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PubMed1981

Immunisation of mice against Taenia taeniaeformis using antigens prepared from T. pisiformis and T. hydatigena eggs or oncospheres.

Experiments were carried out to investigation the degree of immunity stimulated against Taenia taeniaeformis infection in mice by prior administration of eggs or ultrasonically disrupted oncospheres of T. pisiformis or T. hydatigena. Sonicated oncospheral antigens were given either orally or by subcutaneous injection in Freund's complete adjuvant, and eggs were given orally. Three inbred strains of mice with varying degrees of innate resistance to initial infection with T. taeniaeformis were used in the experiments. These were the moderately resistant BALB/c, moderately susceptible CBA/H, and highly susceptible C3H/He strains. It was found that BALB/c mice developed high levels of immunity when immunised with either T. pisiformis or T. hydatigena eggs, or with sonicated oncospheres administered orally or parenterally. CBA/H mice developed moderate immunity, and C3H/He mice generally did not develop a satisfactory level of resistance. the implication of these findings with respect to immunisation of outbred animals against natural infection with larval cestodes using antigen prepared from the oncospheres of heterologous parasite species is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Fe-rich corpuscles in Diplogonoporus grandis detected using X-ray microanalysis.

An energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis of the individual corpuscles in the parenchyma of Diplogonoporus grandis was performed for the chemical identification of their inorganic composition. Besides the corpuscles showing distinct peaks for calcium, a major inorganic element, a type of corpuscle showing distinct peaks for iron was observed. It is suggested that it is necessary to examine not only the whole corpuscles isolated but also individual corpuscles in the tissue when studying the nature and roles of corpuscles in cestodes.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Clinical disorders observed in anteaters (Myrmecophagidae, Edentata) in captivity.

The major health problems found in 103 captive lesser anteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla) and giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), family Myrmecophagidae, are presented and correlated with management. The most common of 200 recorded clinical disorders involved the digestive system (26%), nutritional deficiency (20%), injury (15.5%), respiratory system (10%), skin (7%) and circulatory system (4.5%), but 13% of the cases were inconclusive. Parasites were identified in 48.5% of faecal samples, mainly the eggs of nematodes (40%), of which the commonest were Trichuris spp (28%) and Strongyloides spp (11%); protozoa (16%), of which the commonest were Eimeria spp (10%), Entamoeba spp (5%) and Giardia spp (1%); and cestodes (8%) and acanthocephalids (1%). Bacteria cultured from the various materials included Salmonella enteritidis, S. cholerasuis, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Streptococcus spp and Staphylococcus spp. The ectoparasites found were Amblyomma spp and Otodectis spp (Arthropoda, Acaridae).

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1982

3, 5-Dibromo-2'-chloro-4'-isothiocyanatosalicylanilide, a potent anthelmintic.

The compound, 3, 5-dibromo-2'-chloro-4'-isothiocyanatosalicylanilide, has been tested against various nematode and cestode parasites in experimental and domestic animals. It shoved 100% activity against Ancylostoma ceylanicum, A tubaeformis, Syphacia obvelata, ascaridia galli, Toxocara spp., Toxascaris sp., Gnathostoma spinigerum, Hymenolepis nana, Raillietina spp. and Taenia spp. in doses 25-70 mg/kg given in single or multiple administrations.

Ancylostoma↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of the effects of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carbamates and benzimidazole-2-carbamates on the development of Hymenolepis nana in Tribolium confusum.

The anthelmintic properties of several imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine carbamates and benzimidazole carbamates against Hymenolepis nana are compared. The results of this study, coupled with previous work, indicate that methyl 6-(trichloroethenyl)-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carbamate has the potential of being a broad spectrum anthelmintic effective against both nematodes and cestodes.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Prevalence of helminth parasites of dogs in Lusaka, Zambia.

Eighty-five dogs were examined and the numbers and types of helminth parasites found were recorded. Forty per cent of the dogs were infected with one or more helminth parasites. The most prevalent helminths were the cestodes Dipylidium caninum (24.7%) and Taenia hydatigena (17.64%). Infections were evenly distributed with sex of host. Juvenile dogs were more commonly infected with Toxocara canis than adults whereas all other helminths were found more in adult dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Prevalence of helminth parasites of domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) in Uganda.

