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PubMed1976

The serotypes of Bordetella pertussis isolated in Great Britain between 1941 and 1968 and a comparison with the serotypes observed in other countries over this period.

Classification, by agglutinogens, of 634 isolates of Bordetella pertussis collected from 1971 to 1968 in Great Britain demonstrated that a change from a predominantly 1,2,0,4 serotype (75% of those examined during 1941-4) to a predominantly 1,0,3,0 serotype (73% of those examined during 1966-8) occurred sometime after 1953. Furthermore, evidence from the examination of isolates collected between 1941 and 1953 suggests that the change may have been gradual. Isolates of serotype 1,2,3,4 made up 20-30% of the total of our cross-country selection for the periods 1941-4, 1946-9, 1950-3 and 1966-8, but over shorter periods in individual areas the percentage varied from negligible to as high as half of those isolated. Results from other countries show a similar drift towards a 1,0,3 sertype but more often from a 1,2,3 than from 1,2,0 serotype. The value, in epidemiological studies, of extended information obtained by monospecific typing sera to all six, rather than only two or three agglutinogens, and confirmation of the results by agglutinin production is demonstrated: for instance not all 1,0,3 isolates were identical.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1994

Prevalence of human astrovirus serotypes in the Oxford region 1976-92, with evidence for two new serotypes.

Results of serotyping on 291 astrovirus-positive stools collected between 1976 and 1992 showed that about two-thirds (64.9%) were serotype 1. Infections were more frequent in the fourth quarter of the year and there was a suggestion that during the past 5 years serotype 1 has occurred with greater frequency in alternate years. Evidence is provided for the existence of two new serotypes, 6 and 7.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from patients with community-acquired pneumonia and molecular analysis of multidrug-resistant serotype 19F and 23F strains in Japan.

A nationwide study was undertaken to determine the susceptibility to penicillin and serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Japan. S. pneumoniae was isolated from 114 adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia over 22 months at 20 hospitals and medical centres in different regions in Japan. All but five isolates were from sputum. Forty-eight isolates (42.1%) were susceptible, 40 (35.1%) showed intermediate resistance (MIC, 0.12-1.0 microg/ml) and 26 (22.8%) were resistant (MIC, >or=2.0 microg/ml) to penicillin G. All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone (breakpoint 1 microg/ml), imipenem (4 microg/ml) and vancomycin (4 microg/ml). Most were resistant to erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin; only two were resistant to levofloxacin. Differences were found in the distribution of serotypes among isolates showing susceptibility to penicillin (predominant types 3, 6B, and 19F), intermediate resistance (6B, 14, 19F, and 23F) and full resistance (19F and 23F). PFGE typing showed that 14 of the 25 strains of serotype 19F had a single DNA profile, pattern A, a pattern closely similar to that of the Taiwan multidrug-resistant 19F clone. Twelve pattern A strains were not susceptible to penicillin but carried the macrolide resistance gene mef(A). The DNA profiles of the 15 strains of 23F were also heterogeneous but six were highly similar (pattern b) yet distinct from the Spanish multidrug-resistant 23F clone although possibly related to the Taiwan multidrug-resistant 23F clone. The pattern b strains were not susceptible to penicillin and also harboured either mef(A) or erm(B). Our results indicate that multidrug-resistant pneumococci are spreading rapidly in Japan. Efforts to prevent the spread of the pandemic multidrug-resistant serotypes should be intensified.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1999

Characterization of a multidrug-resistant clone of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B in Alaska by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and PspA serotyping.

Antimicrobial susceptibility, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) serotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were used to evaluate clonal relatedness among 66 invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B collected during 1982-1996 from patients in Alaska. Thirty-seven (56%) of the isolates had penicillin minimal inhibitory concentration values >/=0.125 microgram/mL and were resistant to at least 1 other antibiotic. Fourteen PspA serotypes were observed; PspA 16 was the most common (35%). Forty-five (68%) of the 66 isolates shared common and highly related PFGE patterns using 3 enzymes. Twenty-six (58%) of the isolates with common PFGE patterns were from Native Alaskan children </=2 years of age residing in 1 region of Alaska. Alaskan serotype 6B had distinct PFGE patterns, compared with the South African 6B-8 and Spanish 6B-2 multidrug-resistant clones, suggesting that the Alaskan 6B isolates were distinct from these other pneumococcal 6B clones but were genetically related to each other [corrected].

