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PubMed2003

Iron absorption from ferrous fumarate in adult women is influenced by ascorbic acid but not by Na2EDTA.

Ascorbic acid and Na2EDTA enhance Fe absorption from the water-soluble Fe compound FeSO4 but their effect on poorly water-soluble Fe compounds such as ferrous fumarate is less well established. In the present study, the effects of ascorbic acid and Na2EDTA on Fe absorption from ferrous fumarate were evaluated in adult women (ten women/study) from the erythrocyte incorporation of Fe stable isotopes ((57)Fe or (58)Fe) 14 d after administration. Two separate studies were made with test meals of Fe-fortified infant cereal (5 mg Fe/meal). Data were evaluated by paired t tests and the results are presented as geometric means. In study 1a, the comparison between Fe absorption from ferrous fumarate- and FeSO4-fortified cereal showed that adult women absorb Fe as well from ferrous fumarate as from FeSO4 (3.0 and 3.1 % respectively, P=0.85). After addition of Na2EDTA (Na2EDTA:fortification Fe molar ratio of 1:1), Fe absorption from FeSO4 was significantly higher than from ferrous fumarate (5.3 v. 3.3 % respectively, P<0.01; study 1b). In study 2, Fe absorption was compared from ferrous fumarate-fortified meals with and without ascorbic acid added at a 4:1 molar ratio (relative to fortification Fe) and the results showed that ascorbic acid increased Fe absorption from ferrous fumarate significantly (6.3 v. 10.4 %, P=0.02). The results of the present studies show that Fe absorption from ferrous fumarate is enhanced by ascorbic acid but not by Na2EDTA, thus emphasising that not all findings from Fe absorption studies made with FeSO4 can be extrapolated to Fe compounds with different solubility properties.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The validation of using serum iron increase to measure iron absorption in human subjects.

The objectives of the present study were to study the correlation between the change in serum Fe and Fe absorption when administering 100 mg Fe (as FeSO4) orally, and to study the correlation between the absorption from a 3 mg and a 100 mg Fe (as FeSO4) dose. The study was conducted in a group of eleven male blood donors, without any evident infection, who had given blood 8 weeks before the study. On three consecutive mornings the subjects were served a wheat roll fortified with Fe. On the first 2 d the roll was fortified with 3 mg Fe labelled with 59Fe; on day 3 the roll was fortified with 100 mg Fe labelled with 55Fe. The serum Fe response to the 100 mg dose was followed for 6 h. Fe absorption was measured by whole-body counting. High correlations were seen between the absorption of Fe and the change in serum Fe after 100 mg Fe (r2 0.94, P<0.001), between the absorption from 3 mg and 100 mg Fe (r2 0.88, P<0.001), and between the absorption from 3 mg Fe and change in serum Fe after 100 mg Fe (r2 0.90, P<0.001). This strengthens the evidence that it is possible to use the change in serum Fe as a measure of Fe absorption, e.g. when establishing the relative bioavailability for Fe powders. The results also imply that the induced serum Fe increase following 100 mg Fe added to a food could predict the Fe absorption of a small dose of Fe added to the same meal.

Absorption↗
PubMed2005

The importance of dietary composition for efficacy of iron absorption measured in a whole diet that includes rye bread fortified with ferrous fumerate: a radioisotope study in young women.

Fe absorption is affected by many dietary factors. The objective of the present study was to measure the effects of high v. low content of vitamin C, meat and phytic acid in whole diets with Fe-fortified bread on the efficacy of Fe absorption. Thirty-two healthy women with low Fe stores were randomised to three groups, each of which was given two of six test diets containing either low/high amounts of vitamin C, meat or phytic acid, respectively, in a cross-over design. Each diet was served throughout a 5 d period. Fe-fortified rye bread, extrinsically labelled with (59)Fe, was given with all main meals. Fe absorption was determined from whole-body counter measurements of (59)Fe retention. The fractional non-haem Fe absorption (corrected to a 40 % standard absorption by measurements from the reference dose) was 1.9 % v. 3.4 % (P=0.04) for the low/high vitamin C diets, 3.0 % v. 3.5 % (P=0.58) on the low/high meat diets and 4.9 % v. 3.8 % (P=0.24) on the low/high phytic acid diet, respectively. The total Fe absorbed (geometric mean with standard error) varied from 0.43 (se 0.11) mg from the diet with lowest bioavailability to 1.09 (se 0.18) mg from the diet with highest bioavailability (P<0.001). The present whole-diet study indicates that diet composition is a strong predictor of Fe absorption. In the diet with a low content of enhancers and a high content of inhibitors, vitamin C improved non-haem Fe absorption. The total Fe absorption varied 2.5-fold after small alterations of the content of enhancers and inhibitors in the diet.

