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PubMed1995

Survival of oocysts of Eimeria alabamensis on pastures under different climatic conditions in Sweden.

The extent to which oocysts of the coccidian parasite Eimeria alabamensis can survive the winter and cause clinical coccidiosis in different parts of Sweden was investigated. Fecal samples were collected between May and July 1993 from calves on 59 farms where calves had grazed the same pasture for at least 5 consecutive years. The farms were situated in 9 regions of Sweden with different climatic conditions in the winter. On each farm, 5 samples of feces were collected from the floor of the calf-house before the calves were turned out in the spring, and again from the pasture on days 4 or 5, 8 or 9 and 10 or 11 after they were turned out. Overwintering of oocysts of E. alabamensis was considered to have occurred if an increase in the excretion rate of oocysts of this species could be demonstrated 8 to 11 days after calves had been turned out to pastures that had not been grazed since the previous autumn. Oocysts were shown to have overwintered on 27 farms, representing all 9 regions. Samples from 20 (34%) of the farms representing all the climatic regions contained more than 850,000 oocysts per g of feces. This was comparable with the numbers found in animals with clinical coccidiosis due to E. alabamensis. Delaying turnout until the beginning of July did not affect the infection rate of the calves. However, calves which were turned out to pastures that had been grazed by older cattle or horses, either earlier in the spring or in previous years, excreted significantly fewer oocysts than calves which were turned out to pastures that had been grazed only by calves. A questionnaire answered by 321 dairy farmers revealed that of the 298 farmers who turned their first-season grazing cattle out to traditional pastures, 179 (60%) had used the same pasture for at least 5 years. These 179 farmers had experienced a significantly higher incidence of diarrhoea in their calves during the first 2 weeks at pasture than those farmers who had used different pastures.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Thermal strain and G protection associated with wearing an enhanced anti-G protection system in a warm climate.

A flight trial was conducted in Cyprus to assess the thermal strain associated with and the G protection provided by the prototype Eurofighter 2000 aircrew equipment assembly (AEA) in a warm climate. Six subjects flew a standardized sortie four times in a Hawk aircraft: two while wearing the Eurofighter 2000 AEA and two wearing standard Hawk summer AEA. The sortie included high-G turns and simulated air combat. Cockpit temperatures, rectal and skin temperatures, heart rate, and sweat rate were recorded. Subjective thermal comfort, fatigue, and G protection were also assessed. Skin temperatures of the back, chest and thighs, mean skin temperatures, and sweat rate were greater when the Eurofighter AEA was worn. Rectal temperature and heart rate did not differ significantly between the two conditions. Superior G protection was provided by the Eurofighter assembly. These findings suggest that wearing the Eurofighter AEA in a warm climate is associated with an increased but not unacceptable level of thermal stress while offering enhanced G protection. These results may not generalize when ambient temperatures are higher or more insulative protective clothing is worn.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of an artificial alpine climate on the functional mobility of neural processes in patients with autonomic vascular dystonia].

Effect of artificial mountain climate (AMC) on functional mobility of nerve processes (FMNP) was studied in a group of 46 patients with vegetovascular dystonias. The most essential physiologically significant parameters of the mountain climate were simulated on the unit "Orotron", the general atmospheric pressure remaining unchanged. It is shown that the course of AMC sessions tends to increase the working efficiency of the brain and functional mobility of the nervous processes in patients with vegetovascular dystonias. The pattern and degree of FMNP changes depend on individual characteristics of this property of the patients' nervous system. AMC may be recommended for use in clinical settings as a nonmedicamentous method of correction of functional disturbances in the central nervous system.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Rehabilitation of the pulmonary function of deep-water divers in mid-height mountain climate].

It is shown that the stay of deep-sea divers under high-altitude conditions causes a significant improvement in functional state of their breathing system. The speed and degree of lung ventilatory function restitution under conditions of mountain climate are higher than in other climatic zones. The positive effects of staying in the mountains are stable and are preserved for several months. At the same time the restitution efficiency in the mountains is notably lower when it starts earlier than two weeks after the end of decompression. The early start of mountain rehabilitation before reaching the phase of relative functional stabilization of the organism in the process of readaptation is counterindicated for divers with marked deterioration of middle- and small-calibre bronchi conductivity.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1993

Higher incidence of catheter-related infections in a tropical climate.

