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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Evidence for an early motion system which integrates information from the two eyes.

In one type of cyclopean motion stimulus one eye views a counterphase flickering grating while the other eye views the same pattern in spatio-temporal quadrature. Algebraic summation of the two image sequences results in a drifting grating. Upon binocular (cyclopean) combination of the two patterns a drifting grating is perceived even though neither monocular pattern is moving. While this appears to support the position that the motion system is binocular, it has been suggested that such demonstrations involve higher level feature tracking rather than early motion system activation. The perceived direction of motion could result from the tracking of features after neural summation of left and right eye images. However, by adding a static, in-phase, pedestal grating to the left and right eye flickering test gratings, the direction information based on feature tracking is removed while leaving the motion energy information unchanged. We have found that when such stimuli are presented for several seconds, direction discrimination performance is significantly better than chance for pedestal grating contrasts several times the test grating contrast. Therefore, in the absence of a feature tracking cue, the direction of motion is identified using a binocular motion energy mechanism. The results do not exclude the existence of a binocular feature tracking system. Both systems are likely to exist.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Educating executives to integrate information management with quality improvement: a case study.

BACKGROUND: Hamot Health Foundation has been committed to and active in continuous quality improvement (CQI) since 1990. These activities have progressed from introductory quality education to application of practical CQI initiatives with the overall objective to improve the quality of patient care. During 1993, the CQI process began to focus on identifying processes requiring care at Hamot. It took shape as a five-step action planning process that focused on data to identify goals and areas for improvement. To accomplish our goal of improving the delivery of care by trimming unnecessary processes, educating Hamot's leaders in information management and decision support became a critical component in the quality improvement effort. CASE STUDY: This article describes the educational program established for vice presidents and service line managers who report to the executive vice president. It also describes how the program was designed to stimulate the use of decision support tools to meet organizational objectives. As a result of this program's success, all service lines are using decision support to support continuous quality improvement.

Computer User Training↗
PubMed1992

Phonological codes are used in integrating information across saccades in word identification and reading.

A major issue in reading is the extent to which phonological information is used in visual word perception. The present experiments demonstrated that phonological information acquired on 1 fixation from a word in the parafovea is used to help identify that word when it is later fixated. A homophone of a target word, when presented as a preview in the parafovea, facilitated processing of the target word seen on the next fixation more than a preview of a word matched with the homophone in visual similarity to the target word. This facilitation was observed both in the time to name an isolated target word and in the fixation time on the target word while silently reading a sentence; the preview was virtually never consciously identified in either task. Because the visual similarity of the preview to the target also plays a part in the facilitative effect on the preview, however, codes other than phonological codes are preserved across saccades.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

The role of phonological codes in integrating information across saccadic eye movements in Chinese character identification.

Prior research has generally assumed either that phonological codes do not contribute to Chinese character identification or that they do so only through a look-up process at the character level. In 3 experiments, a homophone seen parafoveally aided the identification of a target character that was fixated following an eye movement to the preview location. Moreover, high-frequency phonetically regular characters were named faster than high-frequency, phonetically irregular characters. Thus, both lexical and sublexical phonological codes of Chinese characters are involved early in the process of character identification. Orthographic information from the preview was also used in character identification, as orthographically similar previews facilitated target identification as well. The evidence for the extraction of semantic information from parafoveal previews was mixed, as synonym previews facilitated in Experiment 2 but not in Experiment 1.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Eye movements and integrating information across fixations.

A series of experiments was conducted in which a word or letter string initially appeared in parafoveal vision, followed by the subject's eye movement to the stimulus. During the saccade, the initially displayed stimulus was replaced by a word that the subject was asked to read. The results indicated that the types of prior parafoveal information studied facilitated the naming of the word. The effect was obtained when the subject made an eye movement and when the saccade was simulated. There was also evidence that attentional allocation was tied to the direction of the eye movement.

Eye Movements↗
PubMed1983

Information integration and the identification of stimulus noise and criterial noise in absolute judgment.