Absorption↗
PubMed1993

Effect of a soluble polysaccharide (carboxy methyl cellulose) on the absorption of minerals from the gastrointestinal tract of broilers.

1. The effect of an indigestible soluble polysaccharide (carboxy methyl cellulose: CMC) on the absorption of some macro-elements (sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) from different segments of the small intestine of broilers was determined. 2. In semi-synthetic diets 0, 5.0 and 10 g/kg cellulose was replaced by CMC on weight basis. These diets were fed to male broilers from 3 to 5 weeks of age. 3. CMC inclusion reduced the rate of mineral absorption throughout the small intestine. The effect of CMC on sodium absorption was more pronounced than the effects on the absorption of the other minerals. 4. The cumulative absorption of all minerals up to the lower jejunum was reduced by dietary CMC. This negative effect of CMC on the absorption of minerals was alleviated in the lower ileum, except for potassium. 5. The concentrations of sodium and magnesium in the chyme supernatant were clearly decreased, while those of calcium and phosphorus were increased by dietary CMC inclusion. Taking the mineral concentrations in the total chyme into account, the solubilities of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the ileum were increased by dietary CMC. The solubilities of sodium and potassium were not increased. 6. The reduced cumulative absorption of minerals from the gastrointestinal tract with increasing dietary concentrations of CMC, was probably caused by the higher intraluminal viscosities in the small intestine. It is not likely that either the intestinal pH, or the time food was retained in successive gastrointestinal segments, will have affected mineral absorption negatively in any segment.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Inhibition of gastric acid secretion reduces zinc absorption in man.

Numerous factors seem to affect zinc absorption. Gastric acid secretion has been demonstrated to facilitate iron absorption. The zinc tolerance test (ZTT with ZnSO4 220 mg p.o.) was performed in 11 healthy volunteers to study the effects of administering the acid secretion inhibitor cimetidine (1 g/day p.o. for 3 days) and to evaluate the influence of HCl gastric secretion on zinc absorption in physiological conditions. Zinc absorption was reduced after cimetidine administration (p less than 0.005), suggesting that gastric pH influences zinc absorption. To rule out any direct effect of the drug on zinc absorption in five other healthy adults we further evaluated zinc absorption by using a different H2 antagonist (ranitidine 300 mg/day for 3 days and 300 mg before the test). Cimetidine was also tested in these subjects at half the dosage administered to the first group of subjects. Gastric acidity was monitored at 60-min intervals throughout the test via a nasogastric tube. The areas under the plasma concentration curves for zinc were significantly reduced after ranitidine (p less than 0.01), but not after cimetidine administration. Gastric acid was also reduced after ranitidine, but not after cimetidine (500 mg) administration, suggesting that gastric acid secretion plays a role in the regulation of zinc absorption in man.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Drug absorption from the isolated perfused rat lung--correlations with drug physicochemical properties and epithelial permeability.

The pulmonary absorption of nine low-molecular-weight (225-430 Da) drugs (atenolol, budesonide, enalaprilat, enalapril, formoterol, losartan, metoprolol, propranolol and terbutaline) and one high-molecular-weight membrane permeability marker compound (FITC-dextran 10000 Da) was investigated using the isolated, perfused and ventilated rat lung (IPL). The relationships between pulmonary transport characteristics, epithelial permeability of Caco-2 cell monolayers and drug physicochemical properties were evaluated using multivariate data analysis. Finally, an in vitro-in vivo correlation was made using in vivo rat lung absorption data. The absorption half-life of the investigated drugs ranged from 2 to 59 min, and the extent of absorption from 21 to 94% in 2 h in the isolated perfused rat lung model. The apparent first-order absorption rate constant in IPL (ka(lung)) was found to correlate to the apparent permeability (P(app)) of Caco-2 cell monolayers (r = 0.87), cLog D(7.4) (r = 0.70), cLog P, and to the molecular polar surface area (%PSA) (r = -0.79) of the drugs. A Partial Least Squares (PLS)-model for prediction of the absorption rate (log ka(lung)) from the descriptors log P(app), %PSA and cLogD(7.4) was found (Q2 = 0.74, R2 = 0.78). Furthermore, a strong in vitro-in vivo correlation (r = 0.98) was found for the in vitro (IPL) drug absorption half-life and the pulmonary absorption half-life obtained in rats in vivo, based on a sub-set of five compounds.

