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PubMed1995

Involvement of regions of the 4th and 7th chromosomes in the open-field activity of mice.

Reactivity to a new environment was studied in mice, using an open-field procedure in two strains, C57BL/6By and ABP/Le, the F1 populations and the intercrosses F2 and backcross segregating populations. The analysis of the behavioral traits: peripheral and central activities, leaning, rearing and defecation in the parental strains made it possible to show that the ABP/Le strain was more reactive than C57BL/6By. In addition, the study of segregating, for four phenotypic markers, in F2 and backcross populations strongly suggested that two autosomal regions were involved in the control of open-field behavior: one in chromosomal region comprising the b locus on chromosome 4 and one in chromosomal region comprising the p locus on chromosome 7.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Secretin modulation of behavioral and physiological functions in the rat.

The effect of secretin on behavioral and physiological functions in the rat was investigated. Secretin injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV) significantly increased defecation and decreased novel-object approaches in rats. The peptide showed no significant effects on stereotypic behavior (gnawing, grooming and rearing), open-field locomotor activity however was significantly decreased, an effect that was probably due to a decreased propensity for the rats to initiate locomotor responses. In addition, secretin showed significant effects on respiration rate in anesthetized rats. When the peptide was injected in the lateral ventricle a decrease in respiration rate occurred, but when the brain was perfused from the lateral ventricle to the cisterna magna increases in respiration rate occurred. These data, combined with the facts that secretin and secretin receptors have been identified in the brain indicate that secretin may play a neurotransmitter or neuroregulator role in the central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antinociceptive and other opioid effects of a new series of dermorphin analogues after subcutaneous administration in the rat.

A series of hepta-, hexa-, penta- and tetrapeptide analogues of dermorphin have been evaluated in the rat for antinociceptive activity after subcutaneous (SC) administration at the screening dose of 4 mg/kg. Effective doses (ED50) were calculated for the most active compounds. Presence of spontaneous movements, defecation, micturition and corneal reflex were also recorded. Syntheses and analytical data of new derivatives are briefly reported.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Early stimulation effects on novelty-induced behavior in two psychogenetically-selected rat lines with divergent emotionality profiles.

The present study shows that postnatal handling (H: consisting of removing the pups from the nest twice daily and placing them individually in plastic cages lined with paper towel for a period of 10 min, between postnatal days 1 and 21) and/or environmental enrichment (E: for a period of 6 months) of Roman high- and low-avoidance (RHA/Verh and RLA/Verh) rats induced long-lasting decreases in emotional reactivity (i.e. reduced defecations in the open field, OF, and hole-board, HB, tests) as well as increases in exploratory behavior (i.e. head-dipping) in a manner dependent upon the rat line (there were 'line x H' and 'line x E' interactions). It is reported for the first time that RHA/Verh rats show more head-dipping behavior than RLA/Verh rats, and that the environmental treatments can increase head-dipping of RLA/Verh animals to the level shown by RHA/Verh rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

A thirteenth cranial nerve: the cloacal nerve.

The completion by vertebrates of micturition, defecation, and copulation via the cloaca or its derivatives is hypothesized to be best explained by the existence of a thirteenth cranial nerve, the cloacal nerve, which, similar to the facial and trigeminal nerves, functions as a mixed cranial nerve containing both general and special components.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The internal anal sphincter: mechanisms of control and its role in maintaining anal continence.

The human IAS has particular structural and functional characteristics. This smooth muscle constantly generates rhythmic electrical slow waves, but no action potentials. The slow waves are linked to calcium fluxes and both are essential for mechanical activity, i.e. the ASPW. The IAS is pharmacologically characterized by the presence of alpha excitatory and beta inhibitory adrenergic receptors. Cholinergic drugs have an indirect effect through the release of an inhibitory neurotransmitter, very probably VIP, from NANC nerves. The myogenic activity of the IAS is enhanced by its extrinsic sympathetic innervation. Thus, at rest, the IAS is in a state of partial tetanus and contributes approximately 55% of the MABP. Because the IAS ring cannot be completely closed, the anal mucosa and the haemorrhoidal plexuses fill the gap. By compressing these tissues, the IAS perfectly closes the anal canal to retain not only solids but also fluid stool and gas. Acute rectal distension and rectal activity, mainly through intramural pathways, induce reflex IAS relaxation, permitting the rectal contents to be sampled by receptors in the upper anal canal while continence is temporarily maintained by EAS activity and by expansion of the haemorrhoidal cushions. There is a correlation between the volume of rectal distension and the parameters of IAS relaxation. At maximal IAS relaxation, ASPW are absent, indicating the completeness of the inhibition. Although this RAIR is not essential for defecation, insufficient relaxation may be implicated in constipation. Hyperactivity of the IAS resulting in a high MABP and AUSPW has been considered both as a cause and as an effect in haemorrhoids and anal fissure. Continence for fluids and gas is impaired if IAS activity is decreased (i.e. a low MABP), either by direct trauma or by damage of its sympathetic innervation. Severe faecal incontinence will develop when the contractility of both the IAS and the EAS is affected.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed2004

