Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “internalization”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

A program to help interns cope with stresses in an internal medicine residency.

A program in personal and professional development for interns was developed six years ago for the residency program in internal medicine of the University of Connecticut Affiliated Hospitals to reduce maladaptive responses to the stresses of medical training. The principal goals of the program are to provide a supportive atmosphere in which interns can discuss common concerns, build mutual trust among themselves, promote deeper self-understanding and sensitivity, develop coping strategies, and examine difficult situations in training. Sessions are scheduled regularly throughout the year and take place outside the hospital; interns are excused from their service responsibilities for the duration of the meeting. Participants focus equally on issues of professional concern (for example, relationships with staff members, peers, and attending physicians or bureaucratic problems such as lack of ancillary help) and personal concern (for example, making necessary life-style adjustments and handling family crises). A variety of techniques are used in the program, but small-group discussions and individual tasks are particularly emphasized. Participants have generally reported satisfaction with the program and positive effects upon their behavior at work and at home.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Recommendations for reference method for haemoglobinometry in human blood (ICSH standard 1986) and specifications for international haemiglobincyanide reference preparation (3rd edition). International Committee for Standardization in Haematology; Expert Panel on Haemoglobinometry.

Scientific symposia on haemoglobinometry were held at the 9th Congress of the European Society of Haematology, Lisbon, 1963 (ESH 1964) and the 10th Congress of the International Society of Haematology (ISH), Stockholm, 1964 (ISH 1965). The International Committee for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH) made recommendations endorsed by the General Assembly of ICSH in Sydney on 23 August 1966 (ICSH 1967), for a reference method for haemoglobinometry and for the manufacture and distribution of an international reference preparation. Further symposia were held at the 12th Congress of the ISH, New York, 1968 (Astaldi, Sirtori & Vanzetti 1979) and at the 13th Congress of ISH, Munich, 1970 (Izak & Lewis 1972). The recommendations were reissued in 1978 (ISH 1978). On the basis of continuing experimental studies, the reference method and the specifications for the international reference preparation have been modified. The revised recommendations are described in this document.

Drug Stability↗
PubMed1989

International Standards for human prolactin: calibration by international collaborative study.

Three ampouled preparations of purified human prolactin were assessed by 20 laboratories in eight countries for their suitability to serve as International Standards for the estimation of human prolactin in serum. Bioassays (pigeon crop sac assays and NB2 cell assays) were carried out in two laboratories, radioreceptor assays by one laboratory and radioimmunoassays by 17 laboratories. By physicochemical analysis the preparations appeared similar. Each preparation contained small amounts of contaminants and/or prolactin variants. No major differences among the three preparations were detected by immunoassay although, in one radioreceptor assay system, one of the preparations was found to differ from the other two. On the basis of all the available information, the Expert Committee on Biological Standardization of the World Health Organization (ECBS) in 1986 established the preparation in ampoules coded 83/562 as the Second International Standard for Prolactin and in October 1988 established the preparation in ampoules coded 84/500 as the Third International Standard for Prolactin. A value of 0.053 IU (53 mIU) prolactin activity/ampoule was assigned to both the Second and Third IS on the basis that this unitage would, insofar as possible, maintain continuity of the IU defined by the First International Reference Preparation of Prolactin, human, for Immunoassay (coded 75/504).

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1992

Internal medicine and the training of international medical graduates: a time for open discussion and new approaches.

The number of foreign national medical graduates entering internal medicine residency training programs in the United States has doubled since 1986. A rigorous, standardized preresidency evaluation of the basic clinical skills and language abilities of international medical graduates should be implemented. Those found to have significant deficits should undertake a preparatory curriculum designed to meet special educational needs before entry into the formal training program. A relevant curriculum might include formal lectures, reading assignments, physical diagnosis sessions, language classes, patient encounter sessions, and a tutorial on U.S medical culture that includes medical ethics and the basics of the our health care system. All or only some of these may be required for any given individual. The Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) could provide many of the methods needed for an evaluation program and work collaboratively with program directors. This new approach to training of international medical graduates will require an evaluation system to to measure its effectiveness. Important questions about the funding of graduate medical education for international medical graduates must also be addressed.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1975

[A giant aneurysm of the internal carotid artery treated by intracranial direct surgery--with a special reference to the anatomical relationship between the cavernous sinus and the internal carotid artery (author's transl)].

