Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “drone”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Oxygen uptake occurs faster than sodium pumping in bee retina after a light flash.

When neurones are active there is an entry of Na+, which must subsequently be pumped out, and an increase in their oxygen consumption rate (Qo2). The Na+ pump derives its energy from ATP, splitting it into ADP and Pi, and it has reasonably been proposed that the changes in concentrations of ATP, ADP and Pi lead to a stimulation of the O2 consumption by the mitochondria and hence to a restoration of the stock of ATP. Here we present evidence suggesting that Qo2 must be controlled differently in the retinal photoreceptor cells of the honeybee drone. Stimulation of drone photoreceptors with a flash of light causes an entry of Na+ (ref. 4) and a transient increase in Qo2 that indicates respiration of the right order of magnitude to provide ATP to pump the Na+ out. We report intracellular recordings of changes in intracellular sodium (Nai+) and potassium (Ki+) in response to single light flashes and have compared the time course of extra oxygen consumption (delta Qo2) with these ion changes and other indices of Na+ pumping. We found that the time course of pumping seems to lag behind the time course of delta Qo2. It follows that the mitochondrial respiration must be stimulated by some signal which is generated earlier than the rise in ADP produced by the Na+ pump.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1989

Evidence from mitochondrial DNA that African honey bees spread as continuous maternal lineages.

African honey bees have populated much of South and Central America and will soon enter the United States. The mechanism by which they have spread is controversial. Africanization may be largely the result of paternal gene flow into extant European populations or, alternatively, of maternal migration of feral swarms that have maintained an African genetic integrity. We have been using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms to follow the population dynamics between European and African bees. In earlier reports, we suggested that if African honey bees had distinctive mitochondrial (mt) DNA, then it could potentially distinguish the relative contributions of swarming and mating to the Africanization process. Because mtDNA is maternally inherited, it would not be transmitted by mating drones and only transported by queens accompanying swarms. Furthermore, the presence of African mtDNA would reflect unbroken maternal lineages from the original bees introduced from Africa. The value of mtDNA for population studies in general has been reviewed recently. Here we report that 19 feral swarms, randomly caught in Mexico, all carried African mtDNA. Thus, the migrating force of the African honey bee in the American tropics consists of continuous African maternal lineages spreading as swarms. The mating of African drones to European queens seems to contribute little to African bee migration.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

An airplane illusion: apparent velocity determined by apparent distance.

When a small drone plane appears to be a normal-sized airplane, it appears to be very far away and moving too fast. This is the airplane illusion. In the illusory situation, familiar size determines the apparent size and distance of the plane. It sets the depth for the frontal-plane component of the perceived motion and the relative depth difference for the motion-in-depth component. Because these perceived distances are very large, the perceived velocities are very large in the respective directions. Cognition can override familiarity and produce a veridical perception of the drone.

Aircraft↗
PubMed2005

The flight physiology of reproductives of Africanized, European, and hybrid honeybees (Apis mellifera).

Neotropical African honeybees (Apis mellifera scutellata), in the process of spreading throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, hybridize with and mostly replace European honeybees (primarily Apis mellifera mellifera and Apis mellifera ligustica). To help understand this process, we studied the effect of lineage (African, European, or hybrid) on the flight physiology of honeybee reproductives. Flight metabolic rates were higher in queens and drones of African lineage than in European or hybrid bees, as has been previously found for foraging workers. These differences were associated with higher thorax/body mass ratios and higher thorax-specific metabolic rates in African lineage bees. Queens were reared in common colonies, so these metabolic and morphological differences are likely to be genetic in origin. African drones had higher wing beat frequencies and thorax temperatures than European or hybrid bees. Hybrids were intermediate for many parameters, but hybrid queen mass-specific flight metabolic rates were low relative to Africans and were nonlinearly affected by the proportion of African lineage, consistent with some negative heterosis for this trait.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Separation, characterization and sexual heterogeneity of multiple putative odorant-binding proteins in the honeybee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidea).

