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At least 1,441 records · Page 80Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Toward the improvement of diabetes treatment: recent developments in technical support.

Diabetes is recognized as one of the most severe health problem in the world. It spares no one, attacking men, women, children, and the elderly. Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure, blindness in adults, nervous system damage, and amputations. It is a major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and birth defects. Diabetes is currently one of the most costly diseases in both human and economic terms. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder resulting from insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, or both. There are several possible realizations of the so-called artificial or bio-artificial pancreas (AP, BAP), systems which should automatically and efficiently substitute for the lost function of the # cells. Any types of AP/BAP are routinely used for the treatment of diabetes. Currently, for ambulatory insulin-treated diabetics, only application of intensive therapy can effectively delay the development and progression of the above-mentioned life-threatening late complications of diabetes. Ideal intensive insulin treatment should mimic as closely as possible the secretion of insulin by # cells in healthy people. The crucial factors that determine the efficiency of this type of treatment are the effective monitoring of the patient's glycemic control (monitoring phase) and the accurate delivery of insulin according to established algorithms (treatment phase). The monitoring phase includes blood glucose measurements, the transfer of all parameters measured and noted by the patient to a physician, and clear registration of the data. The treatment phase concerns selection of the optimal insulin regimen and effective insulin delivery to the patient. Delivery of insulin is most commonly realized either intermittently using multiinjection techniques or continuously by portable pumps. However, several others methods of delivery are under development. The main objective of this article is to discuss in detail recent technical developments in intensive insulin treatment, stressing the existing problems and reviewing the best applied solutions.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Innovation in hospitals: a survey of the literature.

The literature on innovation in hospitals is relatively extensive and varied. The purpose of this article is to conduct a critical survey, and in particular to highlight the functional and occupational bias that characterises it, whereby the sole object of innovation is medical care, and that innovation is essentially the work of doctors. In order to achieve this objective, four different (complementary or competing) concepts of the hospital are considered. In the first, the hospital is seen in terms of its production function, in the second, as a set of technical capacities, in the third, as an information system, and in the fourth, as a service provider and a hub in a wider system of healthcare. In the latter approach, hospitals are regarded as combinative providers of diverse and dynamic services, able to go beyond their own institutional boundaries by becoming part of larger networks of healthcare provision, which are themselves diverse and dynamic. This approach makes it possible to extend the model of hospital innovation to incorporate new forms of innovation and new actors in the innovation process, in accordance with the Schumpeterian tradition of openness.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMed2007

A microfluidic platform for sequential ligand labeling and cell binding analysis.

Developing biochemical and cell biological assay for screening biomolecules, evaluating their characteristics in biological processes, and determining their pharmacological effects represents a key technology in biomedical research. A PDMS-based integrated microfluidic platform was fabricated and tested for facilitating the labeling of ligand on the nanogram scale and sequential cell binding analysis in a manner that saves both time and reagents. Within this microfluidic platform, ligand labeling, cell immobolization, and optical analysis are performed in a miniaturized, continuous and semi-automated manner. This microfluidic device for ligand labeling and cell analysis is composed of two functional modules: (i) a circular reaction loop for fluorophore-labeling of the ligand and (ii) four parallel-oriented incubation chambers for immobilization of cells, binding of ligand to different cell populations, and optical evaluation of interactions between the labeled ligand and its cell targets. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) as the ligand and different cell lines with various levels of EGF receptor expression have been utilized to test the feasiblity of this microfluidic platform. When compared to studies with traditional Petri dish handling of cells and tissues, or even microwell analyses, experiments with the microfluidic platform described here are much less time consuming, conserve reagents, and are programmable, which makes these platforms a very promising new tool for biological studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Piezoelectric generators for biomedical and dental applications: effects of cyclic loading.

This paper presents the results of a study of the effect of cyclic loading parameters on the performance of piezo crystals. The output power of the crystals was observed to increase with parameters such as the cyclic frequency and the dynamic load range. However, the output power also decreased with increasing mean load. The efficiency of the crystal was calculated based on the mechanical energy applied to the piezo crystal. The ratio of the electrical output to mechanical energy input was taken as the efficiency of the crystal. This ratio was seen to increase with the cycling frequency, and also with the dynamic load range. However, increasing mean load caused the efficiency to drop significantly. The implications of the results are discussed for possible applications implanted bioMEMS and microelectronics systems.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2006

Trabecular bone failure at the microstructural level.

Although biomedical imaging technology is now readily available, few attempts have been made to expand the capabilities of these systems by adding not only quantitative but also functional analysis tools combining microimaging with time-lapsed mechanical testing. An area of special interest is multiscale functional imaging of trabecular bone to assess the relative importance of bone "quality" in the assessment of the mechanical competence of bone. First, relevant studies dealing with hierarchical imaging of trabecular bone and classic analyses such as quantitative morphometry and finite-element analysis to predict bone strength are reviewed. Second, studies are presented investigating failure mechanisms of three-dimensional trabecular bone through dynamic, time-lapsed microimaging, including image-guided techniques developed for this purpose and utilizing microcompression. For the first time, these allow the direct three-dimensional visualization and quantification of failure initiation and progression at the microstructural level.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