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PubMed1991

School stress reported by children in grades 4, 5, and 6.

Stress in the school environment of 269 elementary school children attending Grades 4, 5, and 6 of a metropolitan school district were assessed using the School Stress Questionnaire. The effects of sex, ethnic background (minority vs nonminority), type of classroom placement (regular education versus special education), and family structure (traditional versus nontraditional or divorced) were investigated. Children from nontraditional or divorced families had significantly higher school stress than children from intact families. The possibility that these results are a reflection of society's negative attitudes toward children living in nontraditional families is raised.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Self-reports of corporal punishment by Xhosa children from broken and intact families and their academic achievement.

The association of corporal punishment reported by 1021 pupils (369 boys and 652 girls) and their academic achievement was investigated. The sample included 242 children whose parents were divorced or separated and 713 children whose parents were neither divorced nor separated. Subjects were between 13 and 17 years old, with a mean age of 15.6 yr. They were chosen at random from the Standard 7/Year 9 population of Transkei, South Africa. A questionnaire yielded recalled frequencies of parental punishment. Analysis of variance indicated a significant negative association between parental punishment and academic achievement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Statistics on alcoholic marriages: an overview.

This paper is a brief American literature review reporting on (1) the percentage of alcoholics who marry, (2) the percentage who separate or divorce, and (3) the temporal relationship between date of marriage and onset of alcoholism. All studies discussed control for age and compare results to a general population. The authors show that early studies suggested that alcoholics were an unsocialized and homeless group of people who were not likely to marry whereas later research showed that alcoholics are just as likely as persons in the general population to marry but are at least four times more likely to separate or divorce. Multiple variables account for the high rate of marital disruption. The literature is conflicting regarding whether people tend to marry before or after the onset of alcoholism. Future research must delineate relevant psychological and sociocultural variables in addition to the alcoholism itself.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1988

The increasing demand for infertility treatment.

At present NHS services for infertile couples are under-developed compared with those available in the private sector. Health care planners should be aware that the demand for infertility treatment is likely to increase. The average age at first child birth has increased and presumably also the average age at the first attempt to conceive. The rise in divorce rates and second marriages has resulted in increasing numbers of couples wishing to start a second family at a comparatively advanced age. If, as it appears, the time taken to conceive increases with age, the higher average age of women attempting to conceive could cause an increase in the prevalence of infertility, and the demand for treatment. Divorce and remarriage of sterilised people has resulted in a demand for reversal of sterilisation and for in vitro fertilisation (IVF). The age of onset of sexual activity has fallen. This, combined with later marriage, has led to an increase in the number of sexually active single people, with an increase in the incidence of sexually transmitted disease of which infertility is a possible sequel. The opportunity to adopt is now available for very few couples because of the decreasing proportion of illegitimate babies available for adoption. Recent publicity given to developments such as gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT) and IVF may have increased the demand for treatment.

Adoption↗
PubMed1999

Parental marital disruption and intergenerational transfers: an analysis of lone elderly parents and their children.

Although one of the most marked demographic trends observed over the twentieth century is the increased rate of divorce, relatively little research has explored the effects of these changing marital patterns in the context of an aging society. Using a sample of lone elderly parents and their adult children, we analyze the direct and indirect effects of marital disruption on four important dimensions of intergenerational transfers: coresidence, financial assistance, adult children's provision of informal care, and parental purchase of paid care. Our findings suggest that divorce has deleterious effects on intergenerational transfers, particularly for elderly fathers. Remarriage further reduces exchange. Our results reveal that parents engage in lower levels of transfers with stepchildren relative to biological children. Moreover, intergenerational transfers are sensitive to characteristics of biological children but not to those of stepchildren. Taken together, these results suggest that exchange at the end of the life course continues to be adversely affected by marital disruption.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

Going to extremes: family structure, children's well-being, and social science.

In this article I argue that public discussions of demographic issues are often conducted in a troubling pattern in which one extreme position is debated in relation to the opposite extreme. This pattern impedes our understanding of social problems and is a poor guide to sound public policies. To illustrate this thesis I use the case of social scientific research examining how children are affected by not living with two biological parents while they are growing up. Over the last decade, I maintain, most of the public, and even many social scientists, have been puzzled and poorly informed by this debate. In particular I consider Judith Wallerstein's clinically based claims of the pervasive, profound harm caused by divorce and, at the other extreme, Judith Rich Harris's reading of behavioral genetics and evolutionary psychology, which leads her to dismiss the direct effects of divorce. Neither extreme gives a clear picture of the consequences of growing up in a single-parent family or a stepfamily.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Effects of poverty on academic failure and delinquency in boys: a change and process model approach.