Catheter-related infections (CRIs) have become a prominent morbidity factor in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). To confirm a clinical impression that CRI rates in our population (n = 80, 1080 patient-months) were unusually high, a retrospective study was performed. In addition, data from adult patients treated for at least 12 months were analyzed (n = 28, 325 patient-months) to determine if climate conditions could account for our findings. Comparisons were made between CRI rates during months with a mean maximal temperature of 32 degrees C or higher (hot season) and CRI rates during months with a mean temperature lower than 28 degrees C (control season). Two-cuff Tenckhoff catheters were used on 68 occasions and the Swan neck Missouri catheter 2 on 20 occasions. Main CAPD systems were the O-set (n = 48) and the disposable Y-set (n = 35). A total of 139 CRI episodes were recorded with a rate of 1/8 patient-months. A CRI was implicated as a causative factor in 18 of 69 episodes of peritonitis (26%) and in 13 of 27 catheter losses (48%). CRI rates were similar when comparing either Swan neck versus Tenckhoff catheters (1/7 and 1/8 patient-months) or the O-set versus disposable Y-set (1/7 and 1/10 patient-months). Most importantly, a significantly higher incidence of CRI was found during the hot seasons in comparison to the control seasons (1/9 vs 1/19 patient-months, p < 0.05, one-way signed rank test). Our data suggest that a hot climate can adversely affect the rate of CRIs.

Brazil↗

PubMed1993

Simulation of infestation risk of cattle by gastro-intestinal trichostrongylids in a tropical humid climate.

The population dynamics of trichostrongylid third stage larvae (L3) around bovine dung were fitted with non-linear models (marginal law) in tropical humid climate in different climatic situations. These marginal models were combined with the survival duration of pats, the weight of cows, the number of pats per cow and per day, the stocking rate and the herbage mass availability, taking into account the patchy grazing behaviour of cattle in order to estimate infestation probability of cattle by third stage larvae. The infestation risk was computed for different ages of herbage regrowth and grazing times in rotational grazing systems. The infestation risk was found to range between 0 to 1400 L3 per kg of dry matter of grass and per day depending on the marginal law. The grazing time, the age of herbage regrowth and the forage availability were the main factors of variation of the infestation risk.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

[Relationships between atmospheric Sugi (Japanese cedar)-pollen counts and indices of climatic conditions].

Atmospheric pollen surveys have been conducted using Durham's standard sampler for 12 years in Toyama Prefecture. The relationships between Sugi (Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) pollen and some indices of climatic conditions were analyzed. The results were as follows: 1. Total pollen counts showed a tendency to increase for 12 years, although the variation of the count was relatively large. 2. Significant correlations were found between pollen counts and some indices of the climatic conditions in July of the previous year, such as duration of sunshine, mean daily temperature and daily maximum, as well as minimum temperature. 3. Significant correlation was found between pollen count and duration of sunshine in January and March, and the amount of snowfall in March of the observed year using multiple regression analysis. Pollen counts were shown to be relatively high in years with short sunshine in January and long sunshine and heavy snow in March.

Climate↗

PubMed1996

Population biology of human aging: ethnic and climatic variation of bone age scores.

Hand radiograms for osseographic assessment of bone-aging status were taken from more than 7500 individuals living in 32 different geographic localities and belonging to 20 ethnic groups. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate possible associations between bone-aging parameters and number of climatic factors. To determine whether population differences in bone-aging estimates were related to linguistic, ethnic, or genetic differences among the samples, we performed a matrix correspondence analysis. Euclidean distance matrices for parameters TM (average age at entering visual stage of bone aging) and B (the rate of bone aging per year) were tested against design matrices specifying linguistic or ethnic affiliation of the tested populations, yet no significant correlations were detected in this set of analyses. The matrix of joint genetic distances based on 10 genetic systems showed significant correlation (r = 0.48, p = 0.013) with the matrix of B differences. This suggests some genetic control in the rate of bone aging. TM and age-adjusted bone-aging scores (Z) yielded no evidence of correlation with genetic differences among the studied populations. Multiple regression analysis, however, uncovered that 37.5% of TM variation and 48% of Z variation could be explained by climate factors and their interactions.

Age Determination by Skeleton↗

PubMed1996

[Characteristics of some Arctic cities according to data of physiologic and hygienic evaluation of the influence of weather and climate on human thermoregulation].

