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Results for “Compulsive Personality Disorder”

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PubMed1995

The Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale: a self-rated instrument for the quantification of thoughts about alcohol and drinking behavior.

It has been suggested that a crucial dimension of alcohol "craving" includes the concept of both obsessive thoughts about alcohol use and compulsive behaviors toward drinking. An interview-based rating scale, the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale-heavy drinkers (YBOCS-hd), has been found useful in quantifying this concept in alcohol-dependent individuals. A self-rating scale, the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) has been developed by us as a modification of the YBOCS-hd. The YBOCS-hd showed excellent interrater reliability in our hands. The correlation between the YBOCS-hd and the OCDS total scores obtained on 60 alcohol-dependent individuals was 0.83. The test-retest correlation for the OCDS total score was 0.96, and the obsessive and compulsive subscales test-retest correlations were 0.94 and 0.86, respectively. The internal consistency of the items in the OCDS was high (0.86) and did not improve significantly with removal of individual items. The shared variance between the OCDS scores and alcohol consumption during the period of evaluation was only approximately 20%, indicating that the dimension measured by the scale was somewhat independent of actual drinking. As such, it might act as an independent measure of the "state of illness" for alcohol-dependent individuals. When used during a prospective 12-week treatment research study, initial results indicate that the OCDS seems to validly measure a dimension of alcohol dependence, because it decreased from baseline during alcohol reduction and increased in relationship to relapse drinking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Temperament and disruptive behavior disorders.

In several studies on children with conduct disorder, difficult temperament in infancy was one of the major variables in the explanation of later aggressive behavior. According to these studies, subjects with a combination of high novelty seeking, low harm avoidance and low reward dependence (NS high, HA + RD low) should be most at risk for the development of disruptive behavior disorders. The Junior Temperament and Character Inventory was given to a clinical sample of 65 adolescent patients of both sexes with the diagnoses of conduct disorder (with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), emotional disorder (anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depressive disorder), eating disorder (anorexia, bulimia) or personality disorder (borderline and narcissistic personality disorder). High novelty seeking and low harm avoidance were significantly correlated with externalizing symptoms like aggression and delinquency. In conduct-disordered children and adolescents, we found significantly higher scores of NS compared to the other clinical groups and the normative population, and significantly lower scores of harm avoidance compared to the other clinical groups, but not compared to the normative population. The relative risk of having a conduct disorder was markedly higher in those children and adolescents with elevated scores of novelty seeking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: an analysis of sociodemographic background. A case-control study.

The present study is an analysis of the sociodemographic background of children and adolescents with OCD and child psychiatric control patients. The case records of 61 children and adolescents with OCD and of 117 control patients aged 8-17 years, admitted to a Danish child psychiatric hospital during a 17-year period, were analyzed with regard to sociodemographic data. The OCD patients differed in many ways from their controls, regarding problems at school and family background. Significantly more parents of OCD patients belonged to the highest social classes, and significantly fewer OCD patients came from broken homes. Parents of OCD patients had fewer admissions to psychiatric hospitals and fewer abuse problems than in the control groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Obsessive-compulsive symptoms, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and related disorders in Parkinson's disease.

This study evaluated the frequency of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS), and related disorders (e.g., tic disorders, trichotillomania, and body dysmorphic disorder) in 100 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 100 individually matched controls. When compared with controls, OCD, OCS, and related disorders were not higher in PD. Findings revealed an association of some OCS with left side motor symptom predominance in PD patients, particularly for symmetry and ordering/arranging. These findings suggest that the right hemisphere likely functions in the expression of OCS.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Responsibility attitude in a sample of Iranian obsessive-compulsive patients.

BACKGROUND: The study of distorted beliefs about responsibility attitude and interpretation has become the central theme in Salkovskis' (1985) and Rachman and Hodgson's (1980) models of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). AIMS: The aim of this research is to assess the responsibility attitude in Iranian OCD patients. METHODS: Twenty OCD patients were selected through available sampling from the case referred to psychology clinics. Two other patient groups comprised of 20 non-OCD anxiety disorder patients and 20 non-clinical participants were also chosen as comparison groups. All participants completed the Responsibility Attitude Scale (RAS) and Responsibility Interpretation Questionnaire (RIQ). RESULTS: Analyses revealed statistically significant differences between OCD group and comparison groups on both RAS and RIQ. In addition, both RAS and RIQ scores were associated with the severity of OCD assessed by the Yale-Brown scale. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that responsibility attitude and interpretations are the prominent features of OCD in Iranian patients and are associated with the severity of illness.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

The outcome of adolescent school phobia.

A hundred-and-twenty-five school phobic youngsters had been treated in a psychiatric in-patient unit for young adolescents of secondary school age over a seven-year period; a hundred of them were reviewed on average three years after discharge. About a third of cases were found to have improved little; they had persistent severe symptoms of emotional disturbance and continuing social impairment. Another third had improved appreciably and were affected by neurotic symptoms rather than social impairment. The remaining third had improved substantially or completely. School attendance difficulties had remained in about half of all cases. Subsequent difficulties in going to work were less pronounced. The best predictor of outcome was clinical state on discharge. High intelligence also emerged as a significant predictor of poor outcome. Five girls and a boy had already developed severe and persistent agoraphobic difficulties when reviewed. It was found that severe school phobia in early adolescence resembled adult affective disorders in some clinical features and in outcome.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1996

Early compliance and other factors predicting outcome of exposure for obsessive-compulsive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Identifying predictors of treatment outcome can suggest ways to improve treatment delivery and understanding of its mechanism of action. METHOD: Predictors of treatment outcome were sought among 46 out-patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who completed a nine-week randomised controlled trial of two forms of exposure therapy with ritual prevention. RESULTS: In both exposure conditions the best predictor of good outcome at the end of treatment (week 9) and of follow-up (week 32) was early compliance in doing exposure homework within a week of starting treatment. A weaker predictor of good outcome at follow-up was within-session reduction in anxiety from weeks 0 to 4. CONCLUSION: The strongest and most consistent predictor of better outcome to weeks 9 and 32 was compliance with exposure and ritual prevention in the first week of treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Processes of inference, schizotypal thinking, and obsessive-compulsive behaviour in a normal sample.