Defecatory malfunction caused by motility disorder of the neorectum after anterior resection for rectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: The correlation between postoperative defecatory status after anterior resection for rectal cancer and physiologic neorectal motility has not been well delineated. METHODS: Sixty patients who underwent anterior resection were examined. Motility of the neorectum was examined with 4-sensor intraluminal pressure monitoring, and segmental colonic transit time was determined with radiopaque Sitzmarks (Konsyl, Fort Worth, Texas) capsules. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients experienced loss of propagated contraction waves down to the neorectum, which was closely correlated with a prolonged transit time through the neosigmoid colon and neorectum. In 26 patients, minor spastic waves were observed at the neorectum, which did not correlate well with the loss of propagated waves. The loss of propagation and the existence of spastic waves were significantly correlated with urgency of defecation and multiple evacuations. The latter was also associated with major soiling and with patients' assessments of impaired defecatory function. CONCLUSIONS: The physiologic motility of the neorectum is one of the factors responsible for postoperative defecatory function after anterior resection for rectal cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

An investigation of the effect of tacrine and physostigmine on spatial working memory deficits in the olfactory bulbectomised rat.

The olfactory bulbectomised (OB) rat is being increasingly used as a model of impaired learning and mnemonic functioning. In this study the model has been utilised to determine the effect of the acetylcholinesterase inhibiting compounds tacrine and physostigmine on spatial working memory deficits associated with the OB rat. One-hundred and twenty male rats were randomly allocated to OB or sham operated groups and received chronic i.p. treatment with either saline, physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg) or tacrine (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg). Two weeks after beginning treatment animals were tested on the Morris water maze and open field test. The results indicated that the OB surgery was associated with spatial working memory disturbances that were effectively attenuated with both doses of tacrine, but not physostigmine. Increased hyperactivity and defecation was observed in OB animals in the Open-field test, however, these changes were not ameliorated by either drug treatment. The ability for tacrine but not physostigmine to attenuate OB cognitive deficits may be associated with the different half-life of these compounds. This study provides further support for the use of the OB rat as a drug discovery model for the investigation of novel therapeutic compounds that target the cholinergic system.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2004

Effect of mediodorsal thalamic nucleus lesion on contextual fear conditioning in rats.

Much evidence from animal and clinical studies has shown that the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MD) is related to various types of memory, such as visual recognition, object-reward association, spatial working, and reference memory; however, few studies have investigated its role in emotion-related learning and memory processes. This study compared the effect of pre- and posttraining bilateral lesions of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus with those of the amygdala on contextual conditioned fear. Both pre- and posttraining amygdala lesions almost eliminated conditioned freezing, and significantly blocked postshock freezing when behavioral tests were performed immediately after footshocks, reconfirming previous studies that the amygdala is implicated in the learning of Pavlovian conditioning. Both pre- and posttraining lesions of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus significantly attenuated conditioned freezing but had no effect on postshock freezing. In contrast to lesions of the amygdala, those of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus failed to alter the increased defecation induced by conditioned fear stress. Our results suggest that the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus has an important role in acquisition, consolidation or retrieval in Pavlovian contextual fear conditioning. Possible neural circuits, incorporating the amygdala, MD, and hippocampus, and the functional similarity of the MD and hippocampus in contextual fear conditioning, are also discussed.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2005

VAV's got rhythm.

Biological rhythms with periods of less than a day are physiologically important but poorly understood. In this issue of Cell, Norman, Maricq, and colleagues (Norman et al., 2005) show that VAV-1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho-family GTPases, is necessary for three rhythmic behaviors in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: feeding, defecation, and ovulation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

(+)-Cannabidiol analogues which bind cannabinoid receptors but exert peripheral activity only.

Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta9-THC) and (-)-cannabidiol are major constituents of the Cannabis sativa plant with different pharmacological profiles: (-)-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, but not (-)-cannabidiol, activates cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors and induces psychoactive and peripheral effects. We have tested a series of (+)-cannabidiol derivatives, namely, (+)-cannabidiol-DMH (DMH-1,1-dimethylheptyl-), (+)-7-OH-cannabidiol-DMH, (+)-7-OH- cannabidiol, (+)-7-COOH- cannabidiol and (+)-7-COOH-cannabidiol-DMH, for central and peripheral (intestinal, antiinflammatory and peripheral pain) effects in mice. Although all (+)-cannabidiols bind to cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, only (+)-7-OH-cannabidiol-DMH was centrally active, while all (+)-cannabidiol analogues completely arrested defecation. The effects of (+)-cannabidiol-DMH and (+)-7-OH-cannabidiol-DMH were partially antagonized by the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist N-(piperidiny-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR141716), but not by the cannabinoid CB2 receptor antagonist N-[-(1S)-endo-1,3,3-trimethil bicyclo [2.2.1] heptan-2-yl-5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR144528), and had no effect on CB1(-/-) receptor knockout mice. (+)-Cannabidiol-DMH inhibited the peripheral pain response and arachidonic-acid-induced inflammation of the ear. We conclude that centrally inactive (+)-cannabidiol analogues should be further developed as antidiarrheal, antiinflammatory and analgesic drugs for gastrointestinal and other peripheral conditions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Factors affecting the bowel function after proctocolectomy and ileal J pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis.

The aim was to study determinants of postoperative bowel function after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. Medical records of patients who underwent proctocolectomy with ileal J pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) in two- or three-stage operations and whose status of defecation was known via a questionnaire were retrospectively reviewed. Bowel function, including stool frequency, stool consistency, and degree of nighttime soiling, was correlated with age at the time of surgery, time after ileostomy closure, mean resting anal pressure, longitudinal length of ileal J pouch, and duration of fecal diversion by using univariate and multivariate analyses. Stool frequency decreased significantly with time after ileostomy closure in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Stool frequency tended to be less in patients having a long J pouch, but the correlation was not significant (P = 0.071) in univariate analysis. Nighttime soiling ameliorated with time after ileostomy closure in multivariate, but not univariate, analysis. Deterioration of nighttime soiling was seen in patients whose duration for fecal diversion was long, both in univariate (P = 0.068) and multivariate (P = 0.052) analyses. Stool consistency was related to none of the five factors investigated. These results indicate that as the time after surgery increases, stool frequency decreases and nighttime soiling ameliorates. Delaying ileostomy closure because of anticipated postoperative incontinence does not significantly alter postoperative continence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome, influence of lifestyle factors and bowel habits in Korean college students.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is considered to be prevalent in the general population, but there are little data on bowel habits and IBS in Korea. Because nurses are frequently called on to help this patient population with IBS and help manage their symptoms, it is very necessary to get some practical information about patients' experiences and to outline a multifaceted approach to the practical management of patient with IBS. So this study aims to describe the bowel habits and the prevalence of IBS in young university students in Korea and to investigate the influence of lifestyle factors, including dietary habits, on IBS prevalence. Finally, we discuss the nursing needs for an holistic approach. METHODS: A cross-sectional study, using the self-reported questionnaire based on previous studies done abroad and the Rome alpha criteria was applied with 1717 young university students. RESULTS: The answers of 747 men and 970 women were included in the study. The prevalence of IBS, as defined by the Rome alpha criteria, was 5.7% of the subjects. The proportion of women (70.7%) was significantly higher than the proportion of men in the IBS group as compared to that in the non-IBS group (odds ratio 2.07, 95% CI 1.2-3.7). Residential type (odds ratio 1.27, 95% 1.06-1.5) and frequency of meals (odds ratio 1.69, 95% CI 1.2-2.5) significantly differed between the IBS group and non-IBS group. There was a trend towards the higher prevalence of IBS with fewer hours of exercise (odds ratio 0.99, 95% CI 0.95-1.04). 90.6% of respondents reported stool frequencies between three times per day and three times per week. Characteristics of defecation differed significantly between men and women (p<0.05, to p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of IBS in healthy young people of Korea was lower compared with those reported in the West. This study shows that proportionately more women suffered from IBS than men and dietary factors and lifestyle were significantly related to IBS. From our study results, we found that there are multifaceted nursing aspects required to reduce symptoms, such as dietary education and encouragement to change lifestyle aimed at controlling stress.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Sources and severity of self-reported food intolerance after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.

Data on food intolerance after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis are scarce. The aim of this study was to identify foods causing intolerance and to determine the nature and severity of reported symptoms. Patients from the Dutch Crohn's and Ulcerative Colitis Association were mailed a survey on food intolerance; 105 (31% men) of 137 patients took part. They all reported intolerance to one or more foods. Common symptoms (scored from 0=absent to 10=severe), included diarrhea (mean score=5.8), fatigue (mean score=5.5), and thirst (mean score=4.6). Spicy foods, cabbage, and citrus fruits (or juice) were most likely to decrease stool consistency, increase stool frequency, or cause perianal irritation. Onions, cabbage, or leeks were reported by 28% of the patients to cause flatulence. The urge to defecate was stronger after a cooked meal (45% within (1/2) hour) than after sandwiches (15% within (1/2) hour). Foods reported to increase stool consistency were potato products, bread, and bananas. This study demonstrates that food intolerance is a common, albeit mild, problem after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Food and nutrition professionals should encourage patients to base their food choices on individual tolerance as long as no (patho-) physiological-based evidence to the contrary is available.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha5 subunits modulate oxotremorine-induced salivation and tremor.

