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PubMed2000

Conservation within artiodactyls of an AATA interrupt in the IGF-I microsatellite for 19-35 million years.

Occurrence of an AATA interrupt in the IGF-I microsatellite was investigated in a number of Artiodactyl species, namely pigs, camels, deer, cattle, goats, and sheep. Comparison of DNA sequences in the 5' flank of the microsatellite in these species revealed that the interrupt within the microsatellite is conserved in deer, cattle, sheep, and goats but is absent from camels and pigs. The interrupt was introduced into the Artiodactyl phylogeny after the divergence of the Camelidae but before the divergence of the Cervidae, and thus its time of origin can be estimated to be 19-35 MYA. In contrast to the repeat units which are hypermutable, the interrupt has been conserved for a very long time and may even have suppressed microsatellite variation by inhibiting replication slippage. A 12-bp deletion in the 5' flank of the microsatellite in camels corresponds to a consensus reversed repeat in deer, cattle, sheep, and goats with unknown functional significance. Apart from this deletion, the 5' flank of the microsatellite is highly conserved in Artiodactyl species.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Discrepancies in cigarette brand sales and adult market share: are new teen smokers filling the gap?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the extent and type of cigarette brand switching by adult smokers. To evaluate discrepancies between actual and projected cigarette brand sales based on changes in adult smoking patterns. DESIGN: Data analysed come from a cohort tracking survey of 11966 cigarette smokers aged 25-64 years from 20 communities in the United States who were followed between 1988 and 1993 as part of the National Cancer Institute's Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation. OUTCOME MEASURES: Respondents were asked about their current cigarette brand in 1988 and 1993. Brand switching was inferred when a smoker reported a different cigarette brand in 1988 and 1993. Company switching was defined as brand switching for whom a different parent company was identified for the 1993 brand compared with the brand used in 1988. A ratio measure was computed to reflect gains in market share from brand switching and losses from brand switching, quitting, and death, for specific cigarette brands, between 1988 and 1993. This ratio measure was used to estimate the projected unit sales for top-selling premium brands in 1993 and was compared with actual unit sales for the same year. RESULTS: We estimate that an average of 9.5% of smokers switched cigarettes brands and 7.6% switched companies each year. Most of those who did switch cigarette brands changed from a premium brand to a discount or generic brand. Between 1988 and 1993, top-selling premium brands such as Marlboro, Camel, and Newport, lost about four times as many adult smokers as they gained. Whereas premium brand cigarettes lost some smokers to discount and generic cigarettes, over 50% of losses were due to smokers quitting or dying. Actual unit sales were substantially higher than projected sales (based on adult market share) for Marlboro and Camel, but not for other brands. CONCLUSIONS: Most smokers are brand loyal. Price seems to be an important factor motivating brand switching among adult smokers. It appears that recruitment of new customers among the ranks of non-smokers is necessary for premium cigarette brands such as Marlboro and Camel to maintain sales comparable to previous years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Epidemiology and strain characteristics of Echinococcus granulosus in the Benghazi area of eastern Libya.

The incidence of surgically confirmed cystic echinococcosis in eastern Libya was estimated to be at least 4.2 cases/100,000, with significantly more female cases than male. The prevalences of infection with Echinococcus granulosus among 1087 sheep, 881 goats, 428 camels and 614 cattle from the same region, determined postmortem in abattoirs, were 20%, 3.4%, 13.6% and 11%, respectively. Infection in the livestock was age-dependent and, generally, the female animals were more often infected than the male. The measurements of rostellar hooks on protoscoleces collected from sheep and cattle were similar but significantly different from the corresponding measurements of parasites of human or camel origin. However, when a portion of the cytochrome c-oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene from each of 30 protoscolex samples from Libya (12 from cattle, three from humans, five from camels and 10 from sheep) was sequenced, the sequences were all found to be identical to that published for the common sheep strain of E. granulosus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Expression of the peptidoglycan recognition protein, PGRP, in the lactating mammary gland.