Using data from the Montreal Longitudinal-Experimental Study, we examined the impact of poverty (and its correlate, family configuration status) on academic placement and self-reported delinquency in boys at age 16. We then investigated whether the relation between family economic hardship and antisocial behaviour is direct or indirect by considering the value of parenting practices and academic failure as process variables in the model. Data included official records, and parent, teacher, and self-reports. The temporal intensity of poverty was classified into five categories: never-poor; always-poor; poor-earlier; poor-later; and transitory-poverty. Family configuration status was classified by both temporal characteristics and number of marital transitions: intact-family; short-term-single; long-term-single; short-term-remarried; long-term-remarried; and multiple-marital-transitions. Results revealed that when maternal education and early childhood behaviour were controlled, poverty had an effect on both academic failure and extreme delinquency. This effect was independent of family configuration status. Although they both significantly predicted extreme delinquency on their own, academic failure and parental supervision did not mediate the relationship between poverty and delinquency. Divorce increased the risk of theft and fighting at age 16, regardless of financial hardship. Parental supervision only helped explain the effects of divorce on boys' fighting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The accuracy of survey-reported marital status: evidence from survey records matched to Social Security records.

Researchers have concluded that divorced persons often fail to report accurate marital information in surveys. I revisit this issue using surveys matched exactly to Social Security data. Older divorced persons frequently misreport their marital status, but there is evidence that the misreporting is unintentional. I offer some suggestions on how surveys can be improved.

Censuses↗
PubMed2001

Differences between couples who end their marriage by fault or no-fault legal procedures.

Spouses from 53 couples who ended their marriage by dissolution (DS), a form of no-fault divorce, were compared with spouses from 59 couples who ended their marriage by fault-based divorce (DV). DV husbands were younger than DS husbands. DV couples were less likely to have pooled finances, and they had more sons than did DS couples. For growth curves over the first 4 years of marriage, relative to DS wives, DV wives had lower starting levels for liking of spouse, trust, and marital quality; higher starting levels for dysfunctional beliefs about relationships and psychological distress; weaker declines in extrinsic motives for being married; and stronger declines for love for spouse. Relative to DS husbands, DV husbands showed a stronger increase in dysfunctional beliefs about relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The impact of husband physical aggression and alcohol use on marital functioning: does alcohol "excuse" the violence?

Alcohol has been posited to serve as an "excuse" for deviant behavior, including domestic violence. A recent study suggested that wives hold husbands less responsible for their aggressive behavior when husbands are problem drinkers. To replicate and extend this study, the independent and interactive effects of husband physical aggression and husband alcohol use on wives' marital satisfaction and thoughts of divorce were examined among newlywed couples (n = 387). Husband physical aggression had a significant negative effect on marital satisfaction and a significant positive effect on divorce ideation regardless of the measure of husband alcohol use employed. Alcohol dependence had a negative effect on satisfaction; however, in no case was there an interaction between alcohol and aggression. Results fail to replicate an earlier study supporting an excuse function of alcohol and suggest that alcohol does not mitigate the negative effects of domestic violence on marital functioning.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Leg and trunk length at 43 years in relation to childhood health, diet and family circumstances; evidence from the 1946 national birth cohort.

BACKGROUND: This is a study of the associations of adult leg and trunk length with early life height and weight, diet, socioeconomic circumstances, and health, and parental height, divorce and death. METHOD: The data used were collected in a longitudinal study of the health, development and ageing of a British national birth cohort (N = 2879 in this analysis) studied since birth in 1946. Multiple regression models were used to investigate the relationships. RESULTS: Adult leg and trunk length were each positively associated with parental height, birthweight, and weight at 4 years. Leg length was associated positively with breastfeeding and energy intake at 4 years. Trunk length was associated negatively with serious illness in childhood and possibly also parental divorce, but not with the dietary data. CONCLUSION: Adult leg length is particularly sensitive to environmental factors and diet in early childhood because that is the period of most rapid leg growth. Trunk growth is faster than leg growth after infancy and before puberty, and may be associated with the effects of serious illness and parental separation because of the child's growing sensitivity to stressful circumstances, as well as the result of the biological effects of illness.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Supplements to marriage law].

