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PubMed2001

Airway stability and heterogeneity in the constricted lung.

The effect of bronchoconstriction on airway resistance is known to be spatially heterogeneous and dependent on tidal volume. We present a model of a single terminal airway that explains these features. The model describes a feedback between flow and airway resistance mediated by parenchymal interdependence and the mechanics of activated smooth muscle. The pressure-tidal volume relationship for a constricted terminal airway is computed and shown to be sigmoidal. Constricted terminal airways are predicted to have two stable states: one effectively open and one nearly closed. We argue that the heterogeneity of whole lung constriction is a consequence of this behavior. Airways are partitioned between the two states to accommodate total flow, and changes in tidal volume and end-expiratory pressure affect the number of airways in each state. Quantitative predictions for whole lung resistance and elastance agree with data from previously published studies on lung impedance.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMed1993

[The adverse effects of computer video monitors on their operators].

Probable undesirable influence of visual display terminals to attendance are characterized: electric and electrostatic fields, magnetic field, x-ray and UV-radiation. There are described protective arrangements here: terminals of a new construction, prospectively protective filters in front of old terminals.

Computer Terminals↗
PubMed1981

Computer quantitation of Q-T and terminal T wave (aT-eT) intervals during exercise: methodology and results in normal men.

Computer-quantitated measurements of the Q-T intervals, the Q-T/Q-Tc ratio (Q-T/corrected Q-T) and the terminal T wave (apex to end of T [aT-eT] interval) were evaluated in resting and exercise electrocardiograms of 130 normal men with a mean age of 40 years. Pseudo-orthogonal, bipolar X, Y and Z axis leads were recorded during treadmill exercise testing, and 25 consecutive QRS-T complexes from standing rest and three exercise stages were computer-averaged. The Q-T intervals, Q-T/Q-Tc ratio and aT-eT interval measurements were then computed in the X and Z axis leads only, because the Y lead proved to be too noisy for accurate interpretation. A correlation coefficient of 0.9830 resulted between measurements made manually from the plotted, composite QRS-T complexes and those made by computer. No significant differences , in the paired sense, were found between any of the measurements. Measurements made on the Z axis lead; however, the differences in the measurements remained constant across all stages of exercise. A Q-T/Q-Tc ratio of greater than 1.08, previously reported to be a reliable indicator of coronary disease, was observed in the majority of our normal subjects during exercise. Although the Q-T interval is substantially influenced by many factors, the aT-eT interval proved not to be age- or heart rate-dependent. It appears that the aT-eT interval can be measured with a high degree of reliability during exercise and it may prove to be a relatively specific indicator of repolarization alterations that occur with myocardial ischemia.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The simplest binary fluorocarbon as a ligand. Synthetic, spectroscopic, crystallographic, and computational studies of a molybdenum complex of terminally ligated carbon monofluoride (fluoromethylidyne).

Cp*Mo(CO)3CF3 undergoes two-electron reduction using potassium graphite or magnesium graphite to give Cp*Mo(CO)2(CF), the first example of a transition metal complex containing a terminal fluoromethylidyne ligand, which has been characterized spectroscopically, crystallographically, and computationally.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

The use of X-terminals as clinical workstations.

The Medical Computer Facility at the Fox Chase Cancer Center has installed X-terminals in patient examination rooms and at nursing stations for clinical data access by physicians and nurses. The X-terminals are connected to UNIX operating system RISC processors via Ethernet. The RISC processors communicate with databases on a minicomputer cluster. Simultaneous presentation of textual (e.g., pathology and radiology reports) and graphical (e.g., clinical laboratory results) clinical data is provided under X-Windows. CT and MRI images can also be displayed in windows. Our experiences implementing X-terminal clinical workstations in a production environment will be discussed.

Cancer Care Facilities↗
PubMed1991

[The development of a distribution system for medical lasers and its clinical application].

We developed a new laser beam generator system which can deliver laser beam to multiple terminals in distant clinical therapy rooms. The system possesses the distribution equipment by which Nd-YAG laser power is distributed to 8 output terminals under the computer control. Distributed laser beam is delivered to each distant terminal with clinical informations through the optical fiber. In the fundamental studies, possibility of distant transportation of laser beam (30 m) only with 10% loss of energy and without dangerous heating at the connection parts was shown. There seems to be no disadvantage associated with distribution laser beam. In the clinical study, the system was applied to five patients with the symptoms including hemosputum, esophageal stenosis, hemorrhage, lip ulcer and pain. Clinical usefulness of the system was proved. The advantages of the system are as follows: 1. Benefit of cost reduction due to multiple use of single laser source. 2. No necessity of transport of the equipment. 3. No requirement of a wide space to install the equipment in the distant room. 4. Efficient management and maintenance of the system by centralization. Further improvements, e.g., simultaneous use at multiple terminals and elongation of transportation up to 340 m, make the system more useful for clinical application.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed1999