Two main classes of theories have been proposed regarding range effects in unidimensional absolute-identification tasks. One class posits that as range is increased, criterial noise increases but stimulus noise remains constant. Another class posits increasing stimulus noise but constant criterial noise. In this study, an effort is made to help decide this issue. Multiple observations are used in several absolute-identification tasks of varying range. A stimulus integration model is proposed in which averaging takes place over stimulus internal representations, thereby reducing stimulus variance; on the other hand, it is assumed that criterial variance is unaffected by the number of observations. The model allows one to identify the relative amounts of stimulus noise and criterial noise inherent in observers' recognition judgments. The model yields good fits to data in several experiments, and it is concluded that both stimulus noise and criterial noise increase as range in the absolute-identification task is increased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Costs and benefits of integrating information between the cerebral hemispheres: a computational perspective.

Because interaction of the cerebral hemispheres has been found to aid task performance under demanding conditions, the present study examined how this effect is moderated by computational complexity, the degree of lateralization for a task, and individual differences in asymmetric hemispheric activation (AHA). Computational complexity was manipulated across tasks either by increasing the number of inputs to be processed or by increasing the number of steps to a decision. Comparison of within- and across-hemisphere trials indicated that the size of the between-hemisphere advantage increased as a function of task complexity, except for a highly lateralized rhyme decision task that can only be performed by the left hemisphere. Measures of individual differences in AHA revealed that when task demands and an individual's AHA both load on the same hemisphere, the ability to divide the processing between the hemispheres is limited. Thus, interhemispheric division of processing improves performance at higher levels of computational complexity only when the required operations can be divided between the hemispheres.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Masking, information integration, and tactile pattern perception: a comparison of the isolation and integration hypotheses.

Two competing models of the effects of pattern element proximity, masking, and perceptual integration on the discriminability of spatiotemporal vibrotactile patterns are compared. Kirman's 'integration hypothesis' predicts that pattern perception is facilitated by a process of perceptual integration which requires that pattern elements be presented in close spatial and temporal proximity. Conversely, the 'isolation hypothesis' predicts that the strong masking effects which occur when pattern elements are presented in close proximity impede the perception of patterns. Traditional masking studies do not provide a fair test of these two hypothesis because they rely on methods that measure the subject's ability to identify the target when the target is presented in conjunction with the mask, rather than the discriminability of the complex percept resulting from the integration of the target and mask. To account for this, a new procedure was devised where the amount of interelement masking and the discriminability of the pattern as a whole were measured independently as the spatial and temporal separation of the pattern elements were varied. As expected under both hypotheses, masking between pattern elements increased as either the spatial or the temporal separation between them was decreased. The pattern discrimination data also support the isolation hypothesis in that the patterns were discriminated less well with increasing temporal element separation with a similar but nonsignificant trend in the case of spatial separation. It is concluded that this new methodology should be applied to a wider range of tactile pattern processing situations in order to assess the generality of the results obtained.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

LIFEdb: a database for functional genomics experiments integrating information from external sources, and serving as a sample tracking system.

We have implemented LIFEdb (http://www.dkfz.de/LIFEdb) to link information regarding novel human full-length cDNAs generated and sequenced by the German cDNA Consortium with functional information on the encoded proteins produced in functional genomics and proteomics approaches. The database also serves as a sample-tracking system to manage the process from cDNA to experimental read-out and data interpretation. A web interface enables the scientific community to explore and visualize features of the annotated cDNAs and ORFs combined with experimental results, and thus helps to unravel new features of proteins with as yet unknown functions.

Automation↗
PubMed1968

Pattern perception: integrating information presented in two modalities.

Subjects were required to organize and identify temporal patterns composed of either (i) two stimuli in one modality; (ii) two stimuli in each of two modalities, with the pattern alternately presented in the two modalities; or (iii) one stimulus in each of two modalities. Patterns (i) and (iii) are organized as structured patterns, but (ii) is organized by modality, not by pattern structure. When elements of a pattern appear in two modalities, the auditory-tactual combination produces the poorest performance.

Analysis of Variance↗