This study compares the 1990 [U.S.] population estimates of four national demographic data vendors with the actual counts of the 1990 Census. It was performed for a consortium of three public utility companies [in California].... In addition to total population, this study evaluates the estimates of three other demographic variables...: number of households, population of Spanish origin and white population.... Differences in accuracy are found among the vendors and between variables.... On average, the estimates were most accurate for total population, considerably less so for race (white population) and households and by far the least accurate for Hispanic population."

Americas↗
PubMed1993

Beware the passenger card] Australian and New Zealand data on population movement between the two countries.

"This article reports on idiosyncrasies of two official national migration databases, most of which became apparent when trying to account for marked differences in their estimates of both migratory and more short-term population movement between the two countries, and for variation over time in the pattern of differences. It is shown that the use of apparently similar broad classification principles, by different countries and through time within a country, can create impressions of comparability and continuity that may be quite misleading." Data are for Australia and New Zealand.

Australia↗
PubMed1989

[Evaluation of the quality of 1986 census data by age and sex at the national level].

"The purpose of the present study is to compare the [Statistics Canada method of reverse record check] estimates of undercoverage, by age and sex, with estimates produced using other sources of data, specifically: final postcensal estimates; estimates produced by the component method (for cohorts since 1961); and estimates produced through use of administrative data from Family Allowance (ages 0-14) and Old Age Security (ages 65+). Results indicate that, even though the estimates of the level of undercoverage by age differ depending on the source and/or method, the same general trend is observed. Using the average of such figures, for example, can yield an estimate of the 'actual' size of the Canadian population as of June 1, 1986." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

The problem posed by immigrants married abroad on intermarriage research: the case of Asian Americans.

"Cross-sectional and longitudinal variations in rates of intergroup marriage [in the United States] have often been used as indicators of assimilation for minority groups. This article demonstrates that both types of comparisons can give misleading results when census data are used for calculating intermarriage rates without restrictions. Census data include immigrants who married abroad (IMAs) in the enumeration. The inclusion of these individuals in the study of intermarriage inevitably biases the level of minority inmarriage upward, making cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of intermarriage rates for groups with different levels of IMAs inappropriate. Cumulation of IMAs also inflates the inmarriage rates of older cohorts, leading to a misimpression of increasing outmarriage among younger cohorts. These problems are illustrated for several Asian groups using 1980 Public Use Microdata Sample data for California. Alternative approaches for remedying the problem are proposed and their different implications for assimilation theory and research are discussed."

Acculturation↗
PubMed1996

[Comparison of the results from the population registers on January 1, 1995, with those obtained from the continuous population system].

"According to the enumeration from the municipal population registers of 1 January 1995 the Netherlands numbered 371 persons more than calculated [using] the continuous population system. The number of non-Dutch nationals however was 18 thousand (2.3%) and the number of foreign born persons 10 thousand (0.7%) lower. The causes of these differences are not fully known. The census of the municipal population registers of 1 January 1995 has in particular adjusted the file of non-Dutch nationals based on the continuous population system." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Data Collection↗
PubMed1988

Accuracy in the noninvasive estimation of pulmonary blood flow by identification of the CO2 uptake system.

Estimation of pulmonary blood flow, controlled by a roller pump, was carried out in dogs using a system identification technique. The system parameters in a linearized CO2 uptake model were estimated by the maximum-likelihood method from the input consisting of alveolar ventilation and inspired pCO2 and the output of end-tidal pCO2. The auto- and cross-correlations of the residuals showed that the model used for estimation was appropriate. The pulmonary blood flow calculated from the system parameters contained a degree of error which showed an average coefficient of variation of 23.8%. Error analysis revealed that the main sources of error lay in the estimates and in the error-magnifying effect arising in the calculation of the flow from these estimates. Reduction of the error in the estimates requires a long set of data for estimation; on the other hand, the error-magnifying effect is determined by physiological constants, so that it cannot be small even in clinical application.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Using the CAS (computer-assisted surgery) system in arthroscopic cruciate ligament surgery--adaptation and application in clinical practice].

AIM AND METHOD: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is of great importance for the knee joint function. In the case of a complete ligament injury there is hardly any chance for complete recovery. The clear advantages of an operative reconstruction by replacing the ACL has been shown in many trails. The accurate placement of the graft's insertions has a significant effect on the mid- and probably long-term outcome of this procedure. Reviewing the literature, there are poor long-term results of ACL replacement in 5 to 52% of all cases, depending on the score system. One of the main reasons for unacceptable results is graft misplacement. This led to the construction of a CAS system for ACL replacement. The system assists this surgical procedure by navigating the exact position of the drilling holes. The Potential deformation quantity of the transplant can be controlled by this system in real time. RESULTS: 40 computer-assisted ACL replacements have been performed under active use of the CAS system. The short-term results are encouraging, no special complications have been seen so far. Prospective long-term follow-up studies are ongoing. CONCLUSION: ACL reconstruction by manual devices has many sources of error. The CAS system is able to give the surgeon reasonable views that are unachieveable by conventional surgery. He is therefore able to control a source of error and to optimise the results. The feasibility of this device in clinical routine use has been proven.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament↗
PubMed1984

Errors in food recording and calorie estimation: clinical and theoretical implications for obesity.

In an attempt to replicate and extend previous research on the validity of food diaries, 43 obese females were quizzed on food recording and calorie estimation in a controlled analogue of self-monitoring. Sources of error were identified that included poor food descriptions, inaccurate quantity estimations, and a variety of computational errors in converting calories. These sources of subject error revealed areas for training in accurate food recording and calorie estimation. The clinical and theoretical importance of establishing the validity of food diaries through accuracy training is emphasized.

Adolescent↗