Absorption↗
PubMed1994

In vitro percutaneous absorption of monosodium methanearsonate and disodium methanearsonate in female B6C3F1 mice.

Percutaneous absorption of monosodium [14C]methanearsonate (MSMA) and disodium [14C]methanearsonate (DSMA) was investigated in female B6C3F1 mice from a variety of exposure vehicles, including aqueous solution, solid compound, and soil. These chemicals are the sodium salts of methanearsonic acid, an in vivo metabolite of inorganic arsenic compounds, and are present in water and soil. Permeation experiments were carried out in vitro for 24 h using previously clipped dorsal skin (area = 0.64 cm2) in flow-through cells with HEPES-buffered Hanks balanced salt solution as receptor fluid. Applied doses of 10 (15.6), 100 (156), and 500 (781) micrograms (micrograms/cm2) were studied in selected vehicles, and dermal absorption was quantitated by determining the radioactivity in the receptor fluid and skin following a skin surface wash to remove unpenetrated compound. Both MSMA and DSMA exhibited similar dermal absorption from different vehicles, and the rank order was aqueous solution > solid compound > soil. The degree of ionization of the compounds did not appear to affect their skin absorption, as both monobasic and dibasic forms penetrated mouse skin to the same extent from aqueous vehicles. An alteration in the aqueous donor volume (20, 100, and 250 microliters) did not significantly change the total absorption of the chemicals; however, larger volumes significantly prolonged the time to reach maximal permeation rates. The major portion of the absorbed dose (53% or higher) remained in the skin for both chemicals. A constant fraction of the applied dose (12.4%) was absorbed from aqueous vehicles over the entire dosage range. Absorption of the chemicals was very low (< 0.5% of the dose) from soil. Even short-term (1 h) dermal exposure to an aqueous solution containing MSMA resulted in the penetration (0.66% of the dose) of this chemical. Thus, exposure vehicles have an important role in the in vitro dermal absorption of MSMA and DSMA in mouse skin, with aqueous solutions providing the greatest absorption.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1996

Precise determination of TSH receptor antibody activity in serum containing bovine TSH (bTSH) binding antibody by absorption using denatured bTSH or sheep FSH.

A previous report demonstrated that sera with bovine TSH (bTSH) binding antibody showed abnormally negative TSH receptor antibody (TRAb) activity in the standard TRAb assay method. The corrected TRAb activity calculated by the determination of the nonspecific binding of the labeled bTSH for each test serum [NSB(T)] resulted in positive TRAb activity. However, the precise calculation was difficult because NSB(T) level was significantly higher than the nonspecific binding in normal pool serum [NSB(N)] level. In the present experiment the determination of the TRAb activity was performed after absorption of bTSH binding antibodies by the heat-denatured bTSH to obtain more precise TRAb activity. In addition, absorption by sheep FSH (sFSH) was performed because almost all bTSH binding antibodies showed specific binding to the alpha-subunit of mammalian pituitary glycoprotein hormones in our previous study. Three days absorption of test serum using 1 mU of the heat-denatured bTSH (100 degrees C for 1 h) or 5 mU of sFSH was chosen as optimal because NSB(T) decreased remarkably to NSB(N) levels. The corrected TRAb determined after these absorptions decreased significantly compared to the corrected TRAb activity without the absorption. When the complete absorption of bTSH binding antibody was performed by the decrease of the NSB(T) level to the NSB(N) level, the TRAb activity determined by these two different absorptions was almost similar (difference was less than 10%). However, it was difficult to obtain the precise TRAb activity in the cases with extremely high bTSH binding antibody, because the NSB(T) level was higher than the NSB(N) level by the incomplete absorption of bTSH binding antibody.