The peptidoglycan recognition protein, PGRP, known as an intracellular component of neutrophils, has been isolated from camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk by acid precipitation followed by heparin-sepharose affinity chromatography of the supernatant. The mean concentration in milk was about 120 mg/L. It decreased during lactation by 19% and increased in the event of severe mastitis by 45%. The protein bound to lactic acid bacteria and other gram-positive bacteria with an affinity similar to that reported for the human and murine orthologs, although the isoelectric point of the molecule was distinctly higher at pH 9.02. The N-terminus of mature camel PGRP was determined as NH2-ArgGluAspProPro-CO2H. Calculated and measured molecular masses were both 19.1 kDa, excluding the possibility of posttranslational modifcation or binding of cation ligands. The peptide probably builds a homotrimer at high concentration. The corresponding mRNA was isolated from lactating mammary gland tissue, and 5.3 kbp of the corresponding gene was sequenced. Similarities were found to the camel lactoferrin gene with regard to sites of expression and to the region 5' upstream to the gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

A comparative analysis of teenagers who smoke different cigarette brands.

This study analyzed and compared the survey responses of teenagers who smoke different cigarette brands. It was found that teen Marlboro and Camel smokers perceived themselves as having more stress in their lives as compared with teen Newport smokers. On average, Marlboro smokers were depressed or sad more often than were Camel or Newport smokers. Camel smokers were generally less interested in a peer stop-smoking program than were Newport or Marlboro smokers. Finally, these teen smokers, regardless of cigarette brand, had similar opinions about quitting. Given the differences across brands, more flexible approaches may be needed to address teenage smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The Desert Ship heritage and science.

The camel's contribution to desert life dwindles as modern transport offers alternatives for crossing the desert. Yet recent insights into the camel's immune system have shown that this animal may still play an important role in the future of mankind. The camel has unique antibodies that could be very important in biotechnological applications and medicine.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

An enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay for diagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis.

An enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) test was assessed for diagnosis of 47 pulmonary cystic echinococcosis (CE) cases admitted to Ain Shams University Hospitals for Surgery. Diagnosis of these cases was established on clinical examination, X-ray, sonography and indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test, which was negative in four cases (sensitivity 91.5%). Sera from patients with other parasitic infections, carcinomas or normal sera were used as controls. Human and Camel hydatid cyst fluids were used as antigens after separation and characterization of their antigenic components using 12.5% SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. Six molecular weight antigens with molecular masses approximately 7, 20, 28, 35 and 127 kDa were of diagnostic importance. They were strongly recognized by sera of all CE patients specially with camel hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) giving a 100% sensitivity to the EITB test. Sera of patients with other parasitic infections as well as carcinomas and normal control sera couldn't recognize any of the above antigens and therefore were negative for the test. This results in 100% specificity of the EITB test. These data support the concept that EITB using camel hydatid fluid is a good diagnostic test for cystic echinococcosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Prevalence of complement-fixing antibody to the African horse sickness virus in domestic animals in Nigeria.

The occurrence of antibodies against the African horse sickness virus was investigated in 246 domestic animals (horses, donkeys, camels, dogs) in various regions of Nigeria by means of the complement-fixing rate. 34% of the sera tested were positive: 75% in donkeys, 68% in horses, 19% in camels, and 9% in dogs. Among the horses, those of 6 to 15 years of age had higher than average prevalence rates than the other age groups. Stallions from the northern regions had higher prevalence rates than mares generally and stallions from other regions. These findings are important for the epidemiology of the African horse sickness in Nigeria just as the complement-fixing rates are in camels and dogs for the epidemiology of this sickness in the whole of Africa.

African Horse Sickness↗
PubMed1992

Identification and characterization of specific hydatid antigen fraction(s).

A specific hydatid antigen was prepared in this study from Echinococcus granulosus cyst in livers and lungs of camels. Elimination of host "camel" protein from crude hydatid fluid was achieved by two methods: Salting out using ammonium sulfate precipitation method and immunoaffinity purification using coupled anticamel antibody to cyanogenbromide activated sepharose 4B gel. Testing the prepared hydatid antigen against anticamel serum, using immunodiffusion method, indicated that the affinity purified hydatid antigen was almost completely purified from camel protein. Characterization of the affinity purified hydatid antigen, using immunoelectrophoresis, showed positive arc 5 precipitation when tested against known positive antihydatid sera. Further characterization with gradient gel electrophoresis, showed with silver stain that the dominant and most consistently demonstrable proteins occurred as a complex in the 52/62 KDa region. Strong reaction with the 52/62 KDa complex was consistently observed when the affinity purified hydatid antigen was probed with known positive reference antihydatid sera. The identified hydatid antigen fraction(s) with 52/62 KDa complex can provide promising non-invasive parameter for diagnosis of Hydatidosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Plague in Kazakhstan at the present time.