A survey of helminth parasites of domestic fowl carried out in Uganda between 1977 and 1980 showed a high prevalence in both broiler and local poultry. Nematodes especially Ascaridia galli and Heterakis spp. were most prevalent in both groups of birds. Syngamus trachea and Capillaria spp. also occurred in both groups. Strongyloides avium was found only in broiler birds and Gangylonema ingluvicola only in local birds. Railletina spp. were the only cestodes found and their prevalence was high in both groups. The only trematode found, Postharmostomum commutatum, occurred only rarely and in local birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Studies on helminthosis at the Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine (CTVM).

The research work relating to helminths, which has been conducted within the Helminthology Section of the CTVM, often in collaboration with colleagues from the tropics is reviewed and placed into a historical perspective. The research has, in the main, concentrated on the trematodes Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica and the cestodes Taenia saginata and Taenia solium, but work on other parasites including gastro-intestinal nematodes is also considered. All of these parasites are of obvious veterinary/economic importance particularly in the tropics and subtropics. While the zoonotic importance of T. saginata and T. solium has been recognised for many years, it is only more recently that the zoonotic impact of Fasciola spp. has been generally acknowledged.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Hormonal effects on insects and other endoparasites in vitro.

Metamorphic and reproductive events in vertebrates and invertebrates are under endocrine control and are often correlated with developmental, behavioral, or reproductive changes in the parasites living in or on these hosts. This paper reviews selected examples of a) host hormone mediated influences on endoparasites in vivo, b) host hormone effects in vitro on protozoan, helminth, and insect endoparasites, and c) identifies possible relationships in hormone effects across parasite taxa. The significance of studies on endoparasites in vitro in relation to the impact of host hormones, antihelminthic, and prophylactic drugs on parasite growth and proliferation will also be addressed. A review of the literature indicates only limited studies have been done in vitro in an attempt to elucidate the bases of reported host hormone influences on endoparasites in vivo. Steroid hormones of hosts seem to stimulate growth, molting or encystment or both of helminth, insect, and protozoan parasites. Vertebrate steroids such as estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone had primarily reproduction- or growth-promoting effects or both on protozoan and nematode parasites. Insect ecdysteroids such as ecdysone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, and makisterone were the most widely studied steroids in vitro and induced growth or molting or both of cestode, nematode, and insect parasite larvae. Although juvenile hormone (JH III) stimulated growth in the protozoan and nematode parasites tested, the analogue methoprene and JH precursors, farnesal, farnesol, and farnesol methyl ether had various effects. Biogenic amines also varied in their effects on the nematode parasites tested, while the peptide hormone, insulin, stimulated growth in the protozoans tested. The evidence for in vitro effects of host hormones on their natural endoparasites is patchy at best. Additional studies are needed to identify the biochemical bases for the numerous host hormone mediated effects on parasites.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Contributions to the phylogeny of the Cyclophyllidea (Cestoda) inferred from mitochondrial 12S rDNA.

A 314-bp fragment of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene from 21 cestodes species of eight families was synthesized by PCR with specially designed primers. These allowed amplification of parasite DNA without concomitant synthesis of host DNA. Phylogenetic trees were inferred from the sequence data using three methods (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Fitch-Margoliash). At the major nodes all three trees were similar. For the first time the genus Mesocestoides could be arranged into the Cyclophyllidea and a narrow relationship between the Mesocestoididae, Taeniidae, Hymenolepididae, Anoplocephalidae, and Dipylidiidae was shown. Members of the families Catenotaeniidae and a cluster of two families (Hymenolepididae and Dilepididae) form two monophyletic groups which derive prior to the remaining families of this phylogenetic study. A third and a fourth clear monophyletic group were formed by the Taeniidae and by the Mesocestoididae. A high degree of variation within the examined 304-bp fragment was observed between two isolates of Taenia taeniaeformis, supporting often discussed genetic heterogeneity within this species. In contrast, only one nucleotide exchange was found in 23 isolates of Echinococcus multilocularis of various geographic origin, indicating that this species is genetically homogenous.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Comparative metabolism of albendazole and albendazole sulphoxide by different helminth parasites.