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Association of meningococcal serotypes with the course of disease: serotypes 2a and 2b in the Netherlands, 1959-1981.

Case histories of 692 patients with meningococcal disease due to serogroup B, C, or W (W-135) were reviewed to study the association of the serotypes 2a and 2b with the course of disease. The case-fatality rate in group B disease was significantly associated with serotype 2b (B:2b) strains (P = 0.03). Age and year of admission did not account for this association. Septicemia was also found more frequently with B:2b than with other B serotypes, but neurological complications and sequelae were not. Neither C:2a nor W:2a was associated with a higher case-fatality rate, with more cases of septicemia, or with more sequelae than were other C or W serotypes. We concluded that the 2b antigen, although not likely a causal factor, is a virulence marker among group B strains and that the protective effect of a vaccine containing this protein (among others) needs to be studied.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1992

Protective efficacy against serotype 1 rotavirus diarrhea by live oral rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccines with human rotavirus VP7 serotype 1 or 2 specificity.

Rhesus-human rotavirus (RV) reassortant vaccine strains D x RRV or DS 1 x RRV with VP7 serotype 1 or 2 specificity were evaluated for safety, immunogenicity and protective efficacy in a double blind placebo-controlled three cell trial involving 359 infants ages 2 to 5 months. The titer of the D x RRV vaccine was 10(4) and that of the DS 1 x RRV vaccine was 10(5) plaque-forming units/1-ml dose. The vaccines were acceptably reactogenic, each inducing a transient febrile response in fewer than one-third of the vaccinees. Seroconversion by RV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay IgA antibody was detected in 61 and 75% of the vaccinees receiving a single dose of the serotype 1 or 2 reassortant vaccine, respectively. Efficacy against RV diarrhea was evaluated in two successive epidemic seasons; RV serotype 1 was prevalent in both. Clinical efficacy was observed with both vaccines and was associated with seroconversion after vaccination; considering only such vaccinees both vaccines showed equal efficacy. The overall rates of protection for the two vaccines combined against clinical RV disease in children with seroconversion after vaccination were 92 and 59% in the first and second RV epidemic seasons, respectively. Protection against asymptomatic RV infection, as measured by serologic responses, was 59% in the first season and nil in the second season. It is concluded that each of the reassortant RV vaccines was effective in inducing protection against symptomatic RV disease associated with RV serotype 1.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

Major core protein VP7 of Australian bluetongue virus serotype 15: sequence and antigenicity divergence from other BTV serotypes.

Full-length cDNA of the RNA genome segment coding for the major core protein VP7 of Australian bluetongue virus serotype 15 (BTV-15) has been isolated by reverse transcription-PCR cloning. Comparative analysis indicated that the BTV-15 VP7 sequence had diverged significantly from that of other members of the BTV serogroup. At the amino acid level, BTV-15 VP7 exhibited sequence identities of 80 to 84% with VP7 molecules of other serotypes, significantly lower than the sequence identities of between 93 and 100% observed among other serotypes characterized to date. This was consistent with previous observations that there were significant immunological differences between BTV-15 and other BTV serotypes and that monoclonal antibodies raised against BTV-1 VP7 failed to react with BTV-15 VP7. Recombinant BTV-15 VP7 protein produced from Escherichia coli was largely insoluble, but maintained its immunogenicity. Polyclonal mouse sera raised against the recombinant VP7 protein reacted strongly with VP7 of BTV-15, but weakly with that of BTV-1.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1978

A microagglutination test for Yersinia enterocolitica infection: recognition of multiple serotypes in experiments with stained suspensions of serotype O5,27.

When suspensions of Yersinia enterocolitica were stained with triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) their antigenic specificity, as determined by tube and microtitre-plate agglutination tests, was altered. Thus, a TTC-stained suspension of serotype O5,27 detected antibodies to nine O serotypes of Y. enterocolitica in sera from experimentally infected animals but did not cross-react with antisera to organisms of five other unrelated genera including Brucella. The same suspension did, however, cross-react weakly with antisera to four serotypes of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The value of this antigen preparation in detecting antibodies to the wide range of Y. enterocolitica serotypes likely to cause infection in man should now be assessed.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2003

Pneumococcal serotype 19F conjugate vaccine induces cross-protective immunity to serotype 19A in a murine pneumococcal pneumonia model.