[Text of the "Xinjiang Uygur Region's additional regulations governing the enforcement of the marriage law of the People's Republic of China" promulgated December 14 at the Xinjiang Uygur Regional People's Congress] [Text] On December 14, 1980, the 3rd Session of the 5th Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regional Congress adopted the regulations. Article 1: These regulations are enacted in accordance with article 36 of the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China; Article 2: As regards marriage ages, a man under 20 shall not get married, nor shall a woman under 18 get married; Article 3: According to the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China, no one shall marry a collateral relative within the 3rd degreee of relationship; Article 4: A widow shall be left free to remarry, and no one shall be allowed to intervene in it on any pretext; Article 5: A mercenary marriage shall be prohibited, and no one shall be allowed to extort property in a marriage; Article 6: A legal procedure shall be required for a marriage and a divorce, and the way of substantiating a divorce by a notice in verbal or written form sent from 1 party to the other shall be prohibited; Article 7: Religion shall not be allowed to intervene in a marriage or family, nor shall a religious rite be allowed to replace a marriage registration; Article 8: Men and women under the prescribed marriage ages shall be prohibited from becoming engaged; Article 9: Planned parenthodd shall not be advocated among national minorities, and whether or not to practice family planning shall be at their own discretion; Article 10: These regulations shall only apply to various minority nationalities in this region; Article 11: Subject to the approval of the Standing Committee of the regional People's Congress, people's congresses at autonomous prefectures and counties or the congresses' standing committees shall be allowed to enact some modifications or additional regulations in light of actual conditions in marriages and families among local minorities and in accordance with the principles of the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China and these regulations; Article 12: Like the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China, these regulations shall come into force beginning on January 1, 1981.

Asia↗
PubMed1989

Examining the relationship between age at first marriage, education and the timing of marital dissolution in Ghana.

"This study utilizes the family-life course perspective with survival tables and proportional hazard rate analysis to examine the timing patterns of marital dissolution in Ghana at various durations of marriage. Using data from the Ghana Fertility Survey (GFS) 1979/1980, this study has found evidence to support research from western industrial countries that young age at marriage compared to the cultural norm increases the probability of divorce.... It is found that for those with no education, divorce rates are not affected by age at marriage, while for those with some education, later marriage leads to lower dissolution rates."

Africa↗
PubMed1991

[Changes in family and cohabitation conditions in 14 industrialized countries].

"The purpose of the study is to review some of the demographic trends which have substantial influence on social security budgets. Thus the authors deal with nuptiality and...[divorce] with changes in family and household structures...[and] especially with one-person households and one-parent families." Data are from 12 selected countries of Europe plus Canada and the USSR. The general trends observed include a decline in nuptiality, increasing age at marriage, high and increasing divorce rates, and an increase in consensual unions. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)

Americas↗
PubMed1991

[[A treatise on sex ratio in population by marital status: marriage squeeze and widowhood]].

"This study deals with imbalances of sex ratio in population by marital status, particularly focussing on two important demographic problems in Japan...the first relating to an excess of male population in marriageable ages and the second relating to an excess of [single, widowed, or divorced women] in the middle and old ages.... Population ageing [of] unmarried women, whether never married, widowed or divorced, [is examined]....Tables of [the] family life cycle have been constructed for Japanese couples for the periods 1920 to 1985, particularly specifying lengths of widowhood and widowerhood." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1992

Simulating the effect of demographic events on the household composition.

"The aim of this paper is to measure the effects on household composition of changes in demographic events, e.g. mortality, fertility, marriage, divorce. British household data are taken from the General Household Survey and aged by simulation to 2001 using a 'Most Likely' model. Subsequently different assumptions of each demographic event are taken from 1991 so that the effects of perturbations within each event can be studied. Special features of the simulation model are the differentiations between cohabitation and marriage and separation and divorce, and the detailed breakdowns of household types such as lone parents into single and previously married women and men with children aged 0-4, 5-15 and 16 and over."

Demography↗
PubMed1988

Berrehab v. Netherlands, 21 June 1988.

The applicants were a citizen of Morocco, divorced from his Dutch wife, and his daughter, who lived with her mother. After the divorce, the Government of the Netherlands refused to renew the father's work permit and eventually expelled him from the country. The applicants argued that the Government's action violated Article 8 of the Convention, which protects family life. The European Court of Human Rights agreed and held that Article 8 had been violated because the refusal to renew the work permit and the expulsion of the father prevented the applicants from maintaining regular contact.

Demography↗