According to precise molar mass determined by mass spectrometry and N-terminal sequence, some 25 odorant-binding-like proteins were characterized from the antennae and legs of worker and drone honeybees. Antennal specific proteins, composed of six different molecules, were classified into three subclasses according to N-terminal sequence homology. The major sexual difference was shown to lie in the relative abundance of these antennal specific proteins and in the occurrence of a drone-specific isoform. At least 19 other related proteins were found to occur in antennae and legs, forming another class showing homology with insect OBP. Genotype comparison of two honeybee races revealed a variability limited to this second class. Provided that these odorant-binding-like proteins are indeed able to bind odorants or pheromones, the question of whether their peculiar multiplicity contributes to the remarkable capacity of the honeybee to discriminate among a wide range of odor molecules is raised.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Effects of photoreceptor metabolism on interstitial and glial cell pH in bee retina: evidence of a role for NH4+.

1. Measurements were made with pH microelectrodes in superfused slices of the retina of the honey-bee drone. In the dark, the mean +/- S.E.M. pH values in the three compartments of the tissue were: neurones (photoreceptors), 6.99 +/- 0.04; glial cells (outer pigment cells), 7.31 +/- 0.03; extracellular space, 6.60 +/- 0.03. 2. Stimulation of the photoreceptors with light caused transient pH changes: a decrease in the photoreceptors (pHn) and in the glial cells (pHg), and an increase in the interstitial clefts (pHo). 3. The effects of inhibition and activation of aerobic metabolism showed that part, perhaps all, of the light-induced delta pHo resulted from the increased aerobic metabolism in the photoreceptors. 4. Addition of 2 mM NH4+ to the superfusate produced changes in pHo and pHg of the same sign as and similar amplitude to those caused by light stimulation. Manipulation of transmembrane pH gradients had similar effects on changes in pHo induced by light or by exogenous NH4+. 5. Measurements with NH(4+)-sensitive microelectrodes showed that stimulation of aerobic metabolism in the photoreceptors increased [NH4+]o and also that exogenous NH4+/NH3 was taken up by cells, presumably the glial cells. 6. We conclude that within seconds of an increase in the aerobic metabolism in the photoreceptors, they release an increased amount of NH4+/NH3 which affects pHo and enters glial cells. Other evidence suggests that in drone retina the glial cells supply the neurones with amino acids as substrates of energy metabolism; the present results suggest that fixed nitrogen is returned to the glial cells as NH4+/NH3.

2,4-Dinitrophenol↗
PubMed1999

An acoustical study of sound production in biphonic singing, Xöömij.

A theory that the high melody pitch of biphonic singing, Xöömij, is produced by the pipe resonance of the rear cavity in the vocal tract is proposed. The front cavity resonance is not critical to the production of the melody pitch. This theory is derived from acoustic investigations on several three-dimensional shapes of a Xöömij singer's vocal tract measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Four different shapes of the vocal tract are examined, with which the melody pitches of F6, G6, A6, and C7 are sung, along with the F3 drone of a specific pressed voice. The second formant frequency calculated from each tract shape is close to the melody pitch within an error of 36 cents. Sounds are synthesized by convolving a glottal source waveform provided by the Rosenberg model with transfer functions calculated from the vocal tract shapes. Two pitches are found to be successfully perceived when the synthesized sounds are listened to. In a frequency range below 2 kHz, their spectra have a strong resemblance to those of the sounds actually sung. The synthesized sounds, however, fail to replicate the harmonic clustering at 4-5 kHz observed in the actual sounds. This is speculated to originate from the glottal source specific to the "pressed" timbre of the drone.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

The genetic architecture of sucrose responsiveness in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.).

One of the best examples of a natural behavioral syndrome is the pollen-hoarding syndrome in honeybees that ties together multiple behavioral phenotypes, ranging from foraging behavior to behavioral ontogeny and learning performance. A central behavioral factor is the bees' responsiveness to sucrose, measured as their proboscis extension reflex. This study examines the genetics of this trait in diploid worker and haploid male honeybees (drones) to learn more about the genetic architecture of the overall behavioral syndrome, using original strains selected for pollen-hoarding behavior. We show that a significant proportion of the phenotypic variability is determined by genotype in males and workers. Second, our data present overwhelming evidence for pleiotropic effects of previously identified quantitative trait loci for foraging behavior (pln-QTL) and epistatic interactions among them. Furthermore, we report on three genomic QTL scans (two reciprocal worker backcrosses and one drone hybrid population) derived from our selection strains. We present at least one significant and two putative new QTL directly affecting the sucrose response of honeybees. Thus, this study demonstrates the modular genetic architecture of behavioral syndromes in general, and elucidates the genetic architecture of the pollen-hoarding behavioral syndrome in particular. Understanding this behavioral syndrome is important for understanding the division of labor in social insects and social evolution itself.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Cloning and expression of a queen pheromone-binding protein in the honeybee: an olfactory-specific, developmentally regulated protein.

Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are small abundant extracellular proteins thought to participate in perireceptor events of odor-pheromone detection by carrying, deactivating, and/or selecting odor stimuli. The honeybee queen pheromone is known to play a crucial role in colony organization, in addition to drone sex attraction. We identified, for the first time in a social insect, a binding protein called antennal-specific protein 1 (ASP1), which binds at least one of the major queen pheromone components. ASP1 was characterized by cDNA cloning, expression in Pichia pastoris, and pheromone binding. In situ hybridization showed that it is specifically expressed in the auxiliary cell layer of the antennal olfactory sensilla. The ASP1 sequence revealed it as a divergent member of the insect OBP family. The recombinant protein presented the exact characteristics of the native protein, as shown by mass spectrometry, and N-terminal sequencing and exclusion-diffusion chromatography showed that recombinant ASP1 is dimeric. ASP1 interacts with queen pheromone major components, opposite to another putative honeybee OBP, called ASP2. ASP1 biosynthetic accumulation, followed by nondenaturing electrophoresis during development, starts at day 1 before emergence, in concomitance with the functional maturation of olfactory neurons. The isobar ASP1b isoform appears simultaneously to ASP1a in workers, but only at approximately 2 weeks after emergence in drones. Comparison of in vivo and heterologous expressions suggests that the difference between ASP1 isoforms might be because of dimerization, which might play a physiological role in relation with mate attraction.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Hypothesis on radar sensing and communication by hornets: comments on their antennal organulles and electrical activity.

Our study shows that the antenna of the hornet is densely covered from base to tip with six types of organulles, namely, a trichoid organulle, about 23 microm in length, a campaniform organulle which is 12 microm long, a heretofore undescribed structure measuring about 9 microm in length which we have now named the Agmon organulle, a rather flattened placoid organulle measuring about 25 microm in length and not projecting on the antennal surface, and finally rounded structures about 3 microm in diameter which are indented in the cuticle and resemble extraretinal photoreceptors. All the above-mentioned structures occur in the workers and drones, and the latter also possess an additional structure, namely, the tyloid which is about 254 microm long. Such organulles as protrude from the antennal surface are mostly orientated distally and their length is about half that of similar organulles on the hornets body. Yet their density on the antenna is greater than elsewhere on the body and in fact on all the antennal segments (12 in the workers and 13 in the drones) the entire surface area seems to be occupied by them. The most numerous are the trichoids, while the other organulles mentioned are fewer in number. In measuring the electric properties of the antennae, we obtained the following values: 10-80 nanoAmpers (nA), 60-100 milliVolt (mV) and several scores of Mega Ohms (Momega) in the dark, as compared to 10-20 nA, 150-200 mV and few Momega under illumination. We found that in many respects, the cuticle in the antenna behaves like an organic semiconductor possessing thermophotovoltaic (TPV) properties. Apart from contemplating that the role of the antennal organulles is as a mechanoreceptor, a chemoreceptor or a combination of the two, we also raise the conjecture that these organulles might serve as elements that pick up and broadcast at submillimetric wavelengths, and that the electric energy extant in the vespan antennae supplies the energy source for this kind of activity.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

Varroa-tolerant Italian honey bees introduced from Brazil were not more efficient in defending themselves against the mite Varroa destructor than Carniolan bees in Germany.

