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PubMed1983

[Boredom--symptom of emotional stunting].

Contrary to the fundamental importance of emotions for all psychological phenomena and functions, academy psychology in the study of the relationship between emotion and cognition shows a neglect for the phenomena of emotion. Indirectly, apathy shows that losing the potential for experiencing emotions is followed by a loss of reality and self identity. The scientific onesidedness of intellectualism with it's neglect of the reality of feeling supports the public suppression of emotionality. The reality of emotion, put aside in the name of science, show up as an urging problem in depth psychology and psychotherapy. The desolation of emotion: the death of the self in the time, revealed in boredom, manifests the "lost time", the loss of personal history. A main concern of all psychotherapy seems to be a regaining of the time unity of the biographical "Gestalt" of personal identity; in other words the client is led into a learning process that gives him the opportunity to deal effectively with his emotions again.

Boredom↗
PubMed1997

A quarter-long exercise that introduces general education students to neurophysiology and scientific writing.

Providing large numbers of general education students with an introduction to science is a challenge. To meet this challenge, a quarter-long neurophysiology project was developed for use in an introductory biology course. The primary goals of this multistep project were to introduce students to the scientific method, scientific writing, on-line scientific bibliographic databases, and the scientific literature, while improving their academic literacy skills. Students began by collecting data on their own circadian rhythms in autonomic, motor, and cognitive function, reliably demonstrating the predicted circadian changes in heart rate, eye-hand coordination, and adding speed. Students wrote a journal-style article using pooled class data. Students were prepared to write the paper by several methods that were designed to improve academic language skills, including a library training exercise, "modeling" of the writing assignment, and drafting of subsections of the paper. This multistep neurophysiology project represents a significant commitment of time by both students and instructors, but produces a valuable finished product and ideally gives introductory students a positive first experience with science.

Circadian Rhythm↗
PubMed2006

Making sense of behavioral irregularities of great apes.

Psychopathology, mental illness, and psychiatric treatment are concepts relevant to modern medicine and medical psychology and replete with cumbersome intellectual and literary baggage. They bear the imprint of suppositions, world views, and general beliefs and values exemplified in the science, history, and general culture of Anglo European societies. The study in higher apes of phenomena addressed by such concepts raises conceptual dilemmas, usually termed speciesism and anthropomorphism, not unlike those encountered in comparative human studies of similar phenomena across cultures and historical periods, namely, ethnocentrism and anachronism. The authors' synthesis of literature and their analysis of the implications of higher ape psychopathology represent an epistemically compelling account that broadens the scope of the comparative study of behavioral irregularities, a topic that provides a different slant for examining challenging questions in evolutionary biology and primatology, such as cognition, self awareness, intentional behavior, culture and behavioral traditions, social intelligence, sickness and healing, and altruism. Theoretical and empirical study of this topic expands formulation and can help provide informative answers about human evolution as well as essential features of human psychiatric syndromes, with potential practical implications. The study of psychopathology of higher apes and other non human primates represents an appropriate focus for neuroscience and bio-behavioral sciences.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

The effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in the psychological and physical health of cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: No prior systematic review has specifically evaluated the efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in improving both psychological and physical outcomes among cancer populations. This study aims to assess MBCT's effects on cancer patients' mental and physical health. METHOD: Following PRISMA guidelines and with PROSPERO registration (CRD42023453581), we systematically searched PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, and Web of Science for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were searched up to June 2026. Eligible trials enrolled adults (≥ 18 years) with any cancer type/stage, compared MBCT delivered per standard manual against non-MBCT controls, and reported at least one validated measure of distress, depression, or anxiety; secondary outcomes included fatigue, quality of life, and mindfulness skills. Two reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane tool; random-effects meta-analyses were performed in Stata 16. RESULTS: 11 RCTs comprising 1122 participants (mean age 54.8 years; 91% female) were included. MBCT produced large, significant reductions in psychological distress (SMD = -0.81, 95% CI-1.27 to-0.40), depression (SMD = -0.95, 95% CI -1.40 to-0.49), and anxiety (SMD = -0.86, 95% CI -1.22 to-0.51). It also markedly decreased fatigue (SMD = -0.83, 95% CI-1.10 to-0.56), improved quality of life (SMD = 0.56, 95% CI 0.22-0.88), and enhanced mindfulness skills (SMD = 0.76, 95% CI 0.59-0.92). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis is the first to exclusively synthesize RCT evidence of standardized MBCT in cancer care, demonstrating significant dual benefits for emotional and physical well-being while providing strong support for integrating MBCT into comprehensive oncology rehabilitation.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

End-of-life care for terminally ill participants in clinical research.