Absorption↗
PubMed1982

Absorption of dietary zinc in man: comparison of intrinsic and extrinsic labels using a triple stable isotope method.

Determination of true absorption of dietary minerals in human subjects using "extrinsic-tag" approach with stable isotopes requires establishment of its validity. The present study was conducted to test with quantitative aspects absorption of an extrinsic-tag of zinc labeled with 70Zn as compared with an "intrinsic-tag" of the mineral as 68Zn-labeled chicken meat given simultaneously to health male subjects. Three diet periods were used in which diet modulation with respect to zinc dialy intake and nature of protein source (chicken/soy protein isolate) was also examined. Absorption was measured via quantitative fecal isotope balance of 64Zn, 68Zn, 70Zn. For the three diet period 1 (protein: chicken; Zn intake: ZN intake: 10 to 11 mg/day), 2 (protein: chicken/soy protein isolate, 50/50; Zn intake: 10 to 11 mg/day), and 3 (protein: chicken; Zn intake: 7 mg/day), fractional absorption of the extrinsic tag (mean +/- 1 SEM) was 0.46 +/- 0.06, 0.46 +/- 0.06, and 0.66 +/- 0.04 respectively. The comparable values for intrinsic 68Zn were 0.57 +/- 0.06, 0.57 +/- 0.06, and 0.72 +/- 0.04. There was a highly significant correlation (r=0.91), between zinc absorption from the two labels. However, absorption of intrinsic 68Zn was significantly higher (p less than 0.02) during all periods than that for the extrinsic 70Zn. A 50% replacement of protein from chicken meat with the soy protein isolate did not later fractional absorption of zinc from either tag. The ratio of fractional absorption of the extrinsic/intrinsic tag (mean +/- 1 SEM) was 0.79 +/- 0.06, 0.79 +/- 0.04, and 0.92 +/- 0.03 for periods 1, 2, 3, respectively.

Absorption↗
PubMed1983

Inhibition of food iron absorption by coffee.

Dual isotope studies were performed in iron replete human subjects to evaluate the effect of coffee on nonheme iron absorption. A cup of coffee reduced iron absorption from a hamburger meal by 39% as compared to a 64% decrease with tea, which is known to be a potent inhibitor of iron absorption. When a cup of drip coffee or instant coffee was ingested with a meal composed of semipurified ingredients, absorption was reduced from 5.88% to 1.64 and 0.97%, respectively, and when the strength of the instant coffee was doubled, percentage iron absorption fell to 0.53%. No decrease in iron absorption occurred when coffee was consumed 1 h before a meal, but the same degree of inhibition as with simultaneous ingestion was seen when coffee was taken 1 h later. In tests containing no food items, iron absorption from NaFeEDTA was diminished to the same extent as that from ferric chloride when each was added to a cup of coffee. These studies demonstrate that coffee inhibits iron absorption in a concentration-dependent fashion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Distribution of calcium absorption in middle-aged women.

Distribution of true fractional absorption of calcium in estrogen-deprived, nonosteoporotic, middle-aged women was examined in 273 person-studies, using a double-tracer method. Fractional absorption averaged 0.266 (+/- 0.096). Calcium intake averaged 0.802 g/day (+/- 0.419) and urine calcium, 0.144 g/day (+/- 0.062). Fractional absorption was inversely correlated with intake. Using parameters of the regression equation for the two variables, each absorption value was adjusted to the mean intake of the group so that absorption could be evaluated apart from the effect of intake. The distribution of such diet-adjusted values revealed that 55% of these estrogen-deprived women had insufficient absorption to maintain calcium balance at an intake equal to the 1980 RDA. Nearly one-fourth would still be in negative balance at an intake of 1.5 g/day. Since urine calcium was positively correlated with absorbed calcium (r = 0.521), we conclude that defective absorption and not bone breakdown is the basis for low absorptive performance in these women.

Absorption↗
PubMed1991

Calcium: effect of different amounts on nonheme- and heme-iron absorption in humans.