There have been a few reports about intracranial giant aneurysms treated by intracranial direct approaches. Especially, for giant aneurysms of the internal carotid artery, direct operation has been thought to be difficult to perform because of the anatomical particularity and the danger of rupture during surgery. So the cervical carotid ligation has frequently been indicated. However, the carotid ligation does not relieve the symptoms caused by the giant aneurysm as an "intracranial mass lesion". The authors have reported here, a cured case of a giant aneurysm of the intracavernous portion of the internal carotid artery, to which, as the first step, ligation of the internal carotid artery in the cervical region was performed, and as the second step, endaneurysmorrhaphy was carried out for the remaining symptoms caused by the "intracranial mass lesion". Furthermore, the surgical techniques for treatment of giant aneurysms of the internal carotid artery were discussed citing literatures, and the authors concluded that the combined operation of carotid ligation and endane-urysmorrhaphy could be effective to giant aneurysms in this region. Meanwhile, a new concept concerning the anatomy of the carotid-cavernous region already proposed by Bedford, was confirmed by our observation at operation. It may be considered that the intracranial direct approach to aneurysms in this region and also to carotid cavernous fistulae should more frequently be indicated than ever performed, according to the new concept of the anatomy in this region.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Two cases of spontaneous occlusion of the internal carotid artery due to a giant intracranial internal carotid artery aneurysm].

Although spontaneous thrombosis of a giant intracranial aneurysm is comparatively common, its parent artery occlusion is rare. Recently we experienced two cases in which spontaneous thrombosis of giant intracranial internal carotid artery aneurysm and occlusion of its parent artery were occurred. Case 1. A 49-year-old man, complaining esotropia was referred to us by an ophthalmologist. He had no particular past history. Neurological examination revealed left oculomotor, abducens palsy and disturbance of left trigeminal first branch. CT scan revealed a round high density mass in the left middle fossa. The size was 3 cm in diameter. Left CAG revealed severe stenosis of left internal carotid artery and in delayed phase, faint shadow was seen near posterior clinoid process. MRI revealed a high intensity mass of the intraaneurysmal thrombus in the left middle fossa with small low intensity area indicating residual lumen. With conservative treatment, the symptom was gradually improved and one month after admission, complete occlusion of the left internal carotid artery was seen by angiography. The patient returned to his previous occupation. Case 2. A 21-year-old man was admitted to our hospital complaining dysarthria and left hemiparesis. He had been diagnosed as left internal carotid giant aneurysm 5 years before when he had suffered from right visual disturbance. Neurological examination revealed left hemiparesis and dysarthria. CT scan revealed high density mass which extended from the base of the right middle fossa to the third ventricle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The First International Standard for Somatropin: report of an international collaborative study.

Following an earlier decision to move away from the in vivo bioassay for determination of the potency of therapeutic somatropin (recombinant DNA human growth hormone), 18 laboratories in 12 countries participated in an international collaborative study designed to establish an international standard for somatropin, calibrated both by bioassay and by physicochemical assays of somatropin content. The mean in vivo biological potency of preparation studied, coded 88/624, was 6.75 IU/ampoule (fiducial limits 6.30-7.23). Determination of the protein content by quantitative amino-acid analysis yielded a mean estimate of 1.98 mg protein per ampoule. (Relative standard deviation = 2.88%). Data from the study also yielded mean values of 97.2% +/- 0.8% for the monomer content of the preparation, and 8.18 (RSD = 4.00%) for A1% at 276 nm. At its 45th meeting, in October 1994, the ECBS of WHO formally established the preparation 88/624 as the First International Standard for Somatropin, with a defined content of 2.0 mg protein per ampoule, and a defined specific activity of 3.0 International Units per milligram.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Predicting the first-year performances of international medical graduates in an internal medicine residency.

BACKGROUND: Recent growth in the number of international medical graduates (IMGs)--i.e., graduates of non-U.S. and non-Canadian medical schools--who fill positions in internal medicine residencies requires examination of the predictive validity of selection criteria. METHOD: Data were analyzed for 46 foreign-born IMGs who entered the internal medicine residency at Wright State University School of Medicine between January 1985 and January 1991. The t-test and Pearson correlation were used to relate ten selection variables (age, gender, foreign clinical experience, U.S. clinical experience, clinical experience in the two years prior to residency, time between medical school graduation and residency, performance on the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination in the Medical Sciences--FMGEMS--Parts I and II, interview language skill, and interview rank category) to performance ratings the IMGs received in the first year of residency. RESULTS: Only performance on the FMGEMS Part I (p = .045) and clinical experience in the two years prior to residency (p = .005) were related significantly to subsequent performance in residency. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that recent clinical experience and performance on standardized examinations are the two selection criteria most predictive of foreign-born IMGs' first-year performances as internal medicine residents.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The Na+-dependent regulation of the internal pH in chick skeletal muscle cells. The role of the Na+/H+ exchange system and its dependence on internal pH.