Efforts to improve end-of-life care in the United States have paid little attention to the unique concerns of participants in clinical research who are terminally ill. In this paper we focus attention on and offer an analysis of how to meet the needs of these individuals. To address their concerns, we consider how to reconcile two important tasks: providing optimal end-of-life care and conducting clinical research. First, we examine the inherent tension between the goals of medicine and the goals of science. Second, we focus more specifically on the tensions between a good death and conducting clinical research in patients with a short life expectancy. We examine six domains that have been suggested for measuring a good death: physical symptoms; psychological and cognitive symptoms; economic and caregiving needs; social relationships; spiritual beliefs; hopes and expectations. For each of these domains we examine how the goals of clinical research may conflict or coincide with taking care of a patient with a terminal illness. Finally, we offer suggestions to address these tensions: (1) modify the informed consent discussion for terminally ill participants in research; (2) build a palliative care component into clinical trials; (3) attend to the needs of family caregivers of terminally ill research subjects; (4) arrange for continuity of care so that dropping out of a trial does not jeopardize medical care; (5) train clinical investigators in end-of-life care; (6) develop a counseling strategy for terminally ill participants in clinical research.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2000

Toward a developmental family therapy: the clinical utility of research on adolescence.

Tremendous advances have been made in our understanding of the intrapersonal, interpersonal, familial, and contextual characteristics and processes that contribute to adaptive as well as maladaptive developmental outcomes with high-risk and clinically referred adolescents. This empirical knowledge base offers clinically rich opportunities for systematic treatment development. An important step in this process is distinguishing which research findings in basic science areas such as developmental psychology and developmental psychopathology might have clinical relevance. Toward this goal, we review relevant but selective research in areas that are central to clinical work with adolescents (parent-adolescent relationship, biological aspects, and affect and cognition), and we offer examples of how basic research in these areas can inform treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Drug treatment of schizophrenia].

BACKGROUND: Drug treatment is important, though only part of the treatment and support that most schizophrenic patients need. The aim of this article is to present current knowledge and opinion concerning start of treatment, drug of first choice, treatment of refractory schizophrenia, treatment of co-morbidity, treatment during pregnancy and lactation, and the proper time to stop medication. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The article is based on a review of recent literature and contact with experts in the field. Literature was identified through searches on Medline and Web of Science. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION: The antipsychotic effect of the second-generation, atypical neuroleptics is comparable to the effect of conventional drugs. Clozapine is still the drug of choice for refractory conditions. The new antipsychotics seem to have properties that improve cognition and reduce the risk of motor side effects; hence they have some advantages over conventional drugs.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1996

[Potential role for family physicians in pushing back age-related impairment: hearing and vision disorders, incontinence and arthrosis].

OBJECTIVE: To determine which age-related disorders lend themselves for screening followed by intervention in general practice. SETTING: Department of General Practice Medicine, University of Leiden. DESIGN: Descriptive. METHODS: This study concerned eight frequent age-related disorders: auditory and visual disorders, cognitive limitations, vertigo, incontinence, prostate symptoms, osteoarthritis and depressive symptoms. Four criteria (diagnostic possibilities, therapeutic possibilities, suitability of general practice for screening and intervention, the benefit of the programme to the elderly) were applied to selected literature (from Medicine and the electronic article files of the Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde (Dutch Journal of Medicine) and of Huisarts en Wetenschap (GP and Science) to find out whether screening followed by intervention appeared useful. RESULTS: With regard to three disorders (auditory and visual disorders and incontinence) it appeared possible to reduce the impairments caused by them, while in osteoarthritis, screening and intervention might lead to better mobility. CONCLUSION: With reference to recent literature, it appears theoretically possible to reduce the impairments caused by auditory and visual disorders, incontinence and osteoarthritis.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Is neuroleptic dysphoria a variant of drug-induced extrapyramidal side effects?