The article presents an original approach to evaluation of climate and weather according to their influence of human heat state. Use of the approach is accompanied by climate characteristics of some Transpolar cities, the authors discuss application of those characteristics to solution of hygienic problems.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1998

Evolution of malaria in Africa for the past 40 years: impact of climatic and human factors.

Different malarial situations in Africa within the past 40 years are discussed in order to evaluate the impact of climatic and human factors on the disease. North of the equator, more droughts and lower rainfall have been recorded since 1972; and in eastern and southern Africa, there have been alternating dry and wet periods in relation to El Niño. Since 1955, the increase in human population from 125 to 450 million has resulted in both expansion of land cultivation and urbanization. In stable malaria areas of West and Central Africa and on the Madagascar coasts, the endemic situation has not changed since 1955. However, in unstable malaria areas such as the highlands and Sahel significant changes have occurred. In Madagascar, cessation of malaria control programs resulted in the deadly epidemic of 1987-88. The same situation was observed in Swaziland in 1984-85. In Uganda, malaria incidence has increased more than 30 times in the highlands (1,500-1,800 m), but its altitudinal limit has not overcome that of the beginning of the century. Cultivation of valley bottoms and extension of settlements are in large part responsible for this increase, along with abnormally heavy rainfall that favored the severe epidemic of 1994. A similar increase in malaria was observed in neighboring highlands of Rwanda and Burundi, and epidemics have been recorded in Ethiopia since 1958. In contrast, in the Sahel (Niayes region, Senegal), stricken by droughts since 1972, endemic malaria decreased drastically after the disappearance of the main vector, Anopheles funestus, due to the destruction of its larval sites by cultivation. Even during the very wet year of 1995. An funestus did not reinvade the region and malaria did not increase. The same situation was observed in the Sahelian zone of Niger. Therefore, the temperature increase of 0.5 degree C during the last 2 decades cannot be incriminated as a major cause for these malaria changes, which are mainly due to the combination of climatic, human, and operational factors.

Africa South of the Sahara↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Tolerance of +Gz acceleration by pilots with tendencies to hypotensive reactions in hot climate conditions].

During acrobatic flying the acceleration tolerance of healthy and hypotensive pilots was studied under hot climate conditions. From the professional point of view pilots were very similar. The tolerance was determined on the basis of indirect indices derived from flight accelerograms (maximum and median acceleration values, number of peaks over 4 g. time of flying). The maximum value and the number of peaks of acceleration (+Gz) over 4 g can be recommended as practically indicative of the tolerance. The observations showed an adverse effect of initial hypotension occurring in hot climate on the acceleration tolerance. As compared with the controls, the tolerance decline in 12 hypotensive pilots was I.I. g and 0.6 g of the maximum and median values, respectively.

Acceleration↗

PubMed1980

Studies on the tear film in climatic droplet keratopathy and pterygium.

Tear function tests were performed on 30 Australian Aborigines, and the results obtained were compared with the results obtained in 101 mildly hypertensive Europeans. Aborigines had a significant abnormality in tear break-up time, which may be related to conjunctival scarring caused by trachoma. The tests used failed to show any tear film abnormalities associated with the presence of either pterygium or climatic droplet keratopathy other than a discontinuity of the marginal tear strip, which is probably a secondary phenomenon. It seems unlikely that either pterygium or climatic droplet keratopathy is caused by a gross abnormality of the tear film.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Outcomes of the treatment climate in psychiatric and substance abuse programs.

This study examines how key aspects of the treatment climate are related to program differences in the aggregate behaviors of patients residing in 89 psychiatric or substance abuse facilities. More active support, personal expression, and practical orientation were related to better patient functioning, more patient activity in the facility and in the community, and more use by patients of the program's health-treatment services and social-recreational activities. These results held for both patients' and staff members' consensual perceptions of the treatment climate. On the whole, these aspects of the treatment milieu were especially beneficial for groups of patients with greater psychiatric impairment.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Effects of work stressors and work climate on long-term care staff's job morale and functioning.