Since 1990 to 2002, 19 human plague cases and 2 bacteria-carriers cases were registered in natural plague foci on the territory of the republic. For last 12 years plague in forms of bubonic and bubonic-septic was diagnosed in Kazakhstan. Out of 19 patients (14 men--73.6% and 5 women--26.3%), 13 persons recovered (8.4%), 6 persons died (31.6%). Employment of the treatment in the new scheme sharply lowered lethality from plague. Live attenuated Y. pestis EV vaccine available for human and camel use is applied as a basic preventive measure in plague natural foci. Epidemiological importance of ill camels remains high. At the analyzed period, in 5 cases infection was a result of forced camel slaughter. 11 people (57.8%) were infected through flea bites. Central Asian desert plague focus is still the most active and its potential to start epidemic increases in connection with rising of anthropogenic influence. All these changes occur on the background of epidemiological survey decreasing in natural plague foci.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus species or subspecies at the level of nucleic acid contents.

The present study is an attempt to clarify the nature of the differences in the subspecies of Echinococcus granulosus in Egypt by comparing the contents of the nucleic acid in the cysts obtained from livers and lungs of camel, pig and sheep, intermediate hosts, as well as in the adult worms obtained by experimentally feeding of these cysts to puppies. The biochemical study revealed that the mean values of DNA and RNA in fertile camel lung-cysts as well as in its adult worms were significantly lower (p less than 0.01) than those of pigs. On the other hand, it was found that the contents of DNA in adult worms were 4 times more than in protoscolices, in both camel and pig strain, a result which may suggest a duplication of the genomic contents of the adult worm.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A biochemical study of cystic stage fluids of Echinococcus granulosus of animal origin in Libya.

The biochemical analyses of hydatid cyst fluids of sheep, goats and camels slaughtered in abattoir of Sirt, Libya showed the same constituents of elements and organic compounds. But, sheep hydatid cyst fluids contained significantly more triglycerides (P<0.05), phosphorus (P<0.05) and protein (P<0.001) than those in camels and goats. Urea was significantly more (P<0.05) in sheep and goats compared to camels.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1987

Distribution of the renal vein in the kidney of the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius).

The venous drainage of the kidney of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) was studied in 17 kidneys of male and female adult animals. Injection of latex, plastoid as well as radiopaque substance (40% barium sulfate) were used to follow the distribution of the renal vein through the kidney tissue. The renal vein of the camel is unique as it gives off vv. interlobares I which drain the ventral half of the kidney, in addition to large cranial and caudal stem vessels from which vv. interlobares I of the dorsal surface branch. The general pattern of distribution of the renal vein in the camel's kidney resembles, more or less, that of the other domestic animals.

Anatomy, Comparative↗
PubMed1985

[Recent data on hemorrhagic fevers in West Africa].

Among the viruses which can provoke human haemorrhagic fevers, the Congo-Crimean Haemorrhagic Fever and Rift Valley Fever viruses have been discovered relatively recently in West Africa. Two human cases of severe haemorrhagic fever have been connected with Congo-CHF, in Mauritania and Burkina-Faso. The epidemiological enquiry performed in Mauritania, consequent to the appearance of the first case, has demonstrated that the patient had been contaminated by contact with camels. Twelve strains of Congo-CHF virus have been isolated from ticks taken on bovines and dromedaries in that area. The serological enquiries realized on man show that the incidence is relatively feeble; on the other hand, among animals, one finds a large distribution among small ruminants in Mauritania as well as in Senegal. The recent realization of a complete identity between the Zinga and Rift Valley Fever viruses has broadened the geographical distribution of this virus to the whole of inter-tropical Africa including Madagascar. The serological enquiries realized among men and animals in areas where the virus has been isolated from wild vectors show that the presence of antibodies is faintly superior. On the other hand, in southern Mauritania, the virus prevails among men, who get antibodies of the IGM type, which proves a recent circulation. The immunological enquiries on camels seem to corroborate these data. The Rift Valley Fever epidemic which broke out in 1978 among the human and animal populations of Egypt has, apparently, been connected with the passage of camels coming from Sudan through the intermediary halting-place of the Assuan dam.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Africa, Western↗
PubMed1984

Structural requirements and species specificity of the inhibition by beta-endorphin of heavy acetylcholinesterase from vertebrate skeletal muscle.

The molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in extracts of gastrocnemius muscle from four vertebrate species and in electric eel (Electrophorus) electric organ were separated and identified by low-salt precipitation and velocity sedimentation. The activity of the heavy insoluble (A12) form of human muscle acetylcholinesterase was inhibited by synthetic human beta-endorphin (500 mM). The homologous form in rat muscle extracts was poorly inhibited by human beta-endorphin at the same concentration, but was more effectively inhibited by camel beta-endorphin. The activities of heavy forms of pseudocholinesterase, present in small amounts in both species, were not reduced by beta-endorphin. Selective inhibition of homologous heavy forms of acetylcholinesterase activity by camel and human beta-endorphin was also seen in skeletal muscle extracts from frog and pigeon, but with decreased effectiveness. No inhibition was detectable in the heavy acetylcholinesterase form from extracts of electric organ tissue of the electric eel. The inhibition of heavy acetylcholinesterase activity in human muscle by human beta-endorphin was dependent on the presence of its NH2-terminal pentapeptide sequence. Maximal inhibitory potency depended on the presence of the entire amino acid sequence, since potency was considerably reduced in synthetic peptide analogues lacking either middle or COOH-terminal segments of beta-endorphin. The relative potency of beta-endorphin from various species as inhibitors of rat heavy acetylcholinesterase activity was also investigated. beta-Endorphin sequences most closely resembling that of the rat peptide (camel, equine) were most potent, whereas those with sequence differences of more than one amino-acid were less potent (turkey, human) or had no inhibitory activity (ostrich). The selective inhibition of heavy acetylcholinesterase by beta-endorphin thus exhibits species specificity, even among mammals, in which homologues of this molecular form of the enzyme are otherwise indistinguishable.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parasitic infection of Camelus dromedarius from Iran.

25 intestinal tract, 30 oesophagus and respiratory organs and 47 liver of arabian camel were examined. 35 species of Nematodes two species of Cestodes one immature Trematode one cestodes larvae, one Diptera larvae, one Microfilaria of lung worm and two external parasites were found. This is a first report of helminths in camel from Iran. The Nematodes: Physocephalus sexalatus, Ascarops strongylina, Haemonchus contortus, Cooperia punctata, Nematodirus oratianus, Nematodirella longissimespiculata, Trichostrongylus axei and Gongylonema pulchrum are reported for the first time from Camel.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi (Steel 1885), Balbiani 1888 in small ruminants in Mauritania: results of experimental inoculation and field surveys].

In order to define the eventual role of small ruminants in the epidemiology of T. evansi infection in Southern Mauritania, the following experiments were carried out: the intravenous inoculation of a ewe and a goat with a local strain of T. evansi isolated from a dairy camel; surveys of small ruminant flocks which graze with infected camels in the South of the Trarza region. The experimental inoculation allowed to show that local sheep and goats are receptive. Only the ewe showed a clinical episode with loss of weight and abortion. During 220 days after inoculation the blood of the goat remained constantly infectious for the mouse whereas in the same period the ewe's blood showed an alternation of infectious and non-infectious phases. However in the field, none of 381 blood smears of small ruminants (207 goats, 174 sheep) were positive and none of the 187 serums (109 goats, 78 sheep). Therefore, it seems that the small ruminants of the South Mauritania do not play any role in the epidemiology of T. evansi camel trypanosomosis even if they are receptive to experimental inoculation.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against African horse sickness virus in domestic animals in Nigeria.

A sero-epidemiological survey of African horse sickness (AHS) virus in 261 animals which included 96 camels, 81 horses, 80 dogs and 4 donkeys was carried out in Nigeria. The animals had no history of vaccination against AHS. Sera were tested by the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test for the presence of antibody against AHS virus. Of these, 77 (95.1%) horse, 4 (100%) donkey, 10 (10.4%) camel and 28 (35%) dog sera samples tested were recorded as positive. The prevalence of antibody in samples taken from horses in different regions was similar. The prevalence of antibody to AHS virus detected in camels and dogs suggests that these animals are possible reservoirs of the virus. This may have an influence upon the epidemiology of the disease in Africa as a whole.

African Horse Sickness↗