Immunization with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PNC) containing serotype 19F induces cross-reactive antibodies to 19A in mice and human infants. Active immunization with PNC and passive immunization with serum samples from infants vaccinated with PNC containing serotype 19F, but not serotype 19A, protected against lung infection caused by both serotypes in a murine model.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Serotypic and genotypic characterization of human serotype 10 rotaviruses from asymptomatic neonates.

Human rotaviruses were isolated from asymptomatic neonates at various hospitals and clinics in the city of Bangalore, India, and were found to be subgroup I specific and possess long RNA patterns (M. Sukumaran, K. Gowda, P. P. Maiya, T. P. Srinivas, M. S. Kumar, S. Aijaz, R. R. Reddy, L. Padilla, H. B. Greenberg, and C. D. Rao, Arch. Virol. 126:239-251, 1992). Three of these strains were adapted to tissue culture and found by serotype analysis and neutralization assays to be of serotype 10, a serotype commonly found in cattle but infrequently found in humans and not previously identified in neonates. By RNA-RNA hybridization, a high level of relatedness to a serotype 10 bovine rotavirus strain and a low-to-medium level of relatedness to a human rotavirus strain were observed. Since this human isolate shares a genogroup with bovine rotavirus, it is likely that it originated by interspecies transmission. A human rotavirus strain isolated from asymptomatic neonates and similar to bovine rotavirus might represent a good vaccine candidate.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Antibiotic susceptibility and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Stable incidence of antibiotic-resistant isolates and common serotypes.

The serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of 200 pneumococci isolated from clinical specimens in 1981 were determined. These results were compared with the susceptibility of organisms determined in 1974 and the serotype distribution of organisms determined in 1974 and 1977. Penicillin G, tetracycline, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol were tested in both 1974 and 1981. No isolates resistant to penicillin, erythromycin, or chloramphenicol were found, and the percent of isolates resistant to tetracycline and of moderate susceptibility to penicillin were similar in the 2 yr. An increasing incidence of pneumococci with decreased susceptibility to these antibiotics was not observed. Vancomycin was tested in 1981 only and no resistant isolates were identified. The distribution of serotypes during each time period was also similar. Our results establish a stable, low-level incidence of antibiotic-resistant pneumococci at our hospital, as well as a stable distribution of serotypes.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1993

Nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein C (gC) homologous gene of Marek's disease virus (MDV) serotype 2 and comparison of gC homologous genes among three serotypes of MDV.

The sequence analysis of the genomic region of Marek's disease virus (MDV) serotype 2 (MDV2) which had homology with the gene encoding MDV serotype 1 (MDV1) homologue of glycoprotein C (gC) of herpes simplex virus revealed that there was a single open reading frame (ORF) capable of encoding 479 amino acids. The predicted protein from this ORF had strong hydrophobic regions in both the amino and carboxyl termini and several potential N-linked glycosylation sites, as seen in those from the ORFs of MDV1 and MDV serotype 3 (MDV3 = herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT)) gC homologues. By northern-blot analysis using a DNA fragment located in the MDV2 gC homologue ORF as a probe, 3.6 and 1.9 kb RNA transcripts were identified in MDV2-infected cells. When the alignment of amino acid sequences of the gC homologous genes of three MDV serotypes were compared, the homology between MDV1 and MDV2 and that between MDV1 and HVT showed about 76% identity, whereas that between MDV2 and HVT was about 70% identity. These results suggested a possibility that the evolutionary distance between MDV1 and MDV2 and between MDV1 and HVT is shorter than that between MDV2 and HVT.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of serotyping using monoclonal antibodies and PCR-RFLP for Chlamydia trachomatis serotype identification.

We compared genotyping by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the amplified omp1 gene with serotyping by dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA) to determine the suitability of RFLP analysis for epidemiologic study. Fifteen prototypes of Chlamydia trachomatis and 30 clinical isolates were used in this study. To serotype with dot-ELISA, chlamydia antigen was spotted onto a series of replicate nitrocellulose membrane patches and reacted with 11 mAbs that distinguish the 15 known serovars of C. trachomatis. For RFLP analysis, the amplified chlamydia omp1 gene was digested with AluI to differentiate serovars A to K and L1 to L3. Serovars of C, H, I, J, and L3 were further typed by RFLP analysis after digestion with HinfI, and a combination of EcoRI and DdeI. PCR-based RFLP could identify serotype of 28 among 30 clinical isolates tested. The remaining two untypical isolates were probably due to double infections or mechanical transferring error. Serotyping of C. trachomatis isolates shows that serovars E, D, F, and H are the most prevalent types found in urogenital samples in Korea. In this study, we show that RFLP analysis of amplified omp1 gene may be useful in genotyping C. trachomatis isolates.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The role of the sigB gene in the general stress response of Listeria monocytogenes varies between a strain of serotype 1/2a and a strain of serotype 4c.

