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PubMedDate not supplied

Simultaneous determination of D- and L-malic acids in apple juice by gas chromatography.

A gas chromatographic (GC) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of D- and L-malic acids in apple juice. D-Malic-(R)-(-)-2-butyl ester and L-malic-(R)-(-)-2-butyl ester are prepared with (R)-(-)-2-butanol. These diastereomers are separated and quantitated by gas chromatography on a Carbowax 20M (30 m x 0.25 mm) fused silica capillary column. This procedure does not involve any extraction or cleanup step.

Beverages↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Apple juice composition: sugar, nonvolatile acid, and phenolic profiles.

Apples from Michigan, Washington, Argentina, Mexico, and New Zealand were processed into juice; the 8 samples included Golden Delicious, Jonathan, Granny Smith, and McIntosh varieties. Liquid chromatography was used for quantitation of sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol), nonvolatile acids (malic, quinic, citric, shikimic, and fumaric), and phenolics (chlorogenic acid and hydroxymethylfurfural [HMF]). Other determinations included pH, 0Brix, and L-malic acid. A number of compositional indices for these authentic juices, e.g., chlorogenic acid content, total malic - L-malic difference, and the HMF:chlorogenic ratio, were at variance with recommended standards. The phenolic profile was shown to be particularly influenced by gelatin fining, with peak areas decreasing by as much as 50%. The L-malic:total malic ratio serves as a better index for presence of synthetic malic acid than does the difference between the 2 determinations. No apparent differences in chemical composition could be attributed to geographic origin.

Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

New method for the determination of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine residues in apples and peaches.

A new method for determining 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) in peaches and apples is presented. The method consists of extraction with L-ascorbic acid, derivatization with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde to the corresponding hydrazone, and cleanup on an alumina column. The hydrazone derivative is determined by gas chromatography using an electron-capture detector. Recoveries were determined from 10 to 100 ppb. Stability of the UDMH residues on frozen peaches was investigated, and results indicate that the residues degrade even while frozen.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1987

Towards monoclonal antibodies against the apple proliferation mycoplasma-like organism.

A 6-week-old female BALB/c mouse was immunized with a preparation of partially purified sieve tubes of periwinkle (Catharantus roseus) plants infected with the apple proliferation mycoplasma-like organism. After fusion of the immunized spleen cells with myeloma cells, the supernatant fluids of the resulting hybridoma cultures were screened for the presence of antibodies in a differential avidin-biotin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using sieve tube preparations from either healthy or infected periwinkles as antigens. One hybridoma clone, giving a negative ELISA with the sieve tube preparation from healthy plants and a positive ELISA with that infected ones, was selected. This hybridoma also gave a negative ELISA when tested against sieve tube preparations from periwinkles affected by citrus greening or Spiroplasma citri, but a positive ELISA when tested against phyllody-affected sieve-tube preparations.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1986

[Reduction of dental plaque by apples and chewing gum].

With aid of Plaque-Index (Quigley-Hein) the reduction of dental plaque was observed on 100 children per group: Tooth brushing for 2 min (first control group), Tooth brushing for 2 min combined with individual instruction and control of procedure (second control group), Eating an apple, Masticating chewing gum for 1 h. The following average reduction of dental plaque was find out: Group 1--0.42 grade of index (14.9%); group 2--1.00 (35.0%); group 3--0.47 (15.9%); group 4--0.28 (9.7%).

Chewing Gum↗
PubMed1985

Extracellular proteinases of the isolate of Botrytis cinerea virulent to apple tissues.

B. cinerea produces extracellular acid proteinases: aspartic proteinase and carboxypeptidase, separable on CM-Sepharose CL-6B. Aspartic proteinase showed the maximum activity at pH 2.5-3.0, was inactivated by diazoacetyl-DL-norleucine methyl ester and was unable to hydrolyse carbobenzoxy Glu-Tyr. Carboxypeptidase showed the maximum activity at pH 4.7-5.0, was inactivated by diisopropyl fluorophosphate, and carbobenzoxy-Glu-Tyr served as an efficient enzyme substrate. The isolated aspartic proteinase hydrolysed proteins in the preparations of apple cell walls. Excretion of aspartic proteinase by B. cinerea preceded that of carboxypeptidase.

Carboxypeptidases↗
PubMed1977

[Heterogeneity of molecular forms of phenol oxidase from apple fruits].

Qualitative differences of a dimer (m.w. 60.000-70.000) and a monomer (m.w. 30.000-40.000) fractions of phenoloxidase (EC 1.10.3.1), isolated from fruits of two winter varieties of apples were studied. tthe fractions analysed differed markedly in their Km values and the Hill coefficients. The monomer fraction possessed a higher affinity for monophenols and is capable to accomplish the hydroxylation reaction more actively. The interrelation of these changes and the aging of fruits under storage conditions with resulting changes in their total metabolism is discussed.

Catalysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rapid liquid chromatographic determination of patulin in apple juice.

A rapid method is described for the quantitative determination of patulin in apple juice. The mycotoxin is extracted from the sample with ethyl acetate and the extract is cleaned up by extraction with a sodium carbonate solution. Patulin is determined by reverse phase liquid chromatography using a muBondapak C18 column and a 254 nm ultraviolet detector. The lower detection limit in patulin standard solution is 0.32 ng and recovery is greater than 75%.