The internal pH (pHi) of chick muscle cells is determined by the transmembrane Na+ gradient. Li+, but not K+, Rb+ or Cs+, can substitute for Na+ for regulating the internal pH of chick muscle cells. Pharmacological evidence using amiloride and amiloride analogs has shown that the Na+/H+ exchange system is the membrane mechanism that couples the pHi to the transmembrane Na+ gradient. The pHi dependence of the amiloride-sensitive Na+/H+ exchange mechanism was defined. Internal H+ interacts cooperatively with the Na+/H+ exchange system, in contrast with external H+, thus indicating an asymmetrical behaviour of this exchanger. The half-maximum effect for the activation by the internal H+ of the Na+ transporting activity of the amiloride-sensitive Na+/H+ exchange was observed at pH 7.4. The Hill coefficient of the H+ concentration dependence is higher than 3. Insulin was shown to have no effect on the pHi of chick muscle cells.

Amiloride↗
PubMed2001

Third International Standard for pertussis vaccine: international confirmation study of activity of British Standard for pertussis vaccine, coded 66/303.

The first British Standard (BS) (Code 66/303) for pertussis whole cell vaccine was prepared from the same suspension of Bordetella pertussis as the now exhausted Second International Standard for Pertussis Vaccine (2ndIS). The BS and the 2ndIS were compared and calibrated in a previous international study. This report describes a small international study, which included the BS, the 1stIS and the 2ndIS so that the present relationship of these preparations to one another could be assessed. The results of this study show that the relationship of the BS to the 1stIS is consistent with its established unitage of 46 IU per ampoule. The results further show that the potency of the BS is broadly consistent with that of the 2ndIS and that the BS has not lost activity relative to the 2ndIS (from which it was previously found to be indistinguishable). Based on its original calibration and supported by the results of this present study, the BS has been established as the Third International Standard for Pertussis Vaccine, with an assigned unitage of 46 IU per ampoule.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

A non-selective cation channel in rabbit corneal endothelium activated by internal calcium and inhibited by internal ATP.

The apical membrane of the rabbit corneal endothelium contains a cation selective channel of 21.7 +/- 0.4 pS conductance which is activated by internal Ca2+ and inhibited by internal ATP. Patch clamp studies show the channel to be quite selective for cations over anions but not to select between Na+ and K+. In excised patches in the inside-out configuration, the open probability increases when the internal Ca2+ is raised above 10(-4) M. ATP decreases the open probability when its internal concentration exceeds 10 microM. At 1 mM ATP, no channel openings are ever seen. AMP and ADP also inhibit at least as well as does ATP. One microM AMP-PNP, a non-hydrolyzable ATP, also inhibits gating and so phosphorylation by a PO4(-3) cleaved from ATP is not the mechanism of ATP inhibition. The channel is apparently impermeable to divalent ions since neither Ba2+ nor Ca2+ carry any detectable current. Quinidine produces a flickery, weakly voltage dependent blockade when applied to the channel's cytoplasmic surface. Both Ca2+ and ATP work at concentrations not expected to occur inside healthy cells. It is presently uncertain if this is a physiologically important channel in these cells.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1989

Transfontanelle pulsed Doppler measurement of blood flow velocity in the internal jugular vein, straight sinus, and internal cerebral vein in preterm and term neonates.

This paper presents the range of normal blood flow velocity in different cerebral veins in early infancy measured by transfontanelle pulsed Doppler ultrasonography. The blood flow velocity of the internal jugular vein (38 infants), internal cerebral vein (28 infants), and straight sinus (18 infants) in a group of clinically stable neonates and young infants (body weight 1060-3750 g, age 1-86 d, gestational age 28-41 wk) is specified. The time mean of maximum velocity (Vma) of internal jugular vein was 8.4 +/- 4.7 cm/s, of internal cerebral vein 5.5 +/- 1.6 cm/s, and of straight sinus 12.6 +/- 7.8 cm/s. While the variability between infants was high, the reproducibility of the method was in the range of 4.4-10.2% for Vma. This compares well with studies on cerebral arteries and offers a noninvasive approach to the study of the venous cerebral hemodynamics in neonates undergoing intensive care.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed1995

Reimplantation of the right internal thoracic artery as a free graft into the left in situ internal thoracic artery (Y procedure). One-year angiographic results.