Complexity of terminal airspace geometry assessed by lung computed tomography in normal subjects and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Increases in the low attenuation areas (LAA) of chest x-ray computed tomography images in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have been reported to reflect the development of pathological emphysema. We examined the statistical properties of LAA clusters in COPD patients and in healthy subjects. In COPD patients, the percentage of the lung field occupied by LAAs (LAA%) ranged from 2.6 to 67.6. In contrast, LAA% was always <30% in healthy subjects. The cumulative size distribution of the LAA clusters followed a power law characterized by an exponent D. We show that D is a measure of the complexity of the terminal airspace geometry. The COPD patients with normal LAA% had significantly smaller D values than the healthy subjects, and the D values did not correlate with pulmonary function tests except for the diffusing capacity of the lung. We interpret these results by using a large elastic spring network model and find that the neighboring smaller LAA clusters tend to coalesce and form larger clusters as the weak elastic fibers separating them break under tension. This process leaves LAA% unchanged whereas it decreases the number of small clusters and increases the number of large clusters, which results in a reduction in D similar to that observed in early emphysema patients. These findings suggest that D is a sensitive and powerful parameter for the detection of the terminal airspace enlargement that occurs in early emphysema.

Forced Expiratory Volume↗
PubMed1993

Contemporary issues in HIM. The application layer.

In the early years of computing, manufacturers usually sold general purpose computer systems to their customers. These systems had only a minimal set of software components. End users normally would have to work with analysts, programmers, and operators to get applications developed and executed. Personal computers, workstations, or terminals connected to larger timeshared systems, are readily available to many computer users. Multitudes of new software packages allow these employees themselves to utilize computer resources. Such packages typically are grouped together as an application layer on top of the OS. In this article, we looked at one important component of that layer--information management systems. We will look at more applications in the next two articles.

Data Display↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of two systems for documenting pharmacist interventions in patient care.

Manual and computerized systems for documenting interventions by pharmacists at a large university teaching hospital are compared. The manual system allows patient data and pharmacist interventions to be quickly documented on written profiles. Completed forms are entered into a personal computer for analysis. The computerized system is a direct-entry version of the manual intervention log. Five screens allow pharmacists to enter information into a mainframe computer from any terminal. Data can be downloaded from the mainframe into a personal computer. During the first part of the study, nine pharmacists used the manual system for seven days. After a two-week pause, the same pharmacists used the computerized system for seven days. The systems were evaluated by using time-and-motion analysis and a questionnaire. Also, the number of interventions documented and the characteristics of each were compared. The mean +/- S.D. time required to document an intervention was significantly less with the computerized system (81.8 +/- 24.9 seconds) than with the manual system (100.7 +/- 37.3 seconds). Administrative time for analysis and report generation was also less with the computerized system. The pharmacists rated the computerized system more highly in terms of ease of use, accessibility, time efficiency, and acceptability. The number of interventions documented did not differ between the systems. A computerized system for documenting pharmacist interventions compared favorably with a manual system.

Chicago↗
PubMed1986

Branching ratio and growth of tree-like structures.

Dichotomously branching trees were generated by computer using random terminal and random segmental growth. The branching ratio (Rb) of such a tree during growth oscillates periodically as new branches are added. The magnitude of the oscillations diminishes as the tree enlarges and Rb converges towards an expected value. This phenomenon was investigated using the reverse of the growth process, that is by terminal or segmental subtraction of branches from existing trees. These were either computer generated trees or mammalian bronchial tree data. The oscillations of Rb thus obtained were similar to those obtained during growth and were used to calculate convergent values of Rb. In addition, an estimate of convergent Rb was obtained from the mean of the maximum and minimum Rb of the first oscillation occurring when the least number of branches had been subtracted. Values of Rb obtained by these methods were compared with those obtained by taking the antilogarithm of the slope of the regression of log number of branches against order. With large trees the results are similar, but with smaller trees a more reliable Rb is given by the means of the oscillations. We find that Rb values from the bronchial trees are different from those generated by random segmental growth and are not always in good agreement with random terminal growth. Some other growth process must therefore be operative in the bronchial tree.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Mechanistic insights into NO3* induced self-terminating radical oxygenations, part 1: a computational study on NO3* and its addition to alkynes.