OBJECTIVES: Neuroleptic drugs induce psychological side effects such as dysphoria, cognitive impairment, and loss of motivation. These side effects were largely underrecognized and trivialized in the past as variants of extrapyramidal side effects (EPSEs). We review the recent literature on the subject and clarify the relation between neuroleptic-induced dysphoria and EPSEs. METHODS: We critically examined clinical, interventional, neuroimaging, and basic science studies published in the past 10 years, delineating the temporal, phenomenological, biochemical, and neuroanatomical relation between dysphoria and EPSEs. RESULTS: Subjective responses occur within 4 to 6 hours of neuroleptic use, whereas acute dystonia is often observed within 24 hours and parkinsonian syndrome after 5 to 7 days. Neuroleptic-induced dopaminergic blockade mediates both dysphoria and EPSEs. However, impaired dopamine function in the nucleus accumbens seems to give rise to dysphoria, whereas blockade of D2 receptors in the nigrostriatal system is responsible for EPSEs. CONCLUSION: The earlier notion that neuroleptic dysphoria is a variant of EPSEs was simplistic and speculative. Exploring the differences rather than dwelling on the similarities will likely enhance our understanding of dopamine's role in the origin of varied side effects and in their distinctive characteristics.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed2002

A behavioural intervention in a child with feeding problems.

AIM: This case study aimed to describe an intervention with a 2-year-old child with growth problems and moderately severe feeding difficulties. METHOD: The intervention was based on cognitive behavioural principles and psycho-physiological techniques, and focused on reducing parental anxiety and returning the control of feeding to the child. RESULTS: The child's feeding behaviour considerably improved over a 6-month period, and growth and weight were significantly increased. These positive changes have been maintained for a 3-year subsequent period. CONCLUSION: The principles described can be applied to children with a wide range of feeding problems with multivariate causes.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1995

Can human genetic enhancement be prohibited?

This article seeks to reframe the ethical discussion of genetic enhancement, which is the use of genetic engineering to supply a characteristic that a parent might want in a child that does not involve the treatment or prevention of disease. I consider whether it is likely that enhancement can be successfully prohibited. If genetic enhancement is feasible, it is likely that there will be demand for it because parents compete to produce able children and nations compete to accumulate human capital in skilled workers. If some parents or nations begin using genetic enhancement, this will change these competitions in ways that increase the incentives for others to use it. Therefore, a ban on genetic enhancement would be unstable, because once the ban was breached by defectors the motivation of others to uphold it would weaken, making the ban liable to collapse. The argument provides a new perspective on slippery slopes to dangerous technology.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Oxidative variables in the rat brain after sepsis induced by cecal ligation and perforation.

OBJECTIVE: The underlying mechanisms of the changes in mental status, septic encephalopathy, and long-term cognitive symptoms in sepsis survivors have only been defined in part. The present study was undertaken to assess different variables of oxidative stress in several brain structures after cecal ligation and perforation in the rat. DESIGN: Prospective animal study. SETTING: Animal basic science laboratory. SUBJECTS: Male Wistar rats, weighing 250-350 g. INTERVENTIONS: Rats were subjected to cecal ligation and perforation (sepsis group) with saline resuscitation (at 50 mL/kg immediately and 12 hrs after cecal ligation and perforation) or sham operation (control group). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Oxidative damage, assessed by the thiobarbituric acid reactive species and the protein carbonyl assays, occurred early (after 6 hrs) in the course of sepsis development in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cortex. At longer times after sepsis induction (12-96 hrs), there was no evidence of oxidative damage in all analyzed structures. Except for the striatum, earlier in sepsis development (6 hrs) we demonstrated an increase in superoxide dismutase activity without a proportional increase in catalase activity with a consequent increase in the relation of superoxide dismutase/catalase. The balance between these enzymes was restored in the studied structures 12-96 hrs after sepsis induction. CONCLUSIONS: The short-term oxidative damage demonstrated here could participate in the development of central nervous system symptoms during sepsis development, or even septic encephalopathy. The alterations in the superoxide dismutase/catalase relation were temporally related to the occurrence or not of oxidative damage in the central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

LTP in a culture dish.

The "aging" of populations in the developed world is rapidly altering demographics and presents a number of challenges for science and medicine. Foremost among these challenges is the need to enhance the quality of life for this "aging" majority. Paradoxically, improved prevention and treatment of diseases will only increase the number of individuals who will lose quality of life because of cognitive deficits in learning and memory. Such cognitive deficits are particularly vexing in societies where the ability to deal with information technology has become an increasing necessity. Understanding how the human brain encodes and stores information becomes critical in designing required therapeutic strategies.

Cell Culture Techniques↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Auditory evoked potentials in individuals over 50 years].