In Europe and North America honey bees cannot be kept without chemical treatments against Varroa destructor. Nevertheless, in Brazil an isolated population of Italian honey bees has been kept on an island since 1984 without treatment against this mite. The infestation rates in these colonies have decreased over the years. We looked for possible varroa-tolerance factors in six Italian honey bee colonies prepared with queens from this Brazilian island population, compared to six Carniolan colonies, both tested at the same site in Germany. One such factor was the percentage of damaged mites in the colony debris, which has been reported as an indicator of colony tolerance to varroa. A mean of 35.8% of the varroa mites collected from the bottoms of the Italian bee colonies were found damaged, among which 19.1% were still alive. A significantly greater proportion of damaged mites were found in the Carniolan bees (42.3%) and 22.5% were collected alive. The most frequent kind of damage found was damaged legs alone, affecting 47.4% of the mites collected from debris in Italian bees, which was similar to the amount found in Carniolan colonies (46%). The mean infestation rate by the varroa mite in the worker brood cells in the Italian bee colonies was 3.9% in June and 3.5% in July, and in drone brood cells it was 19.3% in June. In the Carniolan honey bee colonies the mean infestation rates in worker brood cells were 3.0 and 6.7%, respectively in the months of June and July and 19.7% in drone brood cells in June. In conclusion, the 'Varroa-tolerant' Italian honey bees introduced from Brazil produced lower percentages of damaged mites (Varroa destructor) in hive debris and had similar brood infestation rates when compared to 'susceptible' Carniolan bees in Germany. In spite of the apparent adaptation of this population of Italian bees in Brazil, we found no indication of superiority of these bees when we examined the proportions of damaged mites and the varroa-infestation rates, compared to Carniloan bees kept in the same apiary in Germany.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Behavior ecological study on copulation and oviposition of Apis cerana cerana Fab].

The behavior ecology of copulation and oviposition of Apis cerana cerana Fab. was studied. The results showed that temperature influence on the cell-covered time of Apis cerana cerana queen and drone induced the remarkable difference in their newborn weight and mature time (P < 0.05). Queen and drone fly frequency for discerning cell was 1.23-1.31 and 1.08-1.13, and duration was 0.12-0.13 h and 0.16-0.20 h. Their copulation fly frequency was 1.10-1.12 and 1.10-1.05, and duration was 0.22-0.23 h and 0.18-0.23 h. The most suitable temperature for copulation was 20-28 degrees C. The number of semen in side--oviduct of the queen in each copulation fly was 3.37 x 10(6)-4.15 x 10(6), and in natural copulation, semen number in spermathecal sac was 3.55 x 10(6)-3.62 x 10(6). There was a direct relationship between queen newborn weight and ovulation number. The annual effect of climate and flower fertility on the queen's ovulation number was obvious.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Light curtails sleep in anesthetized hornets: extraretinal light perception.

In the present study effects of light on the sleep duration of anesthetized hornets (Vespa orientalis) were investigated. Following initial anesthesia by diethyl ether the sleeping time of workers and drones at 22 degrees C in the dark was 59 +/- 15 min. After repeated anesthesia the sleeping time was 30 +/- 15 min in the dark. When exposed to polychromatic light from a halogen lamp of 230 mW/cm2, focused on a spot of the cuticle of the hornet, the sleeping time was markedly shortened so that following initial as well as repeated anesthesia the hornets woke up after 4.5 +/- 2.9 min. Any decrease in light intensity resulted in an increase in the sleeping time but irradiances of less than 14 mW/cm2 had no measurable influence on the wake-up time. After illumination with polychromatic light from a mercury lamp the sleeping times were much shorter than after illumination with a halogen lamp at the same conditions and intensity. This difference is attributed to the relatively higher portion of U.V. light in the total emission of the Hg lamp. Effects of the spectral composition of the incident light beam on the wake-up of the sleeping hornets were also investigated. Near U.V. light in the 300-400 nm region was found to be most efficient. Shorter wavelengths as well as wavelengths between 400-470 nm had less influence and wavelengths above 470 nm had very little effect on the wake up. The sleeping times of hibernating queens were relatively longer than those of workers and drones under the same conditions. These effects are ascribed to the extraretinal light perception. The possible reasons underlying this phenomenon are discussed.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed2000

Concentrated expression of Ca2+/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and protein kinase C in the mushroom bodies of the brain of the honeybee Apis mellifera L.