Reimplantation of the right internal thoracic artery, as a free graft, into the left in situ internal thoracic artery (Y procedure) has enabled us to bypass more distant marginal vessels, which was not possible by the bilateral technique alone. This prospective study was aimed at evaluating the clinical state of the patients and the degree of patency of grafts within 16 months of follow-up. All 80 patients who underwent the Y procedure between January 1988 and January 1992 were included. This group represented 10% of the 840 patients having coronary bypass during the same period. A total of 202 coronary anastomoses were performed in this series. Early postoperative (30 days) complications included three deaths (3.75%), eight myocardial infarctions (10%), one case of phrenic nerve paralysis (1.25%), two cases of respiratory failure (2.5%), and six wound infections (7.5%). At 3 months' follow-up, 96% of patients were free of symptoms. During the follow-up period, four patients died of noncardiac causes (lung, pancreatic, and brain cancer and rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm). At 1 year, 71 patients were free of symptoms (97%). Sixty-one patients underwent coronary angiography between 12 and 24 months. Six patients with peripheral arterial disease were not suitable for coronary angiography, and six refused to be tested. These 12 patients had normal thallium test results in the bypassed area (stress or dipyridamole test). The patency rate of the left internal thoracic artery was 98.3% (n = 60), occlusion rate 1.6% (n = 1), and incidence of threadlike arteries 4.9% (n = 3). Thus the rate of perfect patency was 93.4%. The patency rate of the right internal thoracic artery as a free graft was 93.4% (n = 57), occlusion rate 6.5% (n = 4), and the incidence of threadlike arteries 8% (n = 5). Thus the rate of perfect patency was 85.2%. A total of 169 anastomoses were studied. The rate of patency of the anastomoses to the left anterior descending coronary artery was 96% (n = 58) and the occlusion rate, 4% (n = 2). The patency rate of sequential anastomoses (side to side) to diagonal arteries was 100% (n = 16). Patency rate of anastomoses to obtuse marginal arteries was 95% (n = 58) and the rate of occlusion, 4.9% (n = 3). The patency rate of anastomoses to the posterior descending artery or distal branches of the right coronary artery was 80% (n = 4/5).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed2001

Report on the Tenth International Platelet Genotyping and Serology Workshop on behalf of the International Society of Blood Transfusion.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aims of the 10th International Platelet Serology and Genotyping Workshop were to evaluate the proficiency of platelet immunology determinations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: There were 40 participants from 25 countries of four continents. Thirty-eight institutions reported results for genotyping, and 38 institutions reported their serological results. For genotyping, EDTA-anticoagulated whole-blood samples were provided (to allow the inclusion of DNA-separation methodology in the analysis) as well as separated DNA of a and b alleles for human platelet antigen (HPA)-1 to -6. For serological evaluations, sera contained allo- and autoantibodies, and for sensitivity testing a standard freeze-dried sample of HPA-5 antibody. RESULTS: All participants reported HPA-1, -2, -3 and -5 genotyping results; HPA-4 was determined in 29 laboratories and HPA-6 in 21. Results from 16 laboratories were concordant with the majority vote for all allotypes, eight institutions reported one deviation, five laboratories two, and nine laboratories three or more deviations. Twelve institutions had no deviation from the majority vote for HPA antibodies, nine had one, three had two, and 14 had three or more deviations. Most laboratories reported a reactivity of the standard anti-HPA-5b sample with HPA-5b platelets at a dilution of 1:4-1:8. Four laboratories detected anti-Gova in one sample. Seventeen laboratories reported no deviation from the majority vote for pan-reactive platelet antibodies, 12 had one deviation, two had two, and seven had three or more deviations. In addition, seven participants reported antibodies against glycoprotein IV (GPIV), three against glycoprotein V (GPV) and three against CD 109. These results were discussed at a meeting organized jointly with the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) 2000 Congress. CONCLUSION: The results for pan-reactive antibodies were heterogeneous with most discrepancies from the majority vote. The provision of sufficient samples for many participants is difficult. Based on the results and discussion it is clear that frequent workshops are needed in the future. Therefore, workshops shall be organized regionally, and each region shall participate with one institution in international workshops. The latter are needed to assure international exchange of experience and quality.

Antibody Specificity↗
PubMed2001

Internal initiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mediated by an initiator tRNA/eIF2-independent internal ribosome entry site element.