Albendazole (ABZ) is a broad-spectrum benzimidazole anthelmintic widely used in human and veterinary medicine. The aim of the current work was to characterise the sulphoxidative metabolism of ABZ, and the sulphoreduction of ABZ sulphoxide (ABZSO), by microsomal (Ms) and cytosolic (Cyt) fractions of three different helminth species: Fasciola hepatica, Moniezia expansa and Ascaris suum. After the incubation assays, parasite material was analysed by HPLC to characterise the metabolic product formed. Both the Ms and Cyt fractions of the three parasites studied were able to oxidise ABZ into ABZSO in a non-enantioselective fashion. Oxidation of ABZ was greater in the Ms fraction of the trematode (50%) than in both cestode (19%) and nematode (14%) parasites. Only the incubation of ABZSO with both subcellular fractions of M. expansa generated ABZ as a metabolic product. The results obtained here indicate that helminths have the capacity to biotransform benzimidazole compounds; however, this metabolic activity differs qualitatively and quantitatively among helminth species.

Albendazole↗
PubMed2005

Growth, nutritional composition, and hematology of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) exposed to toxaphene and tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium dendriticum) larvae.

Toxaphene, an organochlorine pesticide, is the major contaminant of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in the Canadian Arctic. The objective of this study was to investigate the combined effects of toxaphene exposure and infection by the larval stage of the cestode Diphyllobothrium dendriticum on fish growth, nutritional composition, and hematology. Hatchery-reared Arctic charr were subjected to one of four treatments: (1) oral administration of corn oil (control); (2) single oral dose of 10 microg/g wet wt toxaphene dissolved in corn oil; (3) exposure to 15 larval D. dendriticum; and (4) exposure to toxaphene and D. dendriticum in combination. The experiment was run for 104 days. Mean final toxaphene concentrations in charr muscle were 0.121, 0.336, 0.131 and 0.458 microg/g wet wt in each treatment group, respectively. Exposure to toxaphene and D. dendriticum decreased fish growth and condition as well muscle lipid and protein content. However, toxaphene did not increase the susceptibility of Arctic charr to parasite infection. Overall, 25 of 40 fish (62.5%) exposed to larval D. dendriticum became infected. Parasitized charr had decreased hematocrits and increased lymphocyte:erythrocyte ratios. Although total blood cell counts were decreased in all treatments compared with controls, differential leucocyte counts were unaffected. Our results suggest that toxaphene does not moderate Arctic charr resistance to D. dendriticum and there is no contaminant-parasite interaction at environmental levels.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Hydatidosis: dynamics of transmission.

Hydatidosis is a widespread zoonosis infecting a large number of animals and humans. Echinococcus granulosus has the smallest taenia adult of the cestodes but with the largest larva. Its morphologic and biologic features were identified with DNA analysis. Different strains were separated according to the intermediate hosts: sheep, cattle, pigs, horses, camels. Definitive host are canids, mostly dogs, where the worm grows to adulthood in several months. The eggs are scattered in the pasture by wind and water and are ingested by various hosts. The larvae migrate through the intestinal wall and penetrate the organs, mostly liver and lungs. The eggs survive several days outside, depending on the temperature, but numerous eggs die in nature because they cannot resist desiccation and extreme temperatures. Dissemination is accomplished by dogs. In Turkana (Kenya) the incidence of hydatidosis is high because of the close relationship between the population and dogs and the habit of leaving their dead bodies in the grasslands. In rural areas, the custom of slaughtering sheep at home, among the dogs, is an important dissemination factor. The circumstances of transmission vary according to the country. In Europe the natural life cycle of E. granulosus granulosus involves dogs as the definitive host and sheep as the intermediate host. In northern Europe E. granulosus borealis infects the canids and deer. E. granulosus canadensis infects wolves and reindeer, but there are no human cases. In the endemic Mediterranean area, sheep and dromedaries are the intermediate hosts. In South America, the life cycle of E. granulosus develops among several definitive and intermediate hosts. Hence the dynamics of transmission vary according to the countries with different hosts.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Unusual location of hydatid cyst: soft tissue mass in the neck.

Hydatid disease is a parasitic infestation caused by the larval form of the cestode worm Echinococcus. The most commonly encountered form of the disease is visceral hydatid cyst caused by Echinococcus granulosus or dog tapeworm. We hereby represent an unusual case of hydatid disease located in the neck region in a 22-year-old female patient.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Echinococcus granulosus infection: the challenge of surgical treatment.