We investigated the effect of calcium on iron absorption in 126 human subjects. Addition of calcium chloride to wheat rolls significantly reduced iron absorption. Doses between 40 and 600 mg Ca were studied. The inhibition was clearly dose related up to 300 mg Ca. Calcium added to the dough when making the rolls reduced phytate degradation during fermentation and baking. As little as 40 mg Ca added to 80 g flour reduced phytate degradation by 50%, thus increasing the phytate content of the rolls to levels interfering with iron absorption. Calcium also had a direct dose-related inhibiting effect on iron absorption, noted by adding calcium to the rolls after they had been baked instead of to the dough. Iron absorption was reduced by 50-60% at doses of 300-600 mg Ca. Giving 165 mg Ca as milk, cheese, or calcium chloride reduced absorption by 50-60%. The same amount of calcium also significantly reduced heme-iron absorption, suggesting that the effect of calcium is related to the mucosal transfer of iron. The observed marked inhibitory effect on iron absorption of calcium in amounts frequently encountered in normal meals has important nutritional implications.

Absorption↗
PubMed1991

Assessment of dietary determinants of nonheme-iron absorption in humans and rats.

Prior investigations have shown that rats are less sensitive than humans to dietary factors that influence the absorption of nonheme iron. This investigation was undertaken to determine whether this disparity is due to differences in the methods used to measure absorption in the two species. By use of identical methodology and test meals, absorption studies were performed in rats and humans to compare the effect of known dietary enhancers (ascorbic acid and meat) and inhibitors (tea, bran, and soy protein) on nonheme-iron absorption. Meat and tea had a marked effect on absorption in humans but did not influence absorption in rats. Although the effect of ascorbic acid, soy protein, and bran on absorption was statistically significant in rats, the absorptive response was far less than it was in humans. Our studies indicate that rodents cannot be used to assess the quantitative importance of dietary factors in human iron nutrition.

Absorption↗
PubMed1992

Physiology and pathophysiology of intestinal absorption.

Final digestion and absorption of carbohydrates (CHO) occur after intraluminal hydrolysis by pancreatic alpha-amylase at the surface of the mucosal membrane in close relationship between disaccharide hydrolysis and the glucalogue carrier system. In general, Na(+)-dependent transport is the rate-limiting step of CHO absorption. The rate of absorption is determined by mode of ingestion, chemical composition of the meal, gastric emptying, pancreatic digestion, intestinal digestion and absorption, and intestinal motility. A delay of absorption of CHO may be achieved by dietary fibers, alpha-amylase inhibitors, or alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Final protein digestion is achieved by a dual mechanism: intact peptide absorption with subsequent intracellular hydrolysis to free amino acids (AA) and membrane hydrolysis of peptides followed by absorption of free AA. More complex is the mechanism of lipid absorption: emulsification, lipolysis, micellar formation, membrane translocation, intracellular resynthesis, chylomicron formation, and lymphatic drainage. The most critical steps in lipid digestion are lipolysis and micellar formation.

Dietary Carbohydrates↗
PubMed1997

Mechanisms of aluminum absorption in rats.

Aluminum has become a dietary toxin in modern times but its mechanism of absorption is poorly understood. After ingestion, the systemic transfer of aluminum is small but it is greatly affected by the coingestion of certain dietary agents, such as citrate, that complex with the metal in the intestinal lumen or transiently alter the permeability of the mucosa. Here, mechanisms of aluminum absorption were studied by using freshly prepared aluminum hydroxide and aluminum citrate. Everted sacs of rat gut were used to investigate the site of absorption, effect of chemical charge on absorption of aluminum citrate, and presence of active or passive absorption with use of the metabolic inhibitor ouabain. Absorption was biphasic with a large tissue uptake that was consistent with adhesion to mucus-mucosal surface but little tissue transport, which was consistent with passive paracellular permeation. Citrate reduced the uptake-transport ratio both by competing with the mucosal uptake and by increasing mucus-mucosal permeation but not by affecting the charge of the luminal aluminum species. Despite the potential for hydroxypolymerization of aluminum at intestinal pH, the small bowel and colon absorbed aluminum passively and paracellularly but the stomach did not. The predominantly proximal absorption of aluminum observed in vivo is a reflection of the proximal absorption, and therefore removal, of dietary constituents (eg, citrate) that enhance mucosal permeation of aluminum. The colon should be investigated further as a site of significant paracellular permeability.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1997

Effect of calcium intake on nonheme-iron absorption from a complete diet.