Previous research has shown inferential confusion as measured by the Inferential Confusion Questionnaire to be related to obsessive-compulsive symptoms. A total of 108 participants (41 men and 66 women) from a normal population in The Netherlands (M age = 46 yr., SD = 15.5) completed a package of questionnaires measuring inferential confusion, schizotypal symptoms, and obsessive-compulsive behaviour. As expected, scores for both inferential confusion and schizotypal symptoms were significantly related to those for obsessive-compulsive behaviour. In addition, analysis showed that inferential confusion and schizotypal symptoms shared common variance, but both predicted an independent portion of the variance in obsessive-compulsive behaviour while controlling for neuroticism. The present results call for further inquiry into the role of inferential confusion and schizotypal thinking in obsessive-compulsive behaviour.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prospective follow-up over a 12 month period of a cohort of 155 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: phase III National DRT-TOC Study].

In the phase III of the french national study on OCD, 155 patients suffering from an OCD (full DSM III-R criteria, score on NIMH-OC > or = 7, not treated or undertreated) had entered a naturalistic follow-up of 12 months duration. Obsessions, compulsions, depression, anxiety, impulsivity and global functioning were assessed by using NIMH-OC, CPRS-OC2, MOCI, MADRS, HAD (-A, -D), BDS (Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale), CGI and GAS (DSM III-R). From the initial population (155 patients), 130 (84%) had been treated with drugs and were "completers" and assessed at M6 and M12; 18 (11.6%) were lost to follow-up and 7 (4.5%) had dropped out because of treatment refusal, side-effect or improvement. Only 19% of patients had received a behavior therapy. In spite of selection of patients with severe and chronic OCD associated to depression (mean MADRS score = 25), 85% of treated patients had been treated with one anti-OCD drug (105 with fluoxetine, 17 with clomipramine and 17 with other antidepressants), 4.5% needed a treatment substitution and 4.5% a bitherapy (combination of 2 anti-OCD drugs); 84% of patients were considered as "good compliant" with visit agenda and treatment. At the end of follow-up, global improvement was observed in 77% of patients treated. Clinical improvement was assessed by different response criteria (final NIMH-OC score, 30% decrease on NIMH-OC, 35% decrease on MOCI, final GAF score > or = 70) which showed 4 patterns of response to treatment: "positive response on M6 and M12" = 43-64%; "only M12" (slow response) = 13-24%; "only M6" (escape or relapse) = 4-6%; "negative response on M6 and M12" (resistant OCD) = 19-33%. During 12 month treatment, 31 patients (22.5%) had presented an adverse effect in which 7 cases (5.1%) with "serious adverse event" and 5 cases (3.6%) who required treatment drop-out. Predictive factors of clinical response to anti-OCD drugs were explored: 1) "lack of insight" was the best factor to characterise the resistant group; 2) high base-line of "impulsivity" predict better response at M6; 3) important to severe slowness was associated with a longer delay to response (between M6 and M12). The results of the phase III from the french multi-site study will be compared to the international data on long-term treatment of OCD.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Invisible fathers: child development and family dynamics after heterologous insemination].

This study presents the long term outcome of the psychotherapy of a girl over seven years, which was born after donor insemination (DI) and aged eight became ill with a compulsive disorder. Aspects of child development, communication within the family and family dynamics related to this specific constellation are pointed out. This case-study presents one of the very few supplements to statistic data elaborated about assitsed-reproduction-families. Implications for individual therapy and therapeutic management of the family are discussed according to development of bonding and identity of the DI-child, father's role, dynamics of the couple and the incognito of the "invisible father".

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Diazepam use during pregnancy: a review of the literature.

Antianxiety medications such as benzodiazepines (BZDs) are frequently and appropriately used to ameliorate the anxiety symptoms of depression, dysthymic disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, eating disorder, and many personality disorders. Pregnancy may be accompanied by anxiety necessitating therapeutic intervention by anxiolytic drugs like BZD. Keeping in view the potential risks of teratogenicity and direct neonatal toxicity, BZDs with established safety records should be used, while avoiding exposure in the first trimester, especially with multidrug regimens, and prescribing the lowest dose for the shortest duration. This literature review highlights information from various sources regarding safety data of exposure of pregnant and lactating mothers to long-acting BZDs, especially diazepam.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Behavior therapy and the anxiety disorders: some conceptual and methodological issues.

Some of the methodological and conceptual issues relevant to behavior therapy treatment outcome studies for anxiety disorders are presented. The practice among behavioral researchers of measuring anxiety from 3 response systems (verbal, physiological and motoric-behavioral) is discussed. It is emphasized that many of the popular methods used to assess the 3 response systems have unknown or poor reliability or validity. From the point of view of treatment variables, it is noted that many behavioral treatment procedures are not reported in sufficient detail to allow replication or comparisons to be made across studies. In addition, it is argued that in order to improve the existing treatment procedures, it will be necessary for each study to assess the subjects' adherence to the treatment regimen, as well as their proficiency with any skills required to carry out the treatment plan. Finally, the importance of 'placebo' control groups is discussed in the context of identifying the specific factors in behavioral treatments which are responsible for change in the targeted symptoms. It is concluded that behavior therapy holds promise as an effective treatment for the anxiety disorders.

Anxiety Disorders↗