Relationships between work stressors and work climate, and job morale and functioning were examined. Initial and 8-month follow-up data were obtained from 405 staff in 14 long-term care facilities. Relationship and workload stressors were related to less job satisfaction and intent to stay in the job, and more job-related distress, depression, and physical symptoms. Patient care task stressors were associated with better outcomes. More positive work climates were linked to higher job morale. Initial work stressors predicted poorer functioning, and coworker cohesion predicted more intent to stay in the job at follow-up.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Family climate and parent-child relationships: recollections from a nonclinical sample of adult children of alcoholic fathers.

Past family climate and past parent-child relationships of a nonclinical sample of young adult children of alcoholic fathers (n = 87) were compared to a sociodemographically similar sample of young adults with nonalcoholic parents (n = 106). Self-reports indicated that, compared to respondents from nonalcoholic families, respondents with alcoholic fathers described a more negative family climate with higher levels of conflict and lower levels of cohesion and expressiveness. Adult children of alcoholics described more negative relationships with their alcoholic fathers. However, contrary to clinical literature, adult children of alcoholics' descriptions of their relationships with their nonalcoholic mothers did not differ from the descriptions provided by young adults with nonalcoholic parents. Daughters of alcoholic fathers reported more negative relationships with their fathers in the areas of role performance, affective expression, and control than did sons. Implications for practice include reinforcing the nurturing relationship between nonalcoholic mothers and their children in families with alcoholic fathers.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Phylogenetic relationships and climatic adaptations in the Drosophila takahashii and montium species subgroups.

We analyze phylogenetic relationships among temperate, subtropical highland, and subtropical lowland species of the Drosophila takahashii and montium species subgroups based on sequence data of COI and Gpdh genes and discuss the evolution of temperate species in these subgroups with reference to their climatic adaptations. In the takahashii subgroup, D. lutescens (the temperate species) branched off first in the tree based on the combined data set, but D. prostipennis (the subtropical highland species) branched off first in the trees based on single genes. Thus, phylogenetic relationships in this subgroup are still ambiguous. In the montium subgroup, the cool-temperate species are phylogenetically close to the warm-temperate species, and these cool- and warm-temperate species form a cluster with the subtropical highland species. This suggests that perhaps the cool-temperate species derived from the warm-temperate species and the warm-temperate species derived from the subtropical highland species. In comparison with the subtropical lowland species, the subtropical highland species may be better able to colonize temperate areas since, as in the temperate species, they have an ability to develop their ovaries at moderately low temperature. However, the subtropical highland species, as well as the subtropical lowland species, were much less cold tolerant than the temperate species. Therefore, considerable genetic reformation would be required for both the subtropical highland and the subtropical lowland species to adapt to temperate climates.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed1996

Family climate and behavior in families with conduct disordered children.

The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate mothers' perceptions of family climate in families with a conduct disordered child in comparison with families with a normal child. Mothers in 19 families with an independently diagnosed conduct disordered child and their 19 matched comparison mothers completed the Moos Family Environment Scale. In addition 9 mothers and their conduct disordered children and their matched comparisons were video-taped interacting in their homes. Mothers with a conduct disordered child perceived the family climate as less cohesive, less encouraging of the expression of feeling and more conflictual than their counterparts. The same mothers also perceived families to be more control oriented and less organized than their matched controls. Independent behavioural observations supported the view that the mothers with conduct disordered children were control oriented.

Child↗

PubMed2005

Climate warming may cause a parasite-induced collapse in coastal amphipod populations.

Besides the direct impact on the general performance of individual organisms, the ecological consequences of climate change in terrestrial and marine ecosystems are expected to be determined by complex cascading effects arising from modified trophic interactions and competitive relationships. Recently, the synergistic effect of parasitism and climate change has been emphasised as potentially important to host population dynamics and community structure, but robust empirical evidence is generally lacking. The amphipod Corophium volutator is an ecologically important species in coastal soft-bottom habitats of the temperate North Atlantic, and commonly serves as host to microphallid trematodes that cause intensity-dependent and temperature-dependent mortality in the amphipod population. Using a simulation model parameterised with experimental and field data, we demonstrate that a 3.8 degrees C increase in ambient temperature will likely result in a parasite-induced collapse of the amphipod population. This temperature increase is well within the range predicted to prevail by the year 2075 in the International Wadden Sea region from where the model data are obtained. Due to the amphipods' ecological importance, their population decline may impact the coastal ecosystem as a whole.

Amphipoda↗