The ability of Listeria monocytogenes to resist many adverse environmental conditions has been attributed in part to activation of the alternative sigma factor sigma(B), encoded by the sigB gene. The ability of this pathogen to survive and grow under stress conditions varies between strains within the species. The current study was undertaken to determine whether the role played by the sigB gene in the stress response varies among strains of different serotypes. Null mutations were generated in the sigB genes of L. monocytogenes L61 (serotype 1/2a) and L99 (serotype 4c), and the survival of the resulting mutants was compared with that of the wild-type strains under osmotic, oxidative, and carbon starvation stress conditions and on exposure to bacteriocins, ethanol, acid, and heat. Except in a few cases, strain L61 displayed greater dependence on the sigB products for survival of adverse conditions than did strain L99. The results of this study indicated that the relative importance of the sigB gene in the stress response is not the same in all strains of L. monocytogenes, and this difference may be specific to serotype groupings within the species.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Biochemical characterization of an antigenic saline extract of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 and identification of a serotype-specific antigen for ELISA serodiagnosis.

A saline extract of boiled-formalinized whole cells from a local strain (81-750; Quebec, Canada) of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, serotype 5b was used as an antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serodiagnosis of swine pleuropneumonia. Characterization of this crude extract was done and proteins, neutral sugars, hexosamines, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO) were evaluated. On phenol extraction of the crude extract a serotype-specific antigen of polysaccharidic nature was recovered from the aqueous phase. This antigen was characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with Coomassie blue, silver and Schiff stainings. Immunoblots were done using sera of experimentally infected pigs that showed serotype specificity and cross-reactivity. Overall, the results indicate that the O-chain of lipopolysaccharides is a specific antigen that could be used in ELISA for the serodiagnosis of serotype 5 of A. pleuropneumoniae.

Actinobacillus Infections↗
PubMed1999

Identification and characterization of the new bacillus thuringiensis serovars pirenaica (serotype H57) and iberica (serotype H59)

Two new Bacillus thuringiensis strains have been classified by the H antigen of the cells and differentiated by their morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics. The flagellar agglutination showed that both strains bore specific H antigens which allowed their classification as the new serotypes H57 and H59. The serovar names proposed for the type strains characterized in this work are B. thuringiensis ser. pirenaica, for the H serotype 57, and B. thuringiensis ser. iberica, for the H serotype 59. Further characterization of these strains, by means of SDS-PAGE, Western inmunodetection, plasmid profile and cry-gene identification by polymerase chain reaction, confirmed the originality of the two novel serotypes. Toxicity tests carried out against several insect species, belonging to the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera, showed no detectable insecticidal activity for either of the B. thuringiensis strains.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Generalized transduction of serotype 1/2 and serotype 4b strains of Listeria monocytogenes.

This is the first report of generalized transduction in the gram-positive, food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Bacteriophages were isolated from the environment and from lysogens, or were obtained from other laboratories. Of the 59 bacteriophages tested, 34 proved to be capable of transduction. We exploited the ability of L. monocytogenes to grow at room temperature and isolated bacteriophages that were incapable of growth at 37 degrees C. Transductions at this temperature therefore eliminated transductant killing and lysogeny, as did inclusion of citrate and the use of a low multiplicity of infection. Transducing bacteriophages were found for each of the well-characterized L. monocytogenes strains: EGD, 10403, Mack (serotype1/2a), L028 (serotype 1/2c), Scott A (serotype 4b) and strains from the Jalisco and Halifax, Nova Scotia outbreaks (serotype 4b). P35 (phiLMUP35) is a particularly useful generalized transducing bacteriophage with a wide host range (75% of all serotype 1/2 strains tested). Its disadvantages are that it is small and transduction is relatively infrequent. U153(phiCU-SI153/95) is larger than P35 and transduction frequency increased 100-fold, but it has a very narrow host range. We demonstrated interstrain transduction and used transduction to test linkage between transposon insertions and mutant phenotypes in a variety of strains.

Animals↗