BACKGROUND: auditory evoked potentials. AIM: to describe the results of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (PEATE), middle latency auditory evoked potentials (PEAML) and cognitive potential (P300) in individuals over 50 years. METHOD: this study was developed at the Speech and Hearing Investigation Laboratory in Auditory Evoked Potentials of the Speech-Language and Hearing Course of the Department of Physiotherapy, Speech-language and Hearing Sciences and Occupational Therapy of FMUSP. Twenty four subjects (45 ears) were evaluated through PEATE and P300, and only 18 of these subjects (36 ears) were evaluated through PEAML. All subjects had ages between 51 and 74 years and were divided in three groups: GI (50-59 years), GII (60-69 years) and GIII (70-79 years). All subjects presented either normal hearing or neurossensorial hearing loss of a moderate-severe level in the PEATE, and of a moderate level in the PEAML and in the P300. The frequency range evaluated in the PEATE and in the PEAML varied from 3000 to 6000Hz, while in the P300 it varied from 1000 to 1500Hz. For the statistical analyses of the data, the Kruskal-Wallis test, the Mann-Whitney test and the two proportion equality test were used. RESULTS: significant statistical differences were simultaneously observed between the groups for the interpeak I-V in the PEATE and for the Na wave latency in the PEAML - in the PEATE the difference was caused by GIII and in the PEAML it was caused by GI. A statistically significant difference between the groups was observed for the latency of the P300 component. Considerable alterations were also found regarding the quality of the responses of the auditory evoked potentials, indicating a strong correlation between the deterioration of the responses and the increase in age. CONCLUSION: the aging process of the auditory system progressively affects the auditory pathways throughout the brainstem and temporal lobe.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

[Determining the meaning of the concept of etiology].

The standpoint is taken that the understanding of causality in the medical science needs a precisation of its substance. In analyzing a number of textbooks of general pathology, beginning with the middle of the 19th century, the views of leading pathologists to this problem are reviewed. In consequence of this analysis an increase of cognition to the problem of etiology is to recognize. But it seems necessary to define the ideas on this field in using the dialectic determinism. This belongs to the following objects: etiology, causal and formal pathogenesis and causality. Using the term etiopathogenesis seems not to be efficient. In contrast the term of pathogenetic acting principal seems to be useful, but precisation of its substance is necessary.

Disease↗
PubMed1995

[A meta-theoretical scope model of psychotherapeutic theories. Consequences for human image and therapy in behavior therapy].

Proceeding on the science-theoretical units Handeln, Tun and Verhalten, developed by Groeben 1986 connected with an integration of empirical and hermeneutical investigation, a metatheoretic frame model of psychotherapeutic theories is presented and its relevance for the practice is explained. The model integrates different therapeutic ways with another and lays down an ethic-sequential order of rank for the choice of theories and methods, which orientates itself according to the basic main assumptions (qua assumptions of man-picture) of the different theories. Starting out from the epistemological subject model (Groeben & Scheele, 1977) as another derivation of the model, an embedding of therapeutic action in a therapist-client-relationship is required, which is characterized with mutual structural parallelism. Goal of therapeutic intervention is the re-establishment of Handlungs-capacity of the client, as postulated in the self management approach. Because of its initial behaviouristic tradition especially the behaviour therapy has to struggle with immense image problems concerning its assumptions of man-picture. Up to now a science-theoretical clarification of these problems has only been occurred in dissatisfied approaches. The present work should fill in this desideratum.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2026

Utility of hearing aid use on neurocognitive functions and auditory processing: A systematic review.

PURPOSE: Hearing loss not only affects the peripheral auditory system but also leads to changes in central auditory pathways and neurocognitive skills. The use of hearing aids has shown potential benefits in mitigating the adverse effects of hearing loss. Earlier literature showed various studies assessing the impact of hearing aid use on cognitive functions and auditory processing, a comprehensive review of the existing literature is warranted. Existing literature showed heterogeneous outcomes among studies investigated the effect of Hearing aid use in combating the adverse effects of hearing loss on neurocognitive functions and auditory processing. METHOD: Databases including PubMed, SciELO, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Index Copernicus were searched (2005-2025) using English keywords on hearing aid effects on neurocognition and auditory processing in individuals with hearing loss. Studies on effect of hearing aid use on neurocognition and auditory processing were included, while those involving cochlear implant users or other neurological disorders unrelated to hearing loss were excluded. Titles, authors and publication years were examined, and duplicates were removed. RESULTS: Total of 61 research papers were found on specific area and were included in the present review. Findings of these 61 articles have been analysed and are reported in this article. The outcome of the present study showed usefulness of hearing aid use on neurocognitive functions and auditory processing. CONCLUSION: The present literature review emphasized the importance of early rehabilitation through hearing aid use to alleviate the adverse effects of hearing loss on neurocognitive function and auditory processing.

Humans↗