Beverages↗
PubMed1978

Quantitative determination of carbaryl in apples, lettuce, and water by densitometry of thin layer chromatograms.

A method for the quantitative determination of carbaryl insecticide by in situ densitometry was developed. After separation on silica gel thin layer plates, carbaryl residues were detected by using p-nitrobenzenediazonium fluoborate reagent and quantitated by scanning the resultant blue spots with a fiber optics densitometer and comparing them with standards. The method was applied to water fortified with carbaryl at 8 ppb and apples and lettuce fortified at 0.10 ppm; all recoveries were greater than 89%. The 2 crop extracts were cleaned up by using the AOAC thin layer chromatographic method for visual estimation of carbaryl. Related carbamate insecticides were detected by using the same reagent, and the potential for quantitation was demonstrated.

Carbaryl↗
PubMed1979

High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of naphthaleneacetic acid residues in apples.

An ion-suppression reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for determining naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) residues in apples. Samples are extracted with acidic chloroform, filtered through pre-acidified Hy-Flo Supercel, and cleaned up by acid-base partitioning. The extract can be successfully chromatographed on either a muLiChrosorb NH2 or muBondapak C18 column and quantitated by using a variable wavelength ultraviolet detector set at 220 nm. The mobile phase is acetonitrile-water (20 + 80) buffered to pH 3.5 (MULiChrosorb column) or pH 5.2 (MUBondapak column) and flowing at 1.0--2.0 ml/min. Recoveries ranged from 86 to 98%. The minimum detectable amount was 0.5 ng, which easily permitted the quantitation of 0.01 ppm NAA in 50 g sample. A fluorometric detector was 4 times as sensitive, using an excitation wavelength of 220 mm and monitoring the emission at 340 nm. For this detector, the minimum detectable amount was 0.12 ng NAA.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Apple Peel syndrome: an uncommon form of intestinal atresia (author's transl)].

A case of Apple Peel syndrome in a 1,800 g. premature female infant is reported. In a two stage approach, the dilated proximal segment of the jejunum was treated with jejunoplasty and termino-terminal anastomosis. After 55 days of total parenteral nutrition, oral feedings were instituted with good tolerance and satisfactory weight gain. Five months postoperatively, her weight is 5,500 g. and is on a standard diet for her age.

Female↗
PubMed1978

Atomic absorption spectrometric determination of cyhexatin in apples.

A rapid method using atomic absorption spectrometry has been developed for determining residues of cyhexatin in apples. Each analysis takes less than 30 min and the method is sensitive to less than 0.1 mg cyhexatin/kg. Recoveries varied from approximately 100% at 0.25 and 0.05 mg/kg to 70% at 5 mg/kg. No acid digestion or cleanup is required for the analysis.

Fruit↗
PubMed1983

Rapid thin layer chromatographic determination of patulin, citrinin, and aflatoxin in apples and pears, and their juices and jams.

A method is described to determine the mycotoxins patulin, citrinin, and aflatoxins in apples and pears and their juices and jams. The mycotoxins are extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile and 4% aqueous KC1 (9 + 1). The extract is cleaned up with water and then acidified, and the toxins are recovered with chloroform and separated by thin layer chromatography. Toxin identity is confirmed with various developing solvents, spray reagents, and chemical reactions, and then quantitated by the limit of detection method. The minimum detectable concentrations of the mycotoxins are patulin, 120-130 micrograms/kg; citrinin, 30-40 micrograms/kg; aflatoxin B1 or G1, 2-2.8 micrograms/kg; aflatoxin B2 or G2, 2 micrograms/kg.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1983

Bioavailability of sustained-release theophylline granules in apple sauce in pediatric asthmatic patients.

To facilitate administration of sustained-release theophylline in pediatric patients fourteen children with asthma were studied using intact capsules versus the granular contents in apple sauce. In a cross-over study during multiple dose intervals the effectiveness of this administration technique was demonstrated for maintaining bioavailability and sustained-release characteristics.

Asthma↗
PubMed1980

Rapid high pressure liquid chromatography of patulin in apple juice.

A rapid method has been developed for screening patulin in apple juice. The sample is extracted with ethyl acetate and the extract is cleaned up by extraction with a sodium carbonate solution. Patulin is determined after high pressure liquid chromatography on a Spherisorb 5 micrometer ODS column with an ultraviolet detector set at 276 nm. The detection limit of the method is 5 micrograms/L and recovery is 70-75%.

Beverages↗
PubMed1978

[Analytic study of juices obtained by pressure, by cold extraction and warm extraction (the DDS system) of marc from apples of the Golden Delicious variety].

The cold water extraction of apple press residues to increase the juice yield has found much interest in recent years. Such a process has been developed by a Swiss company, but the food legislation does not permit it yet. Juice yield is increased up to 91 p. 100 (w.). Therefore we investigated the chemical and sensorical properties of pressed juice, cold water extract of press residues and warm water extract (System DDS) of identical raw material. The water extract differs from the pressed juice mainly by an increased amount of non-sugar extract and changes of the pigment and polyphenole content. The cold water extract had more and the better aroma than the warm extract.

Beverages↗