BACKGROUND: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a worldwide zoonosis caused by larval stages of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. Surgery, chemotherapy, and interventional procedures are the therapeutic options. Surgery can cure the patient if the parasite is removed entirely. However, the technical procedures are inconsistent and comprise partial liver resection or opening of the parasitic cyst and removal of the parasite. Laparotomy is the most common approach. In selected cases laparoscopic methods are successful. Retrospective studies outweigh prospective ones by far. However, proper management gives favorable results. METHODS: We critically review the literature and present a brief summary of current surgical strategy and focus on issues relevant for surgeons: diagnosis, indication for medical treatment, indication for surgical treatment, surgical procedures, scolicidal agents, morbidity, mortality, recurrence, perioperative medication, standards. RESULTS: All surgical procedures aim at the complete removal of the parasite. Liver resection and pericystectomy are procedures that resect the closed cysts with a fairly wide safety margin. A meta-analysis shows the best results regarding lethality (1.2%), morbidity (11.7%), and recurrence rates (2%) for resective operations. However, most surgeons consider these methods as too radical for a benign disease. Procedures that remove the parasite and keep the pericyst (=cystectomy) are easier to carry out than resective ones. The meta-analysis presented revealed a lethality of 2%, morbidity of 23%, and recurrence rate of 10.4% for these operations. Omentoplasty is the option of choice for the management of the remaining cyst cavity. Despite alternative procedures surgery is the treatment of choice. Supportive measures comprise the use of scolicidal agents and postoperative benzimidazole administration. However, a critical review of the literature disclosed a lack of scientific confirmation of established treatment modalities and procedures. The results of ultrasound imaging were classified and correlated to the developmental phases of CE. CONCLUSIONS: Cystectomy and omentoplasty for CE should be the standard surgical procedure because it is safe, simple, and effective and meets all criteria of surgical treatment for hydatid disease: entire elimination of the parasite, no intraoperative spillage especially by using a cone, and saving healthy tissue. Pericystectomy should be used for peripherally located liver cysts that are surrounded by parenchyma only partially. Ultrasonic classification of the parasitic lesion should be used as a guideline for therapeutic measures.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Epidemiology of echinococcosis.

BACKGROUND: Various species and infraspecific forms of the cestode genus Echinococcus are causative agents of human echinococcosis. Pathology, epidemiology and geographical occurrence vary widely between the different Echinococcus taxa. As a general rule, those forms of echinococcosis that are transmitted mainly by wild animals are rather rare, due to limited contact between humans and wildlife. This is the case with alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, the 'fox tapeworm' (except in regions where domestic dogs are heavily involved in the lifecycle), and for the South American endemic species E. oligarthrus and E. vogeli. On the other hand, most forms of cystic echinococcosis (CE) are transmitted in domestic lifecycles involving dogs and livestock and constitute an emerging public health problem, especially in regions with extensive livestock husbandry and non-supervised slaughter. METHOD: This review focuses on two fields where a wealth of new information became available in recent years. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: New data demonstrate that ' E. granulosus', the causative agent of CE, is an assembly of several, rather diverse, species and genotypes that show fundamental differences, not only in their epidemiology, but also in their pathogenicity to humans. This fact may explain the unequal distribution of high-endemicity areas for human CE on regional scales, which previously, has been attributed to differences in human behaviour. In addition, new data suggest that E. multilocularis is expanding its geographical range in the northern hemisphere, and its transmission is intensifying, e.g. in central Europe. Moreover, the lifecycle (involving wild foxes and rodents) is rapidly becoming 'urbanised' due to the recent establishment of fox populations in cities and towns. This shift from sylvatic to synanthropic occurrence is likely to result in an increased pressure on the human population of infection from AE.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2002

The Opisthorchis felineus paramyosin: cDNA sequence and characterization of its recombinant fragment.

The cDNA sequence of Opisthorchis felineus paramyosin (PM) was determined and shown to have 66-70% homology with two schistosomes and two cestodes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed an almost equal distance between O. felineus and these distinct clades. Because of its relatively low conservation, the PM gene may be a convenient genetic marker for studying phylogenetic relationships among platyhelminthes.A 25-kDa recombinant polypeptide corresponding to the central part of the full-length PM was produced. In Western blot analysis, murine hyperimmune serum against recombinant PM (recPM) detected 100-kDa polypeptides in the O. felineusegg and somatic antigens. Interactions of recPM with polyclonal anti-parasite antibodies and anti-recPM sera in ELISA with native antigens demonstrated that recPM carries a B cell epitope identical to the O. felineusnative antigen. Our sequence and immunologic data may be helpful in developing new diagnostic tools and candidate vaccines for O. felineus infection.

Animals↗