Internal initiation of translation can be mediated by specific internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements that are located in certain mammalian and viral mRNA molecules. Thus far, these mammalian cellular and viral IRES elements have not been shown to function in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We report here that a recently discovered IRES located in the genome of cricket paralysis virus can direct the efficient translation of a second URA3 cistron in dicistronic mRNAs in S. cerevisiae, thereby conferring uracil-independent growth. Curiously, the IRES functions poorly in wild-type yeast but functions efficiently either in the presence of constitutive expression of the eIF2 kinase GCN2 or in cells that have two initiator tRNA(met) genes disrupted. Both of these conditions have been shown to lower the amounts of ternary eIF2-GTP/initiator tRNA(met) complexes. Furthermore, tRNA(met)-independent initiation was also observed in translation-competent extracts prepared from S. cerevisiae in the presence of edeine, a compound that has been shown to interfere with start codon recognition by ribosomal subunits carrying ternary complexes. Therefore, the cricket paralysis virus IRES is likely to recruit ribosomes by internal initiation in S. cerevisiae in the absence of eIF2 and initiator tRNA(met), by the same mechanism of factor-independent ribosome recruitment used in mammalian cells. These findings will allow the use of yeast genetics to determine the mechanism of internal ribosome entry.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1995

The multicentre trial philosophy in stress echocardiography: lessons learned from the EPIC study. EPIC-EDIC Study Project. Echo Persantine International Cooperative Study. Echo-Dobutamine International Cooperative Study.

The scientific assessment of diagnostic tests should not be based upon a small series of results published by the best academic institutions, but ought to require large scale, multicentre validation founded on grass roots institutions with real doctors, real patients and real problems. To this purpose, an international network of stress echo laboratories has been organized, and within a few years has collected data from thousands of studies using pharmacological stress echocardiography, performed with either dipyridamole (EPIC: Echo Persantine International Cooperative Study) or dobutamine (EDIC: Echo Dobutamine International Cooperative Study) stresses. In a widely deregulated field, all network laboratories have agreed: to pass a quality control examination on stress echo reading before entering the study; to adopt an identical drug infusion protocol; to code similarly the LV segments; and to adopt a common scoring system for wall motion analysis. A minimum amount of historical, clinical, and-when available-stress electrocardiographic, angiographic and follow-up data have been collected on each patient, and disseminated in the various centres, facilitating the creation of an international stress echo language that will help, not only the production of high quality scientific data, but also the build up of a common stress echo lab, with a standardized way of making the studies, unifying the methods and terminology, and archiving data. To date, we have 50 echo laboratories from 15 nations across four continents (Europe, America, Asia and Africa) actively involved in this project. These data will ultimately fill the gap between the academic theory of journals and the pragmatic experience of daily life in a busy echocardiographic laboratory.

Echocardiography↗
PubMed1976

Studies on phage internal proteins: formation of internal protein - T2 DNA complexes in vivo.

Internal proteins, synthesized in T2-infected Escherichia coli B cells were recovered from bacterial membranes during the early stages of infection. Approx. 15 min after the onset of infection, T2 and T4 internal proteins were released from the bacterial membranes and sedimented along with newly synthesized phage DNA. Internal protein-DNA complexes were also obtained by chromatography on hydroxylapatite columns. Internal proteins were not released from bacterial membranes after infection with amber mutants defective in genes 21, 22 and 23. It has been suggested that these complexes are intermediates in T-even phage morphogenesis.

Cell Membrane↗
PubMed1994

A comparison of early mortality and morbidity after single and bilateral internal mammary artery grafting with the free right internal mammary artery.

OBJECTIVE: To compare differences in early mortality and morbidity in patients receiving a single internal mammary artery graft (SIMA) with those receiving bilateral internal mammary artery grafts (BIMA) with a free right internal mammary artery (RIMA). DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of 150 patients undergoing BIMA grafting between 1989-1992 who were carefully matched with 150 patients undergoing SIMA grafting between 1987-1992 for known cardiovascular risk factors, extent of coronary disease, left ventricular function, and number of coronary grafts. Operative variables noted included aortic cross clamp time and bypass time. Postoperative cardiac, respiratory, and wound complications were also noted. RESULTS: Operative mortality was 2% in the SIMA group and 1.3% in the BIMA group (NS). Other than the prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias (P = 0.025), which were more common in the BIMA group, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of postoperative morbidity. At median (interquartile range) follow up of 27.94(0.86) and 23.94(0.74) months for the SIMA and BIMA groups respectively there were no deaths. 87% of the SIMA group and 91% of the BIMA group were free of symptoms at follow up. CONCLUSIONS: The earlier fears regarding increased early mortality and morbidity after BIMA surgery were not confirmed by this study. All patients receiving both mammary arteries had a free rather than pedicle right internal mammary graft. The early mortality and morbidity reported here compares favourably with previous reports on the use of a pedicle graft.

Adult↗