We have previously used the differential display method to identify a gene that is expressed preferentially in the mushroom bodies of worker honeybees and to show that it encodes a putative inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) homologue (Kamikouchi et al. [1998] Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 242:181-186). In the present study, we examined whether the expression of some of the genes for proteins involved in the intracellular Ca2+ signal transduction is also concentrated in the mushroom bodies of the honeybee by isolating cDNA fragments that encode the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and protein kinase C (PKC) homologues of the honeybee. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that the expression of these genes was also concentrated in the mushroom bodies of the honeybee brain: The CaMKII gene was expressed preferentially in the large-type Kenyon cells of the mushroom bodies, whereas that for PKC was expressed in both the large and small types of Kenyon cells. The expression of the genes for IP3R and CaMKII was concentrated in the mushroom bodies of the queen and drone as well as in those of the worker bee. Furthermore, the enzymatic activities of CaMKII and PKC were found to be higher in the mushroom bodies/central bodies than in the optic and antennal lobes of the worker bee brain. These results suggest that the function of the intracellular Ca2+ signal transduction is enhanced in Kenyon cells in comparison to other neuronal cell types in the honeybee brain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Distribution of dopamine receptors and dopamine receptor homologs in the brain of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L.

In the brain of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, the radioligands [3H]-SCH23390 and [3H]-spiperone recognise D1- and D2-like receptors, respectively. In addition to being pharmacologically distinct and exhibiting significantly different expression profiles during the lifetime of the bee, [3H]-SCH23390- and [3H]-spiperone-binding sites differ markedly in their distribution within the brain. Estimates of [3H]-SCH23390-binding site density are highest in the somatal rind, whereas [3H]-spiperone-binding sites are most concentrated in the beta lobe neuropil of the mushroom bodies. Molecular cloning techniques have been used to identify two honey bee genes encoding dopamine receptor homologs. The first is the honey bee counterpart of a Drosophila D1-like dopamine receptor and is expressed in the mushroom bodies of both workers and drones. The second is related to D2-like dopamine receptors from vertebrates and is expressed in the brain of the bee, but the precise distribution of expression is not yet known.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Monoclonal antibody labels olfactory and visual pathways in Drosophila and Apis brains.

We employed a monoclonal antibody raised against Drosophila brain homogenate for a comparative immunocytochemical analysis of visual and olfactory pathways in brains of two insect species. On Western blots of Drosophila and Apis nervous tissue, antibody fb45 recognized an antigen with an apparent molecular weight higher than 180 kD. Application of the antibody to sections of Drosophila and Apis brain stained certain interneurons which conspicuously fasciculate in common tracts or neuropilar compartments. Both in Drosophila and in Apis, the antigen was also expressed on the perineural sheath and granular cell compartments in the majority of neuronal cell bodies. The antibody stained monopolar cells in the visual system of both species, and in Apis those fibers of the anterior superior optic tract which link the medulla with the mushroom bodies. In Drosophila, bundles of Kenyon cells of the mushroom bodies were stained. In worker bees and drones, the relay neurons of the median and lateral antennoglomerular tracts were labelled. Since the recognition of the antigen does not require fixation, the antibody can be employed to label selectively living neurons in dissociated cell culture. This opens up the possibility for future functional studies on the role of the antigen in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

A method for measuring the oxygen consumption of photoreceptor cells in the steady state and after a brief stimulation by light.

The rate of oxygen consumption (QO2) in living tissue cannot be directly measured but may be estimated by mathematically modelling the diffusion of oxygen in the tissue and measuring the local partial pressure of oxygen (PO2). The retina of arthropods contains only two types of cells, photoreceptor and glial cells, which are regularly distributed. Because of this simple structure, simple models of diffusion can be used to estimate the QO2 of the tissue, both in steady state and after a brief stimulation by light. We used a model of diffusion in a plane sheet to calculate the QO2 in a slice of honeybee drone retina, which contains a few thousand cells. We then modified the method slightly and used a model with spherical symmetry to calculate the QO2 in the cluster of three photoreceptor cells of the barnacle and in the single ventral photoreceptor cells of Limulus.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Lower disease infections in honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies headed by polyandrous vs monandrous queens.

We studied the relationship between genetic diversity and disease susceptibility in honeybee colonies living under natural conditions. To do so, we created colonies in which each queen was artificially inseminated with sperm from either one or ten drones. Of the 20 colonies studied, 80% showed at least one brood disease. We found strong differences between the two types of colonies in the infection intensity of chalkbrood and in the total intensity of all brood diseases (chalkbrood, sacbrood, American foulbrood, and European foulbrood) with both variables lower for the colonies with higher genetic diversity. Our findings demonstrate that disease can be an important factor in the ecology of honeybee colonies and they provide strong support for the disease hypothesis for the evolution of polyandry by social insect queens.

Animals↗