The geometry of the nitrate radical, NO3*, for which unrestricted Hartree-Fock (HF) breaks spatial symmetry of the wave function, was optimized using hybrid density functionals that include varying fractions of Hartree-Fock exchange. Although symmetry breaking was not observed even when the functional with the highest HF exchange (BHandHLYP) was used, only B3LYP correctly describes the D(3h) symmetry of NO3* as ground-state structure with the lowest energy. Further, geometries and energies of the stationary points in the addition of NO3* to ethyne, propyne, and 2-butyne were calculated using ab initio and density functional methods. The reactions proceed through Z-configurated transition states leading to Z-configurated vinyl radicals with the activation barrier decreasing with increasing methyl substitution at the C[triple bond]C by ca. 11 kJ mol(-1) per methyl group. It was found that the results obtained at the BHandHLYP/cc-pVDZ level of theory are in good agreement with the data from single-point QCISD and CCSD(T) calculations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Statistical and functional analyses of viral and cellular proteins with N-terminal amphipathic alpha-helices with large hydrophobic moments: importance to macromolecular recognition and organelle targeting.

A total of 1,911 proteins with N-terminal methionyl residues were computer screened for potential N-terminal alpha-helices with strong amphipathic character. By the criteria of D. Eisenberg (Annu. Rev. Biochem. 53:595-623, 1984), only 3.5% of nonplastid, nonviral proteins exhibited potential N-terminal alpha-helices, 18 residues in length, with hydrophobic moment values per amino acyl residue ([muH]) in excess of 0.4. By contrast, 10% of viral proteins exhibited corresponding [muH] values in excess of 0.4. Of these viral proteins with known functions, 55% were found to interact functionally with nucleic acids, 30% were membrane-interacting proteins or their precursors, and 15% were structural proteins, primarily concerned with host cell interactions. These observations suggest that N-terminal amphipathic alpha-helices of viral proteins may (i) function in nucleic acid binding, (ii) facilitate membrane insertion, and (iii) promote host cell interactions. Analyses of potential amphipathic N-terminal alpha-helices of cellular proteins are also reported, and their significance to organellar or envelope targeting is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[The effect of radiation from videoterminal of personal computer on spontaneous and estradiol dipropionate-induced carcinogenesis in mice].

Two series of experiments using female mice SHR were conducted. In the first run, the animals were exposed to radiation from a video display terminal of a personal computer (VDT), for 1 hr, 5 times a week, starting at the age of 3 months. The treatment continued until their natural death, with and without an Ergostar protective screen filter (SF). During the second run, mice were injected either 10 mkg estradiol-dipropionate (ED), subcutaneously, with 0.1 ml olive oil, or the same dose of olive oil. Beginning from the first injection of either substance, the mice started to receive VDT radiation like those of the first series did. The frequency of persistent estrus appeared to be significantly higher in the first group, irrespective of whether SF was used. The latter factor had virtually no bearing on tumor incidence rate and tumor latency period in this experiment. However, experiment 2 established a noticeable increase in incidence of mammary and ovarian tumors matched by a shorter latency period in ED- and VDT-treated animals as compared with intact controls. At the same time, mice exposed to ED and VDT+SF revealed fewer tumors of the reproductive system. It was suggested that there is no relationship between exposure to VDT and spontaneous tumorigenesis, irrespective of whether SF is used or not. However, exposure to VDT may slightly promote development of ED-induced tumors, while application of SF may moderate the process.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The psychosocial impact of interactive computer use within a vulnerable elderly population: a report on a randomized prospective trial in a home health care setting.

Quality of care for vulnerable elderly clients makes it important to consider the psychosocial effects of interactive computer use as a means to communicate for social, functional, and/or health care purposes in a home health care setting. In a 3-month randomized prospective trial, telecommunications terminals were installed in the private residences of computer-illiterate persons, 65-years-of-age and older, providing visiting nurses the opportunity to teach computer use with three different training methods. The control group had similar weekly nurse visits, but no computer terminal use. Pre-posttests using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Geriatric Depression Scale compared change in self-esteem and depression scores of computer-use clients with the scores of the control group clients. Interactive computer use, alone, did not significantly change scores. Compared to the control group, however, there was a significant change toward improved self-esteem and depression when interactive computer use was accompanied with weekly nurse computer training. Weekly training with a significant other, as a substitute for the nurse trainer, significantly improved self-esteem scores but not depression scores. Interactive computer use was not associated with decreased self-esteem or increased depression. Attitude changes and responses to the particular telecommunication service used in this study were mixed, suggesting future research should be based on improved telecommunication systems with access to programs that have greater practical application to the needs of elderly clients.

Aged↗