Recent studies based on radioiron measurements from single meals have suggested that calcium has a strongly inhibitory influence on nonheme-iron absorption. In view of evidence that the importance of various dietary enhancers and inhibitors of absorption is greatly diminished when assessed by labeling a complete diet, the present study evaluated the effect of variations in calcium intake on total dietary nonheme-iron absorption. Nonheme-iron absorption was measured in 14 healthy volunteers during three periods in which the diet was freely chosen or modified to decrease or increase dietary calcium intake maximally. The diet was labeled during each 5-d period by including with each of the two main meals of the day a small bread roll tagged extrinsically with radioiron. Carefully maintained dietary records indicated that 69-78% of the daily iron intake was labeled by this method. The basal calcium intake of 684 mg/d varied from 280 to 1281 mg/d when calcium intake was reduced or increased, respectively. Geometric mean iron-absorption values of 5.01%, 4.71%, and 5.83% for the three dietary periods were not significantly different from one another. No significant relation was observed between nonheme-iron absorption and dietary factors known to influence iron absorption. We conclude that calcium intake had no significant influence on nonheme-iron absorption from a varied diet.

Absorption↗
PubMed1998

Influence of ascorbic acid on iron absorption from an iron-fortified, chocolate-flavored milk drink in Jamaican children.

The influence of ascorbic acid on iron absorption from an iron-fortified, chocolate-flavored milk drink (6.3 mg total Fe per serving) was evaluated with a stable-isotope technique in 20 6-7-y-old Jamaican children. Each child received two test meals labeled with 5.6 mg 57Fe and 3.0 mg 58Fe as ferrous sulfate on 2 consecutive days. Three different doses of ascorbic acid (0, 25, and 50 mg per 25-g serving) were evaluated in two separate studies by using a crossover design. Iron isotope ratios were measured by negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry. In the first study, iron absorption was significantly greater (P < 0.0001) after the addition of 25 mg ascorbic acid: geometric mean iron absorption was 1.6% (range: 0.9-4.2%) and 5.1% (2.2-17.3%) for the test meals containing 0 and 25 mg ascorbic acid, respectively. In the second study, a significant difference (P < 0.05) in iron absorption was observed when the ascorbic acid content was increased from 25 to 50 mg: geometric mean iron absorption was 5.4% (range: 2.7-10.8%) compared with 7.7% (range: 4.7-16.5%), respectively. The chocolate drink contained relatively high amounts of polyphenolic compounds, phytic acid, and calcium, all well-known inhibitors of iron absorption. The low iron absorption without added ascorbic acid shows that chocolate milk is a poor vehicle for iron fortification unless sufficient amounts of an iron-absorption enhancer are added. Regular consumption of iron-fortified chocolate milk drinks containing added ascorbic acid could have a positive effect on iron nutrition in population groups vulnerable to iron deficiency.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of the effect of medium-chain and long-chain triacylglycerols on calcium absorption in healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND: The absorption efficiency of calcium in humans is low. Some studies in infants have shown that calcium absorption can be increased by adding medium-chain triacylglycerols to the formula diet. OBJECTIVE: The effect of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols on calcium absorption was studied in 18 healthy, young men. The results were compared with data obtained from calcium ingestion of a protein-carbohydrate formula devoid of triacylglycerols. DESIGN: Calcium absorption was measured by using a double-isotope technique and the kinetic parameters were obtained by using a deconvolution method. RESULTS: The total fractional calcium absorption measured in the presence of medium-chain triacylglycerols (0.236 +/- 0.016) or from a protein-carbohydrate formula without triacylglycerols (0.235 +/- 0.012) was not significantly different. The same result was observed with long-chain triacylglycerols (0.309 +/- 0.026) and the protein-carbohydrate formula (0.275 +/- 0.012). No kinetic parameters were significantly different regardless of the diet (protein-carbohydrate, medium-chain triacylglycerol, or long-chain triacylglycerol). This suggests that the same mechanism for calcium absorption was operative. CONCLUSIONS: Triacylglycerols had no direct effect on calcium absorption from a protein-carbohydrate formula in healthy subjects. These data do not support the use of medium-chain triacylglycerols as adjuvants to increase the absorption of calcium in healthy adults.

Adult↗