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are composed of 12 subunits (alpha2-alpha10 and beta2-beta4). alpha5 Subunits, expressed throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), possess unique pharmacological properties. The effects of oxotremorine (OXO) on autonomic functions and tremor were examined in mice lacking alpha5 nAChR subunits (alpha5-/-) and compared with those in wild-type (WT) control mice. The alpha5-/- mice showed significantly increased salivation and tremor responses to OXO. The hypothermia, bradycardia and defecation induced by OXO were of similar magnitudes in the two mouse strains. The enhanced OXO effects in alpha5-/- mice indicate inhibitory effects of alpha5 subunits in autonomic ganglia, and support the participation of these subunits in cholinergic transmission in autonomic ganglia.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2004

The effects of aromatase inhibition on testosterone-dependent conditioned rhythmic cloacal sphincter movements in male Japanese quail.

Male Japanese quail produce a foam that, along with semen, is transferred to the quail hen during copulation. This foam has been reported to increase fertility, prolong sperm motility, and enhance sperm competition. Action of the cloacal sphincter muscles in response to visual exposure to a female produces the foam. The rhythmic cloacal sphincter movements (RCSM) responsible for foam production in male quail is elicited by a conditioned stimulus (CS) previously paired with access to a quail hen. These conditioned RCSM are testosterone-dependent. The present experiment was conducted to explore whether, as is the case with most other testosterone-dependent male sexual behaviors in the quail, conditioned RCSM are mediated by the aromatization of testosterone. Castrated, testosterone-treated male quail were presented with paired presentations of an arbitrary focal CS and visual access to a female. Once conditioned RCSM had developed, subjects received twice daily injections of the aromatase inhibitor Vorozole (R083842) during a series of extinction test presentations of the CS. Injections of Vorozole significantly decreased the number of RCSMs elicited by a sexual CS. This decrease was specific to sexual RCSM; cloacal sphincter movements that occurred following defecation were not affected by Vorozole. Conditioned sexual RCSM are therefore mediated by the aromatization of testosterone, most likely due to effects on central aromatase activity related to sexual motivation.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Temporal characteristics of feeding behavior in the Munich miniature pig.

UNLABELLED: Correlations between meal size and inter-meal intervals as a characteristic of ingestive behavior are generally calculated utilizing Pearson's correlation coefficient. However, this commonly used method may exhibit disadvantages and methodological problems when dealing with dependent time series. Alternatively, a modified version of Pearson's r (r(diff)) or a nonparametric procedure, Pfanzagl's T combined with an expanded sampling theorem offer a statistical alternative for correlational analysis, robust to stochastic interdependencies between time series. In two studies, porcine self-initiated feeding behavior was observed in a closed economy setup, and a comparison of all three correlation coefficients was performed. STUDY 1: Twelve Munich mini-pigs were observed for 2 weeks. The rate of food ingestion was a stable characteristic of each individual pig, feeding and defecation behavior were temporally associated and light/dark cycle differences were seen for feeding. STUDY 2: Eight Munich mini-pigs were studied for 4 weeks. Kendall's Tau was utilized to test the stability of feeding behavior across weeks. Stability increased over time and feeding was more stable during the light period. Both correlation measures revealed a strong association between meal size and inter-meal intervals. CONCLUSION: Munich-miniature pigs exhibited a stable pattern of self-initiated ingestive and excretory behaviors. In both studies, Pfanzagl's T-values as well as r(diff)-values revealed a corresponding and consistent association between meal size and inter-meal intervals. In combination with the conventional Pearson's r, all three coefficients characterize different aspects of feeding behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Functional outcome in handsewn versus stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.

Eighty-eight of 119 patients who underwent ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis were evaluated. Forty patients had a handsewn anastomosis (Hs) with mucosectomy, and 48 had a stapled anastomosis (St). In each patient, we evaluated operative, morphologic, functional, and manometric features. The results in the Hs and St groups were similar when the anastomosis was within 1 cm of the dentate line. In particular, there was no correlation between the type of anastomosis and the number of bowel movements in a 24-hour period, the presence of the urge to defecate, and the use of antidiarrheal drugs. Leakage was significantly higher in the Hs group, even when the anastomosis was less than 1 cm from the dentate line. Pouchitis was more frequent in the Hs group, and, within this group, among those with a short distance between the anastomosis and the dentate line. No correlations were found between the presence of columnar epithelium or active colitis in the mucosa below the anastomosis, the functional outcomes, and the incidence of pouchitis.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